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Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity on the liver of rats

Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity on the liver of rats Annals of Science and Technology - A, Vol 8 (1): 59-64, 2023 Copyright: An Official Journal of the Nigerian Young Academy ISSN: 2 544 6320 ARTICLE Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium- Lead toxicity on the liver of rats. 1 1 Helen E. Kadiri *, Blessing Idholo Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. th Received 12 January, 2023, Accepted 4th April, 2023 DOI: 10.2478/ast-2023-0009 *Corresponding author Helen E. Kadiri1 (Ph.D) E-mail: hekad@yahoo.com. Tel: +2348060465365 ABSTRACT This study determined the effect of lead-cadmium toxicity in the liver of albino rats. 56 rats were divided into 7 groups of 8 rats each and were treated as follows : Group A Control (1 ml of diluent (corn oil); Group B (15mg/kg BW cadmium) ; Group C(50mg/kg BW lead); Group D (15mg/kg BW Cadmium and 50mg/kg BW lead); Group E (15mg/kg BW cadmium , 50mg/kg BW lead and 23mg/kg BW vitamin E);Group F (15mg/kg BW cadmium, 50mg/kg BW lead and 25mg/kg BW Butylated HydroxylToluene) and Group G (15 mg/kg BW Cd+50mg/kg BW lead+25mg/kg BW (BHT + vitamin E). Rats were sacrificed on the 29th and 56th day in sub-acute and chronic exposure respectively. Liver function, oxidative stress markers and histological examination were carried out. Results indicate that rats exposed to cadmium and lead suffered liver damage due to the significant (P<0.05) increase in Alanine Transferase, Aspartate transferase and Alkaline phosphatase, and significant decrease (P<0.05) in Total Protein and Albumin in the serum. Malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were also significantly increased (P<0.05) with a concomitant decrease in Superoxide dismutase, catalase and Glutathione peroxidase activities in both the chronic and acute exposure phase. Vitamin E and BHT singly had little ameliorative effect on the liver; however, a combination of these antioxidants reduced the enzymes levels significantly. Treatment with the antioxidants (Vitimin E and BHT) both singly and combined was also able to ameliorate the effects of the oxidative stress induced by the metals as was further confirmed by the histopathological reports. Keywords: BHT; Vitamin E; Cadmium; Lead © Kadiri and Idholo This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License 4.0 This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2023 Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 | 59 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 Group G [ (15 mg /kg Cd + 50 mg / kg lead+ 25 mg / kg (BHT + Introduction vitamin E)]. Treatment of the rats was done orally for twenty- Metals are known to exist effortlessly on the earth's surface, and eight (28) days for sub-acute exposure, and four rats from each their availability in our surroundings can be very different group were sacrificed on the 29th day, treatment continued to the between countries resulting in different concentrations of these 56th day for sub chronic, remaining four rats in each group was heavy metals in different parts of the earth. Heavy metals sacrificed. The experiment was conducted in compliance with the distribution in the environment is determined by the “Guide for care and use of laboratory animals” of the Faculty of characteristics of these metals and their effects on environmental Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State (Approval no: factors (Khlif and Hamza-Chaffai, 2010). There are 92 naturally REC/FOS/21/03). existing elements, roughly 30 metals and metalloids that are possibly lethal to humans. Contamination of the environment by SOURCES OF THE BHT, LEAD, CADMIUM AND VIT E heavy metals is either by natural or anthropogenic means. Ways Butylated HydroxylToluene (C15H24O) was used in form of of contamination include: weathering of the earth’s crust and Sigma B1378, E321, and was dissolved in corn oil. The lead used rocks, mining of mineral resources, erosion, industrial release, was in form of lead tioxonitrate (Sigma). Cadmium used was in urban overspill, sewage waste, pest or disease control chemicals form of cadmium chloride (Sigma). Vitamin E used was in form of used on plants, air pollution fallout (Kadiri and Ekayoda, 2023). alpha-tocopherol acetate (Merck). Cadmium (Cd) is an example of a heavy metal, it does not have a function in a biological system and is very toxic (Kadiri, and Estimation of Biochemical parameters: Ekayoda, 2019). Exposure to cadmium has been as a result of its The standard biochemical parameters determined in the serum presence in the environment due to activities of humans were alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Aspartate (Rahimzadeh et al, 2017); the use of corrosive