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Performance of Cement-Based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments

Part of the RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports Book Series (volume 10)

Editors: Alexander, Mark; Bertron, Alexandra; De Belie, Nele

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3

ISBN: 978-94-007-5412-6

Publisher: Springer Netherlands - Springer Journals

Sep 20, 2012

1 - 10 of 17 Chapters

LitStream

General Introduction to Part I

Bertron, Alexandra

Pages: 3 –6

[Concrete structures are exposed to aggressive aqueous environments in very varied situations, and the range of aggressive species is wide. Among numerous examples, foundations and/or parts of structures in contact with groundwaters, soils or wastewaters may be subject to sulfate attack, and...
LitStream

Sulfate Attack of Concrete

Menéndez, Esperanza; Matschei, Thomas; Glasser, Fredrik P.

Pages: 7 –74

[Cements have long been known to undergo deterioration in sulfate-rich service environments. Yet the mechanism of attack has not been universally agreed and, arguably of even greater importance, test procedures to measure sulfate attack and specifications for sulfate-resistant formulations are...
LitStream

Magnesium Attack of Cementitious Materials in Marine Environments

Santhanam, Manu

Pages: 75 –90

[Concrete undergoes numerous chemical reactions with the chemicals in a marine environment. While sodium chloride is the dominant salt in marine waters, there is also a substantial amount of magnesium sulfate. The attack by the Mg ion is particularly dangerous for the system, as it can cause a...
LitStream

Leaching of Cementitious Materials by Pure Water and Strong Acids (HCl and HNO3)

Duchesne, Josée; Bertron, Alexandra

Pages: 91 –112

[Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is highly alkaline with pH values normally above 12.5, and is easily attacked by pure water and acidic solutions (Chandra 1988; Revertegat et al. 1992; Pavlik 1994a; Faucon et al. 1996, 1998; Israel et al. 1997; Allahverdi and Skvara 2000a; Kamali et al. 2008;...
LitStream

Ammonium Nitrate Attack on Cementitious Materials

Escadeillas, Gilles

Pages: 113 –130

[Of the factors that can quickly degrade concrete, ammonium salts are among the most aggressive (Lea 1965; Biczok 1972). Ammonium nitrate, a very commonly used fertilizer, is at the origin of severe degradation of concrete structures, especially in factories manufacturing these fertilizers or in...
LitStream

Attack of Cementitious Materials by Organic Acids in Agricultural and Agrofood Effluents

Bertron, Alexandra; Duchesne, Josée

Pages: 131 –173

[Agricultural and agrofood industries such as the breeding, dairy or sugar industries produce large quantities of effluents. As these waste waters may be important sources of pollution of the environment, notably of natural water resources (Müller and Heil 1998; Martinez and Le Bozec 2000), they...
LitStream

Modeling Degradation of Cementitious Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments

Le Bescop, Patrick; Lothenbach, Barbara; Samson, Eric; Snyder, Kenneth A.

Pages: 177 –218

[The vast majority of the world’s concrete infrastructure was built around the middle of the twentieth century, and for the most part is now approaching an age of half a century or more. In many cases, the structures are showing signs of degradation mechanisms such as corrosion of the steel...
LitStream

General Considerations

De Belie, Nele

Pages: 221 –234

[In recent decades, numerous concrete structures have shown severe durability problems. Degradation mechanisms such as alkali silica reaction, chloride penetration, carbonation, acid attack, biogenic sulfuric acid attack, etc. have necessitated the complete renewal of some structures. Apart from...
LitStream

Tests for Leaching and Degradation in Soft or Carbonated Waters

Castellote, Marta

Pages: 235 –250

[Leaching can be defined in a general manner as the extraction of certain materials from a solid by a liquid. In a porous solid, leaching is a combined diffusion-dissolution/precipitation process where the concentration gradients between the pore solution and the pure water cause diffusion of the...
LitStream

Test Methods for Resistance of Concrete to Sulfate Attack – A Critical Review

Van Tittelboom, Kim; De Belie, Nele; Hooton, R. Doug

Pages: 251 –288

[Sulfate attack comprises a series of chemical reactions between sulfate ions and the components of hardened concrete. As these reactions may lead to cracking, spalling or strength loss of concrete structures, appropriate test methods are needed to determine the resistance of concrete under...

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