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A Missing Link in Cybernetics

Part of the IFSR International Series on Systems Science and Engineering Book Series (volume 26)

DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75164-1

ISBN: 978-0-387-75163-4

Publisher: Springer New York - Springer Journals

Jan 27, 2009

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Cybernetics: Origins and Aims

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 1 –16

[The subject of cybernetics was announced by that name with the publication of Norbert Wiener’s book (Wiener 1948). Of course, there were earlier stirrings including the influential paper of McCulloch and Pitts (1943) and other activity much earlier. A great deal stemmed from Warren McCulloch’s...
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Where to Start?

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 17 –36

[It is certainly not obvious where to start in a description or study of “understanding” or “intelligence”. The terms are roughly synonymous, the main difference being that the second carries rather more suggestion of action. One feature that the brain has in common with a modern computer is a...
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Continuous versus Discrete

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 37 –55

[The environment, as people perceive it, is essentially continuous, and we are conscious of moving and interacting in the three dimensions of space, along with that of time. The same is true of many important derived variables such as mass, liquid volume, light intensity, and so on. In some cases...
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Adaptation, Self-Organisation, Learning

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 57 –83

[Adaptation in continuous environments has received much attention under the heading of control engineering, with one class of solution known as the Kalman filter (Sorensen 1985). Other schemes already mentioned include Gabor’s “learning filter” (Gabor, Wilby, and Woodcock 1961) and similar...
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Backpropagation

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 85 –104

[Following the initiative of McCulloch and Pitts (1943), there has been much speculation about the achievement of artificial intelligence using networks of model neurons. The advent of the “perceptron” principle (Rosenblatt 1961; Nilsson 1965) crystallised something definite and functional out of...
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Self-Reference

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 105 –111

[The nature of consciousness is difficult or impossible to explain, though everybody is sure he or she has it. Its study is a current “hot topic” that is approached from various directions. In earlier work, special attention was given to self-reference, the aspect of consciousness that allows an...
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Fractal Intelligence

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 113 –116

[In the Past chapter, it was suggested that there is a connection between the detection of cyclic activity at the conscious level, perhaps arising from paradox or dilemma, and the detection of incipient instability at the continuous-control level. In each case, detection is normally followed by...
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Conclusions

Andrew, Alex M.

Pages: 117 –126

[What has been presented is an idiosyncratic view of cybernetics and artificial intelligence. It stems from very early interest in modelling nervous activity, when most modelling attempts assumed the all-or-nothing “logical” behaviour of McCulloch–Pitts model neurons. The then-young Artificial...

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