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Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant and Estimation of Potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant and Estimation of Potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 Submitted: December 12, 2022 Professional paper Accepted: February 25, 2023 FLOATING PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT AND ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1,2 1 1 1 Sarah Zeljković , Naida Panjeta , Emir Ajkunić , Samir Avdaković Abstract: Generation of photovoltaic power plants is growing rapidly in the last ten years in the world. One of the key factors for the construction of floating photovoltaic power plants is to provide space for their construction. This paper presents statistical indicators of installed capacities of floating photovoltaic power plants, as well as a detailed description of the components of these power plants. Approaches to construction and maintenance recommendations are described in more detail. The basic results of simulations are presented on a concrete example of a floating photovoltaic 1 MW power plant on Lake Modrac. The available areas of artificial lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina were analysed, and it was shown that the installation of floating photovoltaic power plants on 5% of the surface of artificial lakes would provide around 10% of the total electricity consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: floating photovoltaic power plants, construction, maintenance, potential, generation, consumption INTRODUCTION purposes, and the concept of the floating PV power plant is described in [4]. So far, the largest floating PV The production of electricity from photovoltaic (PV) power power plant was built by the Huaneng Power International plants has been growing intensively in the last ten years. in China with an installed capacity of 300 MW [4]. The According to [1], the capacities of PV power plants in 2020 authors in [3] analysed the current contributions of floating were around 710 GW. It is estimated that these capacities PV power plants in electricity production with estimated will reach around 3,000 GW in 2030 and around 8,500 production trends and values of installed power plants GW [2] in 2050 (Figure 1). until 2030. Various options for designing floating PV power plants with the aim of increasing efficiency and cost-effectiveness, including cooling and monitoring changes in power plant components, are described in [5] – [9]. In [10] the advantages and disadvantages of floating compared to ordinary PV power plants are considered, with a detailed overview of the technologies, the current status as well as different ways of performing/designing them. The potential of floating PV power plants in Spain is presented in the article [11]. It was concluded that using 10% of the available water surface would cover 31% of electricity consumption. By developing the full potential Figure 1: Capacities of PV power plants in the world and of floating PV power plants, Spain would reduce the use expected values in 2030 [2] of conventional energy sources up to 81% of current production, and direct most of its production to renewable PV power plants of greater power require large areas sources and obtain long-term benefits. Article [12] deals of land, which is in collision or conflict with other with experimentally obtained results in weather conditions branches of science, such as agriculture. In recent years, characteristic of Jordan. It was concluded that the large available areas of water have been used for the construction of floating PV power plants is more suitable construction of large power plants. There was an increase in these areas due to easier maintenance, preservation in recent years regarding the construction of large power of water quality and reduction of evaporation. These plants whose total installed capacity in 2019 amounted studies have shown that using floating PV power plants to 2,400 MW and the forecasted production of floating can reduce the problems of limited energy resources, PV plants in 2030 is 710 TWh [3]. The first floating PV which is a general feature of the countries of the Middle power plant was built in 2007 in Aichi, Japan for research East. In [13] it was discussed whether does the floating Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Correspondence email: szeljkovic1@etf.unsa.ba © 2023 Author(s). This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1 S. Zeljković, N. Panjeta, E. Ajkunić, S. Avdaković: or conventional PV power plant produce more electrical the utilization of the lakes of Bosnia and Herzegovina as energy. As it is known, in PV systems electrical efficiency potential areas for the construction of these power plants, increases as the temperature decreases. The paper an illustrative example of the power plant on Lake Modrac concluded that floating PV power plants have higher is presented. In this work, other aspects related to floating electrical efficiency by 0.79%. Article [14] analysed impact PV power plants, such as the connection and impact on of floating PV systems on aquaculture. The authors the power system, the impact of the selection of individual came to conclusion that ecosystem has benefits from components on production, etc., were not analysed. building floating PVs such as resolving food, energy and water problems. Also, in article [15], the authors came The paper is written in 4 sections. In first two sections, to a conclusion related to the advantages of floating theoretical foundations for floating PV power plants are photovoltaic power plants, such as better water quality, described. In the third is given the example of one floating reduction of the growth of bacteria and algae due to PV power plant installed on lake Modrac, on the basis of reduced conditions for photosynthesis, less dust and which calculations were made that were used in further a better albedo effect compared to photovoltaic power research and analysis of the profitability of floating PV plants located on earth surface. In article [16], research is power plants. In the last section the results are summarized focusing on comparing the improvement of efficiency in and the main conclusions of the work are given. PV modules by using the floating method and the passive cooling method. The results showed that the increase in power is 30.54% by using the first method. In [17] data 1. COMPONENTS OF FLOATING PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER was taken from Chah-Nimeh Lake in Iran, and was proven PLANTS that floating PV power plant saved approximately 724 