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The Origins and Nature of Scandinavian Central Banking

Part of the Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Banking and Financial Institutions Book Series

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39750-4

ISBN: 978-3-319-39749-8

Publisher: Springer International Publishing - Springer Journals

Nov 2, 2016

1 - 10 of 11 Chapters

LitStream

Some General Remarks on “Central Banking”

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 3 –10

[The paradox is that although no generally accepted definition of a “central bank” seems ever to have existed, everybody will recognize a “central bank” when they see one. However, the question could very well be asked if they are banks at all, or whether or to what extent they are just special...
LitStream

Defining “Central Banks”: Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 11 –22

[Virtually all of today’s central banks in the Western world have been founded by special royal charters or direct legislation. That does not by itself make them “central banks”. Those charters were issued long before the concept of “central banking” was born. Originally, they were just...
LitStream

Sveriges Riksbank, and the Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 25 –51

[From the 15th century until 1866, Sweden was governed by a combination of the king/government and the Ständerförsamling (representatives of the “Four Estates”, i.e. the nobility, the burghers, the clergy, and the farmers). For the history of “central banking” in Sweden, the year 1544 is of some...
LitStream

Danmarks Nationalbank and the Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 53 –68

[Between 1660 and 1848/49, Denmark (until 1814 the dual monarchy of Denmark–Norway) was governed by kings, who held absolute power. The background for the transition to absolute power was the recently lost wars against Sweden and the resulting financial stress on the government’s financial...
LitStream

Norges Bank and the Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 69 –79

[For about 400 years Denmark and Norway had constituted a dual kingdom with the Danish kings as heads of state. In Norway, the king was represented by a statholder (governor) and a local administration residing in Christiania (spelt Kristiania since 1877, and renamed Oslo in 1925). The local...
LitStream

The Scandinavian Currency Union (1873–1914)

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 81 –93

[By the mid-1860s, the interest in switching from the predominantly silver standard to a new gold standard, or a bimetallic standard, was spreading throughout Europe, including the Nordic countries. The background was the declining price of silver relative to gold. It became increasingly...
LitStream

How the Great War Formed Scandinavian Central Banking

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 95 –117

[The rapid industrialization and urbanization sweeping through Scandinavia during the 1890s and early 20th century left all three countries with sizeable net foreign debts by 1914. Large sums were owed to German, British, French, Swiss, and American banks, and large amounts of Scandinavian bonds...
LitStream

Sveriges Riksbank and the Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 121 –148

[Since its foundation in 1668, the Riksbank had been governed by the six “fullmägtige”, appointed by and representing the three guaranteeing estates (two from each estate––see Chap. 3). They had a role comparable to non-executive directors. The practical daily affairs were taken care of by six...
LitStream

Danmarks Nationalbank and the Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 149 –180

[The developments and problems in Denmark during the early post-war years and later in the 1920s were generally not much different from elsewhere. First, soaring inflation and a speculative boom (1918–20), followed by depression (1920–24), bank failures, and a renewed boom in the second half of...
LitStream

Norges Bank and the Four Criteria

Andersen, Steffen Elkiær

Pages: 181 –203

[In 1920, in Norway, the mood was bleak. Incomes from shipping, fisheries, and timber exports were decreasingly able to finance imports of necessities. It is significant that in the official history of Norges Bank, much space is used to discuss fishing volumes, fish prices, and freight rates,...

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