chemicals, aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin stabilizer in Poly-vinyl-chloride production and color pigments all and total protein were determined colorimetrically according to result in the increase of cadmium pollution (Akporido and Kadiri, standard procedures using commercially available diagnostic kits 2014; Genchi et al, 2020). (Randox Laboratories Limited, England). Lead (Pb), is an environmental genotoxic metal. It is ubiquitous and is found in many industrial materials such as batteries, Estimation of liver Pro- and antioxidant parameters cosmetics and pesticides. This has led to many countries enacting The antioxidant parameters estimated in the liver are Superoxide laws and standards to protect individuals from excess exposure dismutase (SOD) (Misra and Fridovich, 1972), Catalase (CAT) to lead. Humans absorb lead through the skin, the alimentary and (Kaplan et al, 1972), Malondialdehyde (MDA)( Buege, and Aust, respiratory tract (Kumar et al, 2020). Studies indicate that lead 1968) , Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)( Ellman, 1959) and alters lactate transport as well as glycolysis and their induced Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (Ellman,1974). damage affects nucleic acids and many proteins of importance (Meramat et al, 2017). Histological Studies Antioxidants can either be synthetic or natural; they are present The tissues were fixed in 10% formyl saline for 48 hours and then in small amounts when compared to biological molecules that embedded in paraffin. The tissues were cut into pieces of about 3 they defend. (Okoro and Kadiri, 2019; Jonscher et al, 2021). The mm thick in pre-labelled tissue cassette. Serial sections of 5 mechanism of antioxidant defense is by inhibiting the destructive micrometres thick were gotten from a hard block of tissue and effects of free radicals. They are categorized as follows: endogens stained using haematoxylin and eosin stains, after which they (glutathione, co-enzyme Q, etc.), which are produced by the cell; were passed through a combination of equivalent concentrations exogens, antioxidants gotten by the organism majorly through of xylene and alcohol. After clearance, the tissues were oven-dried diet or through supplements with antioxidant formulations, and and photomicrographs were taken with the aid of a JVC coloured co-factors (copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and selenium). The video digital camera (JVC, China) which were mounted on an consumption of antioxidant exogens can upsurge defense of the Olympus light microscope (Olympus UK Limited, United body and aid antioxidant endogens in fighting diseases. (Lorenzo Kingdom). et al, 2020). BHT is a man-made antioxidant used in the conservation of fatty foods as well as beauty products, where it Statistical Analysis hunts free radicals that causes lipid oxidation thereby stopping All results were denoted as means ±SD and all data were analyzed the deterioration process ( Fasihnia et al,2020; Ousji and Sleno, using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Significant differences 2020). Vitamin E is an essential constituent of our diet and it is between means were determined at (P < 0.05) confidence level known as the most operative lipid-soluble antioxidant found in using Posthoc test (least significant difference (LSD). the human system. It is composed of various subfamilies of which tocopherols and tocotrienols are the most studied. Results and Discussion Humans are exposed to toxicants such as heavy metals (HM) on Experimental a daily basis in different doses and in a short term (sub-acute) or Experimental design long term (sub chronic), HM toxicity can be as a result of 56 rats were purchased from the university farm in Abraka, Delta anthropogenic or natural sources, also exposure to HM can be as State, weighing between 100 to 150 g. The rats acclimatized for a result of food sources and lifestyle or occupational hazards, The 14 days; they were divided into 7 groups of 8 rats per group. The effects of cadmium-lead toxicity on serum AST, ALT, ALP ALB and groups are as follows; Group A Control 1 ml of diluent (corn oil); Total Protein in rats treated with antioxidants Butylated hydroxyl Group B (15 mg/kg cadmium); Group C (50 mg/kg lead); Group D toluene (BHT) and Vitamin E is shown in Table 1.The findings of (15 mg/kg cadmium and 50 mg/kg lead); Group E (15 mg/kg this study demonstrated that rats exposed to Lead (Pb) and cadmium, 50 mg / kg lead and 23 mg / kg vitamin E); Group F Cadmium (Cd), singly and collective, suffered severe liver damage (15mg /kg cadmium, 50 mg/kg Lead and 25 mg/kg BHT) and which was detected by an increase in the serum levels of AST, 60| This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2022 A nn a l s o f S cie nce and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 Table1: The effects of cadmium-lead toxicity on serum AST, ALT, ALP ALB and Total Protein in rats treated with antioxidants BHT and Vit.E. Groups AST (u/l) ALT (u/l) ALP (u/l) Alb.