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We Too! Gender Equity in Education and the Road to Title IX

Part of the Historical Studies in Education Book Series

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-02074-2

ISBN: 978-3-031-02073-5

Publisher: Springer International Publishing - Springer Journals

Aug 20, 2022

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Chapter 1Introduction

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 1 –8

[The popular press often associates Title IX with women’s sports. Yet, sports were far from the minds of early proponents. The original idea was limited to opening higher education to women students and faculty, a push that, over time, evolved into a sweeping law that has affected all levels of...
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Chapter 2Viewing the Literature

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 9 –23

[Chapter 2 reflects on scholarly works as they apply to my study, exploring issues previously untouched in discussions on the origins of Title IX. I discuss the literature on feminist political activism in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly studies that address matters of race, class, gender, and...
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Chapter 3Women in Action, 1930s–1970s

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 25 –41

[Chapter 3 provides an overview of the women’s movements during the decades after suffrage. It discusses the diversity in race/ethnicity, class, ideology, and organization within the feminisms of the 1930s–1970s. Notwithstanding the divisions and tensions among women’s groups, there was room for...
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Chapter 4Reaching for Equality in Women’s Employment

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 43 –75

[Chapter 4 shows how women inside and outside government pushed for equal employment opportunities for women. At the hub of this feminist network was Esther Peterson, Assistant Secretary of Labor in the administrations of Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Strategically adapting her...
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Chapter 5The Legal Opening Wedge to Title IX: EO 11246-11375

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 77 –139

[Chapter 5 shows how feminists used Executive Order (EO) 11375 as a legal opening wedge to Title IX while fueling the nationwide ground swell of feminist activism during the late 1960s. Pivotal to the effort to open up the system for women were Catherine East and Bernice Sandler, each a hub of...
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Chapter 6Legislating Title IX

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 141 –195

[Chapter 6 considers the rough beginning in the House and Senate of the provision that became Title IX, analyzing strategies used by leading advocates—Green, Sandler, and Senator Birch Bayh—in the context of a male-chauvinist environment. The chapter reveals twists that belie a simple story....
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Chapter 7Backlash to Title IX

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 197 –228

[Chapter 7 examines continued resistance to the enforcement of Executive Order (EO) 11375 and the powerful lobby that surfaced to weaken Title IX soon after it was enacted. Awakened by the thought that women athletes would siphon off monies enjoyed by men’s teams, the National Collegiate Athletic...
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Chapter 8Conclusion: Making Sense of How It Happened (and What Came After)

Tamura, Eileen H.

Pages: 229 –242

[Chapter 8 pulls together the main ideas and insights of the book, explaining how Title IX came about. It then discusses what came after. The 1980s saw continual efforts to weaken the law, including the Grove City case that decimated Title IX’s effectiveness, eventually remedied by the Civil...

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