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One Hundred Years of Pressure

Part of the Archimedes Book Series (volume 51)

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56529-3

ISBN: 978-3-319-56528-6

Publisher: Springer International Publishing - Springer Journals

Apr 21, 2017

1 - 10 of 12 Chapters

LitStream

Chapter 1Liquids: A Challenge for Seventeenth-Century Mechanics

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 1 –14

[The construction of a science of hydrostatics in the seventeenth century came about by way of the replacement of a common sense of pressure by a technical sense of pressure. This proved to be a move that was far from obvious and much can be learnt from it about the significant changes in science...
LitStream

Chapter 2The Historical Background to Stevin’s Hydrostatics

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 15 –25

[The starting point of my story is the account of hydrostatics formulated by Simon Stevin in 1586. He could take for granted a distinction between liquids and solids which formed part of everyday knowledge and which was presumed in common technologies involving the management of water. Stevin...
LitStream

Chapter 3Beyond Archimedes: Stevin’s Elements of Hydrostatics

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 27 –48

[The content of Stevin’s hydrostatics was original and became a cornerstone of the advances in hydrostatics that were to follow it. Stevin grasped the fact that the force on a solid surface in contact with water is independent of the orientation of that surface and depends only on its depth...
LitStream

Chapter 4Galileo, Floating Bodies and the Balance

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 49 –57

[A natural way of interpreting Archimedes’ account of floatation is by analogy with a balance. When a body is wholly or partially immersed in water it displaces water, which is raised as a result. Floating occurs when the tendency of the raised water to move downwards is balanced by the weight of...
LitStream

Chapter 5Descartes’ Engagement with Hydrostatics

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 59 –82

[The young Descartes was involved in contributing to the sciences of his day, especially mechanics and optics and including a brief, unpublished, foray into hydrostatics. Such involvements persisted into his maturity, but came to play a role subsidiary to Descartes’ ambitious plan to construct an...
LitStream

Chapter 6Pascal’s Equilibrium of Liquids

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 83 –98

[Pascal began his Equilibrium of Liquids, written around 1654, by noting some counter-intuitive experimental results. He then utilized what is now known as the hydraulic press to introduce his theory of how a liquid can function as a machine for multiplying force. A pressing at one location on...
LitStream

Chapter 7Experimenting with Air

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 99 –109

[Developments in hydrostatics in the second half of the seventeenth century were influenced by developments in pneumaticspneumatics. Those developments were very much informed by novel experiments carried out in contrived situations, beginning with Torricelli’s famous experiment with what we now...
LitStream

Chapter 8Boyle on Mechanism and Pressure

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 111 –133

[Boyle made explicit the notion of mechanism that was implied in the science of simple machines and which he brought to bear on his pneumatics and hydrostatics. Machines bring about their effects by virtue of the way in which pushes and pulls are transmitted through them via the connection of...
LitStream

Chapter 9Newton’s Hydrostatics: Liquids as Continua

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 135 –160

[Following an early version in an unpublished manuscript, Newton included a concise version of his hydrostatics in the Principia. It was based on his identification of the property of liquids that distinguishes them from solids, namely, the inability of the former to resist distorting forces. Any...
LitStream

Chapter 10Fashioning a Novel Concept of Pressure: One Hundred Years

Chalmers, Alan F.

Pages: 161 –171

[It is enlightening to view the history of hydrostatics in terms of the overcoming of obstacles, obstacles that can only be recognized as such in retrospect. There are three candidates for inclusion in a list of such obstacles. From Archimedes to Stevin it had been assumed that the postulates of...

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