(u/l) T. P (u/l) 130.12 ± 4.09 90.12 ± 3.06 520.13 ± 6.96 10.16 ± 1.60 16.33±3.32 A (Control) Sub-acute B (Cd) a a b a a 175.00 ± 16.32 143.25 ± 10.05 562.19 ± 20.69 4.45 ± 1.61 9.50 ± 3.30 C (Pb) a a b a a 170.00 ± 16.32 131.25 ± 8.37 555.10 ± 16.74 4.37 ± 3.43 10.30 ± 3.21 D (Cd +Pb) a a c a a 178.87 ± 8.18 139.00 ± 19.25 570.10 ± 19.13 3.51 ± 1.35 8.02 ± 2.47 E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) abc bc bc bc bc 158.21 ± 16.36 100.32 ± 16.04 523.26 ± 16.28 9.19 ± 4.02 14.27 ± 3.30 F (Cd+Pb+BHT) abc bc bc bc bc 151.45 ± 16.30 101.35 ± 16.60 534.50 ± 16.37 8.92 ± 3.59 14.63 ± 4.74 G (Cd+Pb+Vit bc bc bc bc bc 143.18 ± 16.39 96.88 ± 16.36 523.35 ± 16.38 9.52 ± 3.34 15.60 ± 3.18 E+BHT) Chronic B (Cd) a a g a a 184.25 ± 3.88 174.00 ± 2.94 573.00 ± 2.22 6.26 ± 2.38 12.24 ± 2.21 C (Pb) a a c a a 178.00 ± 7.48 172.62 ± 6.65 567.95 ± 1.48 8.32 ± 2.50 14.20 ± 2.87 D (Cd +Pb) a a h a a 183.25 ± 7.85 180.00 ± 12.75 600.18 ± 30.84 5.10 ± 2.13 11.15 ± 2.94 E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) bc abc h,j a bc 157.00 ± 2.16 140.00 ± 35.59 582.12 ± 1.43 11.24 ± 4.50 15.40 ± 7.76 F (Cd+Pb+BHT) abc abc h a bc 168.87 ± 4.2 130.12 ± 42.97 590.37 ± 8.17 10.19 ± 3.57 14.79 ± 6.63 G (Cd+Pb+Vit bc bc g a,b bc 142.17 ± 1.40 122.75 ± 24.78 566.12 ± 4.40 13.23 ± 2.39 15.21 ± 4.63 E+BHT) Values are represented in mean± SD. n=4.Startistical significance:a(P<0.05-0.001) from Normal, b(P<0.05-0.001) from Cd or Pb only, c(P<0.05-0.001) from Pb+Cd , ALT, and ALP and the upsurge in the activities of these comparison with the control (Table 1), this illustrates albumin enzymes compared to the control. Damage to liver cells and total protein production decreased in rats exposed to Pb and changes their functional integrity, and leads to the leakage of Cd. These results concur with El-Sokkary et al., (2010) and enzymes into extracellular space (Chalasani et al, 2018; Omokaro, (2016), that lead and cadmium are liver damaging Kadiri and Ekayode, 2023). Exposure of albino rats to Pb or agents. Cd or its combination causes liver damage, this assertion is The significant reduction in total protein and albumin level in rats supported by El-Sokkary et al. (2010), and Kadiri, (2019) exposed to Cd and Pb exerts its effect on the synthetic function of demonstrated that exposure of rats to cadmium causes liver the liver. This is in line with Kim et al. (2008), who stated that damage, While, Omokaro (2016), showed that lead causes lead can cause damage to the synthetic ability of the liver. The liver damage in rats. This study also indicates that duration of increase in albumin and total protein level of rats treated with exposure can be a factor for profound lethality in the liver, antioxidants, indicates that BHT and Vit. E can prevent the with the range of liver damage in subchronic more profound decrease of albumin probably through stabilizing endoplasmic than that of acute exposure. Treatment with antioxidants: reticulum and re-synthesizing protein through neutralizing ROS Butylated hydroxyl toluene and Vitamin E, largely modulated by scavenging compounds. Histopathological examinations (Fig. the severity of damages to the liver. Enzyme levels returned 1) confirmed the extent and near level repair by BHT and Vit. E. to near-normal in treated rats, indicating that antioxidants The liver samples from rats treated with Cd and Pb indicated (BHT and Vit. E) can stabilize liver cell membranes and damages such as necrosis, balloon formation and degeneration of prevent the leakage of enzymes. However, the combined biliary. However, in the groups treated with antioxidants had less effects of BHT and Vit E had more effect in reducing the degeneration and there was healing of the liver tissues. severity of the damage. This is supported by Gobe and Crane An antioxidant is any substance, which at low concentrations (2010), who asserted that antioxidant therapies might reduce compared to those of an oxidizable substrate meaningfully or antagonize toxic effects of Cadmium. Vitamin E was also interrupts or thwarts the oxidation of that substrate (Kadiri, more potent in preventing liver damage compared to BHT in 2018). Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and Cd-Pb treatment resulted in this present study. significantly (P<0.05) lower Superoxide dismutase (SOD), It is a common knowledge that albumin is among plasma Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and significant protein synthesized by the liver. In this study, rats treated (P<0.05) increase in MDA levels, symbolizing oxidative stress. with Cd and Pb singly and in combination had a decrease in However, treatment with antioxidants (Groups G), resulted in serum and total protein and albumin concentration in significant (P<0.05) decrease in MDA levels and significant Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 | 61 This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2023 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 (H&E stain, Mag. 400x). Fig. 1: Liver Histology of Rats exposed to lead, cadmium, cadmium-lead and rats treated with Antioxidants (BHT and Vitamin E) Key: Portal vein (PV), central vein (CV), Hepatic cell (HC), inflammation (I), necrosis (N) (P<0.05) increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities. This finding seems to have more ROS neutralizing capabilities when is in line with Apiamu et al., (2019) who established that compared with BHT. The results of these experiments clearly Cadmium has the ability to induce oxidative stress. Chiba et show that exposure to heavy metals cadmium and lead can al., (2006), also established that lead can alter antioxidant generate free radicals, it can affect macromolecules, cause activities by constraining functional SH groups in numerous liver and kidney damages and cause oxidative stress through enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx. Treatment with the the production of ROS, it increases MDA formation and antioxidants (BHT and Vitamin E) both singly and in reduces antioxidant defense system in the liver. This study combination was able to ameliorate the Cd-Pd induced has proven that, BHT and Vit. E can reduce the effect of heavy oxidative stress due to the ability of BHT and Vit E to metal counteract the reactive oxygen species (ROS), Also, vitamin E Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 62| This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2022 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 Table 2: The effects of Cadmium-lead toxicity on liver SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA, in rats treated with antioxidants BHT and Vitamin E SOD (Units/g wet CAT (u/l) GPx (u/l) MDA tissues) A(Control) 26.21 ± 3.34 31.01 ± 4.04 18.34 ± 4.18 2.48 ± 0.04 Sub-acute a a a a B (Cd) 13.12 ± 1.04 14.45 ± 5.72 10.46 ± 3.07 7.82 ± 0.86 a a a b C (Pb) 14.41 ± 3.53 15.57 ± 3.98 10.20 ± 3.62 7.23 ± 0.15 a a a a D (Cd +Pb) 13.26 ± 2.31 13.52 ± 5.10 9.46 ± 3.38 8.51 ± 0.15 bc bc bc bc E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) 23.12 ± 2.25 25.23 ± 3.28 15.38 ± 1.70 3.00 ± 0.81 bc bc bc bc F (Cd+Pb+BHT) 21.15 ± 1.59 27.29 ± 3.24 14.18 ± 2.57 3.50 ± 0.24 bc bc bc bc G (Cd+Pb+Vit24 .16 ± 2.38 30.34 ± 3.11 17.15 ± 5.77 2.80 ± 0.16 E+BHT) Chronic a b b b B (Cd) 13.12 ± 2.25 25.23 ± 7.28 14.38 ± 1.70 2.00 ± 0.81 a b b c C (Pb) 13.15 ± 1.59 27.29 ± 3.24 11.18 ± 2.57 1.50 ± 0.24 a a,b a a D (Cd +Pb) 11.16 ± 2.38 30.34 ± 8.11 17.15 ± 5.77 0.80 ± 0.16 bc b b a E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) 25.15 ± 2.35 25.40 ± 4.87 12.33 ± 2.14 1.00 ± 0.01 bc b b,c a F(Cd+Pb+BHT) 23.36 ± 2.40 23.16 ± 5.02 8.59 ± 1.69 0.60 ± 0.16 bc a,b a a G (Cd+Pb+Vit26 .69 ± 2.69 28.31 ± 6.36 18.15 ± 4.22 0.50 ± 0.09 E+BHT) Values are represented in mean± SD. n=4.Startistical significance:a(P<0.05-0.001) from Normal, b(P<0.05-0.001) from Cd or Pb only, c(P<0.05-0.001) from Pb+Cd exposure such as cadmium and lead. This protection of Interpretation and Analysis: HEK, BI antioxidants against Cd and Pb may be due to the action of free Writing of the Paper and Proof reading: HEK, BI radical scavengers initiated by the antioxidant defence systems, Vitamin E, a foremost lipid-soluble antioxidant and is the most Reference active chain- terminating antioxidant inside the membrane of the cell, BHT on the other hand hunts free radicals that are known to Akporido, S.O., and Kadiri, H.E. (2014). Effect of urbanization and initiate the oxidation of lipid thus halting decline processes (Ousji industrialization on the waters of Benin river ethiope river system and Sleno 2020). A combination of these two antioxidants was around Sapele, Nigeria, Global Advanced Research Journal of able to restore the oxidative state of the animals back to near physical and Applied Sciences, 3 (3); 035-050. normal. Apiamu, A., Asagba, S.O., and Tonukari, N.J. (2019). Role of Conclusion Anthcleista vogelii in serum antioxidant defence system in The present study indicates that a combination of Butylated cadmium induced oxidative stress in wistar rats, Beni-Suef HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E has protective effects against University Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 8(1); 1-13. liver damage induced by cadmium-lead by modulating the antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx) and reduction of lipid peroxidation. Buege, J.A., and Aust, S.D. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation, Methods in Enzymology, 52; 302-305. Acknowledgement Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., and Lavine, J.E. (2018). The diagnosis The Authors wish to thank Mrs Omomaife and Mrs Iwhiwhu for and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice their technical assistance. guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Hepatology, 67: 328-357. 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Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity on the liver of rats