m during a year. Article [18] is about efficiency of the tracking- A floating PV power plant generally consists of the type floating PV systems that are designed to use solar following components [4] and [5]: sensor to determine the location of the sun, even when it is cloudy or rainy, and then using separate mechanical - pontoon, devices, PV models are rotated to the most optimal - plastic structure, position at that moment. The results of mathematical - anchoring systems, models in [19] that were used to evaluate the performance - PV modules, of floating photovoltaic modules with passive or active - cables and connectors, cooling showed that passive cooling increases energy by - inverters, 3% (maximum possible 6.4%), while in the second case, - protection. by adding active systems for additional water cooling, energy increases by 9.7% (maximum possible 13.5%). A pontoon is a structure that can withstand high water The research was made on floating photovoltaic systems pressure. The amount of these parts depends on the installed in Catania, Italy. The impact of the thermosiphon number of PV modules, but also on the requirement of cooling method on floating PV systems is presented in the surface area of the platform and on the available article [20]. The results showed that the output energy space on which the floating power plant is built on. increased by 3.34% using this method. Authors in Several connected pontoons later form the platform of article [21] proved that mere presence of water is not the floating PV power plant. In order to form one pontoon, the only factor in the temperature of floating PV system. it is necessary to connect several parts. They are made Their research showed that the main factors for module of HDPE (high-density polythene), i.e., solid polyethylene. temperature are ambient temperature, insolation and HDPE material is suitable for use due to its resistance wind speed. Various techniques for cleaning floating PV to UV rays and corrosion. GRP (glass fibre reinforced power plants are described in article [22]. To choose the plastic) can also be used to make a floating platform. appropriate technique, it is important to know the purpose The anchoring system for the floating PV power plant is of floating PV system, as well as the conditions in which a system that adapts to changes in the water level and it is installed in order to achieve correct and economical stabilizes the floating structure. The type of anchoring maintenance. system depends on several parameters that correspond to the configuration of the site and local conditions, such The key research contributions of the paper are to as soil composition, available space, wind load or water define advantages of the floating over the conventional level variations. PV power plants, to show how much potential Bosnia and Herzegovina has for building floating PV plant and The anchoring system consists of piers, anchor buoys how much electrical energy can floating PV power plant and mooring buoys. Installing a deep-water mooring produce covering small area of water. In this paper, the system can be demanding and expensive. Wire rope and basic data on the components of floating PV power nylon webbing can be used to complete the exit platform plants, as well as on their construction, operation and anchoring system. The rope can be attached to the maintenance, are processed. In order to better present edge terminal and adjusted to any angle. According to 2 B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 the available researches, the usual PV modules available device. Designers look for alternative solutions, if this is on the market have been used so far. Special attention not an efficient grounding solution [4]. The purpose of during exploitation should be focused on metal parts that protection against atmospheric overvoltages is to protect are subject to corrosion. the floating system from possible direct atmospheric discharges. This is why this type of protection is installed The energy produced by the PV modules is transmitted directly at the power plant, and consists of an external via DC cables to the inverter, and after conversion via and an internal part. The external system includes the AC cables to the switchgear. On this way, electricity is following components: grab bars, down conductors and generated in the grid. It is also possible to create a grounding device. An SPD (Surge Protective Device) system that stores energy in batteries, which depends on device belongs to the internal system, and type II SPD the very purpose of the PV power plant. Direct laying of devices are recommended for this type of system [5]. cables through the water is generally not practiced, but After all the steps have been taken, the floating PV power the cables are connected to facilities on the shore with a plant is ready for commissioning. suitable floating structure. Devices such as inverters and batteries are only installed in dry places. Centralized or 2.2. Maintenance string inverters can be used. The method of execution and configuration of floating PV power plants mainly Given that floating PV power plants are systems depends on the power and the price of the equipment, a belonging to relatively recent technologies, the experience basis on which designers decide which types of inverters for maintenance and supervision is quite poor. As their and plants to use. The environmental impact assessment application grows, this segment will develop along with is an important part of the construction preparation them. The protocol for monitoring and maintenance process, where it is necessary to respect all norms from of any part of the power system is also applied to the the regulations that define the environment. floating PV power plant, which is defined by current regulations. Competent services dealing with supervision, management and maintenance of the PV power plant 2. CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE implement maintenance processes in three segments: preventive, corrective and predictive maintenance [4]. 