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The simplest forms of learning are mere repetition of precise responses, over and over, until they become completely mechanized. These tendencies are called 'skills' (by some psychologists, 'habits,' without precise distinction). Skills are attained in proportion as resistance in appropriate neural arcs is diminished. As the term is commonly used, skills refer to highly organized systems of responses, mastered in various sequences until prompt and exact responses are made with a minimum of attention. Penmanship, telegraphy, and spelling are of this nature. All number combinations fall in the same class. Language itself is a system of skills. In this class of learning processes and products, images are but slightly conscious, since they are from the first utilized in simplest patterns, and, as practice continues, require diminishing attention. Habits, however, involve more complex and conscious image patterns. They represent tendencies fixed in terms of resulting adjustments, but variable as to motor responses which serve as means to these ends. Habits, like skills, are acquired by repetition under concentrated attention until they can be performed with the minimum of effort. These relatively fixed forms of behavior contribute comparatively little to reflective thinking; for in the situations where familiar responses will serve to effect necessary adjustments, no reflection is necessary; and in situations where familiar responses will not so serve, the need of other sources of experience occupies the center of attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Published: Apr 27, 2015
Keywords: learning process; intelligence; skills; habits; repetition under concentrated attention; attention
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