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Abstract

Annals of Science and Technology - A, Vol 8 (1): 59-64, 2023 Copyright: An Official Journal of the Nigerian Young Academy ISSN: 2 544 6320 ARTICLE Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium- Lead toxicity on the liver of rats. 1 1 Helen E. Kadiri *, Blessing Idholo Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. th Received 12 January, 2023, Accepted 4th April, 2023 DOI: 10.2478/ast-2023-0009 *Corresponding author Helen E. Kadiri1 (Ph.D) E-mail: hekad@yahoo.com. Tel: +2348060465365 ABSTRACT This study determined the effect of lead-cadmium toxicity in the liver of albino rats. 56 rats were divided into 7 groups of 8 rats each and were treated as follows : Group A Control (1 ml of diluent (corn oil); Group B (15mg/kg BW cadmium) ; Group C(50mg/kg BW lead); Group D (15mg/kg BW Cadmium and 50mg/kg BW lead); Group E (15mg/kg BW cadmium , 50mg/kg BW lead and 23mg/kg BW vitamin E);Group F (15mg/kg BW cadmium, 50mg/kg BW lead and 25mg/kg BW Butylated HydroxylToluene) and Group G (15 mg/kg BW Cd+50mg/kg BW lead+25mg/kg BW (BHT + vitamin E). Rats were sacrificed on the 29th and 56th day in sub-acute and chronic exposure respectively. Liver function, oxidative stress markers and histological examination were carried out. Results indicate that rats exposed to cadmium and lead suffered liver damage due to the significant (P<0.05) increase in Alanine Transferase, Aspartate transferase and Alkaline phosphatase, and significant decrease (P<0.05) in Total Protein and Albumin in the serum. Malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were also significantly increased (P<0.05) with a concomitant decrease in Superoxide dismutase, catalase and Glutathione peroxidase activities in both the chronic and acute exposure phase. Vitamin E and BHT singly had little ameliorative effect on the liver; however, a combination of these antioxidants reduced the enzymes levels significantly. Treatment with the antioxidants (Vitimin E and BHT) both singly and combined was also able to ameliorate the effects of the oxidative stress induced by the metals as was further confirmed by the histopathological reports. Keywords: BHT; Vitamin E; Cadmium; Lead © Kadiri and Idholo This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License 4.0 This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2023 Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 | 59 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 Group G [ (15 mg /kg Cd + 50 mg / kg lead+ 25 mg / kg (BHT + Introduction vitamin E)]. Treatment of the rats was done orally for twenty- Metals are known to exist effortlessly on the earth's surface, and eight (28) days for sub-acute exposure, and four rats from each their availability in our surroundings can be very different group were sacrificed on the 29th day, treatment continued to the between countries resulting in different concentrations of these 56th day for sub chronic, remaining four rats in each group was heavy metals in different parts of the earth. Heavy metals sacrificed. The experiment was conducted in compliance with the distribution in the environment is determined by the “Guide for care and use of laboratory animals” of the Faculty of characteristics of these metals and their effects on environmental Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State (Approval no: factors (Khlif and Hamza-Chaffai, 2010). There are 92 naturally REC/FOS/21/03). existing elements, roughly 30 metals and metalloids that are possibly lethal to humans. Contamination of the environment by SOURCES OF THE BHT, LEAD, CADMIUM AND VIT E heavy metals is either by natural or anthropogenic means. Ways Butylated HydroxylToluene (C15H24O) was used in form of of contamination include: weathering of the earth’s crust and Sigma B1378, E321, and was dissolved in corn oil. The lead used rocks, mining of mineral resources, erosion, industrial release, was in form of lead tioxonitrate (Sigma). Cadmium used was in urban overspill, sewage waste, pest or disease control chemicals form of cadmium chloride (Sigma). Vitamin E used was in form of used on plants, air pollution fallout (Kadiri and Ekayoda, 2023). alpha-tocopherol acetate (Merck). Cadmium (Cd) is an example of a heavy metal, it does not have a function in a biological system and is very toxic (Kadiri, and Estimation of Biochemical