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A History of Genomics across Species, Communities and Projects

Part of the Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History Book Series

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06130-1

ISBN: 978-3-031-06129-5

Publisher: Springer International Publishing - Springer Journals

Apr 1, 2023

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Chapter 1Introduction

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 1 –37

[This introductory chapter outlines the technical and conceptual basics of genomics, its history and current impact. We use the metaphor of the history of genomics as an hourglass to challenge the widespread association of genomics with the idea of a single, international and successful ‘Human...
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Distributed and Concentrated Strategies in the Sequencing of the Yeast Genome

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 41 –77

[This chapter examines the sequencing of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which was conducted by an international collaboration that released its reference genome in 1996. The European side of this collaboration exhibited a distributed model of sequencing, in which yeast biology laboratories...
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The Human Genome Project(s)

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 79 –116

[This chapter explores the proliferation of national human genome projects from the mid-1980s onwards. It argues that what is known today as the ‘Human Genome Project’ was an amalgamation of some of these efforts into the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC). Different...
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The Funnelling Effect of the Sanger Institute

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 119 –157

[In this chapter, we focus on an institution that represents the exclusivity of the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC) while also contributing to the ‘funnelling effect’ that shaped it: the Sanger Institute. After situating its origins in the sequencing of the worm...
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The Pig Community and Their Reference Genome

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 159 –201

[This chapter introduces the story of pig genome mapping and sequencing. It presents the heterogeneous interests and activities of a small and tight-knit community, in which maps, sequencing data, resources and tools were developed for—and immediately linked to—the problems of pig breeding and...
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Making Reference Genomes Useful: Annotation

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 205 –254

[Through examining how the reference genomes of yeast, human and pig were annotated, in this chapter we further identify how the involvement or non-involvement of particular communities in the creation of a reference genome can affect the nature of the product. We therefore continue to...
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Improving and Going Beyond Reference Genomes

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 255 –326

[In this chapter, we show that many of the features of ‘post-genomics’ were present in pre-reference genome research, and the reference genomics of yeast and pig. Due to the problems we identify with the notion of ‘post-genomics’, we instead propose the term ‘post-reference genomics’, which...
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Conclusion

García-Sancho, Miguel; Lowe, James

Pages: 327 –353

[In this concluding chapter, we explore the implications of our historical investigation for research and policies pertaining to genomic data. We outline the particular form of ‘epistemic iteration’ that operates in genomics and further develop the idea of ‘webs of reference’. Through this, we...

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