parameters: Ekayoda, 2019). Exposure to cadmium has been as a result of its The standard biochemical parameters determined in the serum presence in the environment due to activities of humans were alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Aspartate (Rahimzadeh et al, 2017); the use of corrosive chemicals, aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin stabilizer in Poly-vinyl-chloride production and color pigments all and total protein were determined colorimetrically according to result in the increase of cadmium pollution (Akporido and Kadiri, standard procedures using commercially available diagnostic kits 2014; Genchi et al, 2020). (Randox Laboratories Limited, England). Lead (Pb), is an environmental genotoxic metal. It is ubiquitous and is found in many industrial materials such as batteries, Estimation of liver Pro- and antioxidant parameters cosmetics and pesticides. This has led to many countries enacting The antioxidant parameters estimated in the liver are Superoxide laws and standards to protect individuals from excess exposure dismutase (SOD) (Misra and Fridovich, 1972), Catalase (CAT) to lead. Humans absorb lead through the skin, the alimentary and (Kaplan et al, 1972), Malondialdehyde (MDA)( Buege, and Aust, respiratory tract (Kumar et al, 2020). Studies indicate that lead 1968) , Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)( Ellman, 1959) and alters lactate transport as well as glycolysis and their induced Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (Ellman,1974). damage affects nucleic acids and many proteins of importance (Meramat et al, 2017). Histological Studies Antioxidants can either be synthetic or natural; they are present The tissues were fixed in 10% formyl saline for 48 hours and then in small amounts when compared to biological molecules that embedded in paraffin. The tissues were cut into pieces of about 3 they defend. (Okoro and Kadiri, 2019; Jonscher et al, 2021). The mm thick in pre-labelled tissue cassette. Serial sections of 5 mechanism of antioxidant defense is by inhibiting the destructive micrometres thick were gotten from a hard block of tissue and effects of free radicals. They are categorized as follows: endogens stained using haematoxylin and eosin stains, after which they (glutathione, co-enzyme Q, etc.), which are produced by the cell; were passed through a combination of equivalent concentrations exogens, antioxidants gotten by the organism majorly through of xylene and alcohol. After clearance, the tissues were oven-dried diet or through supplements with antioxidant formulations, and and photomicrographs were taken with the aid of a JVC coloured co-factors (copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and selenium). The video digital camera (JVC, China) which were mounted on an consumption of antioxidant exogens can upsurge defense of the Olympus light microscope (Olympus UK Limited, United body and aid antioxidant endogens in fighting diseases. (Lorenzo Kingdom). et al, 2020). BHT is a man-made antioxidant used in the conservation of fatty foods as well as beauty products, where it Statistical Analysis hunts free radicals that causes lipid oxidation thereby stopping All results were denoted as means ±SD and all data were analyzed the deterioration process ( Fasihnia et al,2020; Ousji and Sleno, using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Significant differences 2020). Vitamin E is an essential constituent of our diet and it is between means were determined at (P < 0.05) confidence level known as the most operative lipid-soluble antioxidant found in using Posthoc test (least significant difference (LSD). the human system. It is composed of various subfamilies of which tocopherols and tocotrienols are the most studied. Results and Discussion Humans are exposed to toxicants such as heavy metals (HM) on Experimental a daily basis in different doses and in a short term (sub-acute) or Experimental design long term (sub chronic), HM toxicity can be as a result of 56 rats were purchased from the university farm in Abraka, Delta anthropogenic or natural sources, also exposure to HM can be as State, weighing between 100 to 150 g. The rats acclimatized for a result of food sources and lifestyle or occupational hazards, The 14 days; they were divided into 7 groups of 8 rats per group. The effects of cadmium-lead toxicity on serum AST, ALT, ALP ALB and groups are as follows; Group A Control 1 ml of diluent (corn oil); Total Protein in rats treated with antioxidants Butylated hydroxyl Group B (15 mg/kg cadmium); Group C (50 mg/kg lead); Group D toluene (BHT) and Vitamin E is shown in Table 1.The findings of (15 mg/kg cadmium and 50 mg/kg lead); Group E (15 mg/kg this study demonstrated that rats exposed to Lead (Pb) and cadmium, 50 mg / kg lead and 23 mg / kg vitamin E); Group F Cadmium (Cd), singly and collective, suffered severe liver damage (15mg /kg cadmium, 50 mg/kg Lead and 25 mg/kg BHT) and which was detected by an increase in the serum levels of AST, 60| This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2022 A nn a l s o f S cie nce and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 Table1: The effects of cadmium-lead toxicity on serum AST, ALT, ALP ALB and Total Protein in rats treated with antioxidants BHT and Vit.E. Groups AST (u/l) ALT (u/l) ALP (u/l) Alb.(u/l) T. P (u/l) 130.12 ± 4.09 90.12 ± 3.06 520.13 ± 6.96 10.16 ± 1.60 16.33±3.32 A (Control) Sub-acute B (Cd) a a b a a 175.00 ± 16.32 143.25 ± 10.05 562.19 ± 20.69 4.45 ± 1.61 9.50 ± 3.30 C (Pb) a a b a a 170.00 ± 16.32 131.25 ± 8.37 555.10 ± 16.74 4.37 ± 3.43 10.30 ± 3.21 D (Cd +Pb) a a c a a 178.87 ± 8.18 139.00 ± 19.25 570.10 ± 19.13 3.51 ± 1.35 8.02 ± 2.47 E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) abc bc bc bc bc 158.21 ± 16.36 100.32 ± 16.04 523.26 ± 16.28 9.19 ± 4.02 14.27 ± 3.30 F (Cd+Pb+BHT) abc bc bc bc bc 151.45 ± 16.30 101.35 ± 16.60 534.50 ± 16.37 8.92 ± 3.59 14.63 ± 4.74 G (Cd+Pb+Vit bc bc bc bc bc 143.18 ± 16.39 96.88 ± 16.36 523.35 ± 16.38 9.52 ± 3.34 15.60 ± 3.18 E+BHT) Chronic B (Cd) a a g a a 184.25 ± 3.88 174.00 ± 2.94 573.00 ± 2.22 6.26 ± 2.38 12.24 ± 2.21 C (Pb) a a c a a 178.00 ± 7.48 172.62 ± 6.65 567.95 ± 1.48 8.32 ± 2.50 14.20 ± 2.87 D (Cd +Pb) a a h a a 183.25 ± 7.85 180.00 ± 12.75 600.18 ± 30.84 5.10 ± 2.13 11.15 ± 2.94 E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) bc abc h,j a bc 157.00 ± 2.16 140.00 ± 35.59 582.12 ± 1.43 11.24 ± 4.50 15.40 ± 7.76 F (Cd+Pb+BHT) abc abc h a bc 168.87 ± 4.2 130.12 ± 42.97 590.37 ± 8.17 10.19 ± 3.57 14.79 ± 6.63 G (Cd+Pb+Vit bc bc g a,b bc 142.17 ± 1.40 122.75 ± 24.78 566.12 ± 4.40 13.23 ± 2.39 15.21 ± 4.63 E+BHT) Values are represented in mean± SD. n=4.Startistical significance:a(P<0.05-0.001) from Normal, b(P<0.05-0.001) from Cd or Pb only, c(P<0.05-0.001) from Pb+Cd , ALT, and ALP and the upsurge in the activities of these comparison with the control (Table 1), this illustrates albumin enzymes compared to the control. Damage to liver cells and total protein production decreased in rats exposed to Pb and changes their functional integrity, and leads to the leakage of Cd. These results concur with El-Sokkary et al., (2010) and enzymes into extracellular space (Chalasani et al, 2018; Omokaro, (2016), that lead and cadmium are liver damaging Kadiri and Ekayode, 2023). Exposure of albino rats to Pb or agents. Cd or its combination causes liver damage, this assertion is The significant reduction in total protein and albumin level in rats supported by El-Sokkary et al. (2010), and Kadiri, (2019) exposed to Cd and Pb exerts its effect on the synthetic function of demonstrated that exposure of rats to cadmium causes liver the liver. This is in line with Kim et al. (2008), who stated that damage, While, Omokaro (2016), showed that lead causes lead can cause damage to the synthetic ability of the liver. The liver damage in rats. This study also indicates that duration of increase in albumin and total protein level of rats treated with exposure can be a factor for profound lethality in the liver, antioxidants, indicates that BHT and Vit. E can prevent the with the range of liver damage in subchronic more profound decrease of albumin probably through stabilizing endoplasmic than that of acute exposure. Treatment with antioxidants: reticulum and re-synthesizing protein through neutralizing ROS Butylated hydroxyl toluene and Vitamin E, largely modulated by scavenging compounds. Histopathological examinations (Fig. the severity of damages to the liver. Enzyme levels returned 1) confirmed the extent and near level repair by BHT and Vit. E. to near-normal in treated rats, indicating that antioxidants The liver samples from rats treated with Cd and Pb indicated (BHT and Vit. E) can stabilize liver cell membranes and damages such as necrosis, balloon formation and degeneration of prevent the leakage of enzymes. However, the combined biliary. However, in the groups treated with antioxidants had less effects of BHT and Vit E had more effect in reducing the degeneration and there was healing of the liver tissues. severity of the damage. This is supported by Gobe and Crane An antioxidant is any substance, which at low concentrations (2010), who asserted that antioxidant therapies might reduce compared to those of an oxidizable substrate meaningfully or antagonize toxic effects of Cadmium. Vitamin E was also interrupts or thwarts the oxidation of that substrate (Kadiri, more potent in preventing liver damage compared to BHT in 2018). Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and Cd-Pb treatment resulted in this present study. significantly (P<0.05) lower Superoxide dismutase (SOD), It is a common knowledge that albumin is among plasma Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and significant protein synthesized by the liver. In this study, rats treated (P<0.05) increase in MDA levels, symbolizing oxidative stress. with Cd and Pb singly and in combination had a decrease in However, treatment with antioxidants (Groups G), resulted in serum and total protein and albumin concentration in significant (P<0.05) decrease in MDA levels and significant Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 | 61 This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2023 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 (H&E stain, Mag. 400x). Fig. 1: Liver Histology of Rats exposed to lead, cadmium, cadmium-lead and rats treated with Antioxidants (BHT and Vitamin E) Key: Portal vein (PV), central vein (CV), Hepatic cell (HC), inflammation (I), necrosis (N) (P<0.05) increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities. This finding seems to have more ROS neutralizing capabilities when is in line with Apiamu et al., (2019) who established that compared with BHT. The results of these experiments clearly Cadmium has the ability to induce oxidative stress. Chiba et show that exposure to heavy metals cadmium and lead can al., (2006), also established that lead can alter antioxidant generate free radicals, it can affect macromolecules, cause activities by constraining functional SH groups in numerous liver and kidney damages and cause oxidative stress through enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx. Treatment with the the production of ROS, it increases MDA formation and antioxidants (BHT and Vitamin E) both singly and in reduces antioxidant defense system in the liver. This study combination was able to ameliorate the Cd-Pd induced has proven that, BHT and Vit. E can reduce the effect of heavy oxidative stress due to the ability of BHT and Vit E to metal counteract the reactive oxygen species (ROS), Also, vitamin E Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 62| This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2022 Effects of Butylated HydroxylToluene and Vitamin E on Cadmium-Lead toxicity Kadiri and Idholo, 2023 Table 2: The effects of Cadmium-lead toxicity on liver SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA, in rats treated with antioxidants BHT and Vitamin E SOD (Units/g wet CAT (u/l) GPx (u/l) MDA tissues) A(Control) 26.21 ± 3.34 31.01 ± 4.04 18.34 ± 4.18 2.48 ± 0.04 Sub-acute a a a a B (Cd) 13.12 ± 1.04 14.45 ± 5.72 10.46 ± 3.07 7.82 ± 0.86 a a a b C (Pb) 14.41 ± 3.53 15.57 ± 3.98 10.20 ± 3.62 7.23 ± 0.15 a a a a D (Cd +Pb) 13.26 ± 2.31 13.52 ± 5.10 9.46 ± 3.38 8.51 ± 0.15 bc bc bc bc E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) 23.12 ± 2.25 25.23 ± 3.28 15.38 ± 1.70 3.00 ± 0.81 bc bc bc bc F (Cd+Pb+BHT) 21.15 ± 1.59 27.29 ± 3.24 14.18 ± 2.57 3.50 ± 0.24 bc bc bc bc G (Cd+Pb+Vit24 .16 ± 2.38 30.34 ± 3.11 17.15 ± 5.77 2.80 ± 0.16 E+BHT) Chronic a b b b B (Cd) 13.12 ± 2.25 25.23 ± 7.28 14.38 ± 1.70 2.00 ± 0.81 a b b c C (Pb) 13.15 ± 1.59 27.29 ± 3.24 11.18 ± 2.57 1.50 ± 0.24 a a,b a a D (Cd +Pb) 11.16 ± 2.38 30.34 ± 8.11 17.15 ± 5.77 0.80 ± 0.16 bc b b a E (Cd+Pb+Vit E) 25.15 ± 2.35 25.40 ± 4.87 12.33 ± 2.14 1.00 ± 0.01 bc b b,c a F(Cd+Pb+BHT) 23.36 ± 2.40 23.16 ± 5.02 8.59 ± 1.69 0.60 ± 0.16 bc a,b a a G (Cd+Pb+Vit26 .69 ± 2.69 28.31 ± 6.36 18.15 ± 4.22 0.50 ± 0.09 E+BHT) Values are represented in mean± SD. n=4.Startistical significance:a(P<0.05-0.001) from Normal, b(P<0.05-0.001) from Cd or Pb only, c(P<0.05-0.001) from Pb+Cd exposure such as cadmium and lead. This protection of Interpretation and Analysis: HEK, BI antioxidants against Cd and Pb may be due to the action of free Writing of the Paper and Proof reading: HEK, BI radical scavengers initiated by the antioxidant defence systems, Vitamin E, a foremost lipid-soluble antioxidant and is the most Reference active chain- terminating antioxidant inside the membrane of the cell, BHT on the other hand hunts free radicals that are known to Akporido, S.O., and Kadiri, H.E. (2014). Effect of urbanization and initiate the oxidation of lipid thus halting decline processes (Ousji industrialization on the waters of Benin river ethiope river system and Sleno 2020). A combination of these two antioxidants was around Sapele, Nigeria, Global Advanced Research Journal of able to restore the oxidative state of the animals back to near physical and Applied Sciences, 3 (3); 035-050. normal. Apiamu, A., Asagba, S.O., and Tonukari, N.J. (2019). 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Annals of Science and Technology 2023 Vol. 8 (1): 59-64 64| This journal is © The Nigerian Young Academy 2022

Journal

Annals of Science and Technology – de Gruyter

Published: Jun 1, 2023

Keywords: BHT; Vitamin E; Cadmium; Lead

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