2.1. Construction and operation Preventive maintenance implies routine inspection and One of the key requirements that a design for the floating service at predetermined intervals. It is planned with PV system should fulfil is that it should be cost-effective, the aim of preventing damage and failure. Preventive lightweight and that the installation, as well as the maintenance should be planned regularly. Preventive commissioning of the entire system, should be efficient maintenance includes: general space maintenance, [6]. Before the construction of the floating PV power plant cleaning of PV modules, cleaning of floating pontoons itself, it is required to investigate the potential location (mainly from bird droppings), fly abatement, inspection in order to identify possible limitations or disadvantages of cables, connectors, system balance, and periodic for construction, if they are present [7]. It is necessary to re-commissioning checks and maintenance of data carry out a precise measurement of the depth of the water collection and monitoring systems. on that location, a process called bathymetry. On the basis of previously collected data on soil characteristics, Corrective maintenance mitigates possible downtime appropriate types and sizes of anchors, suitable for when components fail. It is performed as needed and the examined area, are selected. One of the key things should be minimized by proper monitoring and preventive during construction is to precisely place the anchors and maintenance. Although power plant owners strive to have accurate information about their positions, in order reduce the initial costs of preventive maintenance, to avoid damage and large economic losses. The plan equipment will still break down from time to time. Speed of is made depending on the characteristics of the water response time and speed of repair time are important items surface, i.e., the year of expected use, smaller or larger in the maintenance category. Corrective maintenance of water surface, depth, changing water level, wind speed, PV systems usually includes: resetting tripped inverters wave height, type of water bottom, climate and many (mainly caused by insulation failures), replacing blown other parameters. Assembling the structure requires fuses, tightening cables or loose connectors (due to system precise project drawings, as well as hierarchical partitions movement), repairing broken equipotential conductors of the structure, i.e., a precise assembly plan. Cables, (also caused by system movement) as well as repairing which are previously protected against water and UV communication breaks. The term communication refers radiation, are carried out and connected upon completion to the collection and transmission of data. of construction. For floating PV power plants, grounding is performed in accordance with regulations and technical Predictive maintenance uses current data to monitor the recommendations. Most often, these cables are led to plant and predict possible failures. It has a higher initial the coast and there they are connected to the grounding investment and supports the quality of system monitoring. 3 S. Zeljković, N. Panjeta, E. Ajkunić, S. Avdaković: It reduces maintenance costs over time because it investment would be around €24 million (this cost is manages to predict failure and therefore manages to calculated roughly without any detailed calculations). prevent it. Predictive maintenance is the most effective method that supports the multi-year efficiency of PV The annual production of this power plant at this location power plants. This type of maintenance usually serves as would be 27,360 MWh per year [23]. If we briefly analyse a warning system because it provides information about the selling prices of, for example, €75/MWh, €100/MWh potential failures based on seasonal influences on power and €125/MWh [25], the profitability of the investment plants, system failures or unplanned downtime, etc. ranges from 11.7 to 7 years, respectively. Of course, these results should be taken with caution given the constant changes in electricity prices on the market, as well as 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE AND ESTIMATION OF THE significant differences in the price of equipment, and thus POTENTIAL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA the initial investment. 3.1. Illustrative example The PV power plant on Lake Modrac was chosen as an illustrative example. In Figure 2, the area that would be occupied by this floating PV power plant (1,140 kWp) is visualized. This structure was built in east-west orientation and occupies an area of 0.0081 km² (90m x 90m). For this locality, according to the available data, the annual production of this floating PV power plant is 1,261 MWh (1,103 kWh/kWp). Such structures are modular in nature and enable the construction of floating PV power plants of higher power. Figure 3: Electricity production of the floating PV power plant from Figure 2 3.2. Estimation of potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina Electricity consumption in the period from 1946 to 2021 is shown in Figure 4 [26]. In the last few years, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on electricity consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina, whereby consumption stagnates or is in decline. According to [26], the share of production from renewable sources is about 35%. A significant increase in renewable sources in total production would imply significant investments and the Figure 2: Visualization of the floating PV Modrac power plant gradual abandonment of existing thermal power plants. Figure 3 shows the production of a floating PV power plant from an illustrative example with a power of 1,140 kWp. Calculations on electricity production are made in available online software tool Sunny Design, [23]. From the results of the calculations, it can be concluded that the highest production can be expected in the month of July, about 190,000 kWh. Lowest estimated production is in the month of December and it amounts to about 30,500 kWh. Today, floating PV power plants of higher power are made Figure 4: Electricity consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina with central inverters and transformer stations, which are usually in the central part of the floating structure. Renewable sources imply investment, primarily in wind power plants and PV power plants. One of the problems For floating PV power plants of higher power, which are with the construction of PV power plants of higher power is connected to the transmission network, the investment the available surface. To overcome this problem, available price is around €1 million/MW [24]. In other words, for water surfaces and the construction of floating PV power a power plant of, for example, 20 MW and with 20% plants can be used. When researching the potential for more installed panels on the DC side, the value of the 4 B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 the construction of floating PV power plants in Bosnia and decreases. This gives the biggest advantage to floating Herzegovina, lakes of larger areas were considered. Basic PV power plants over other conventional PV systems. data are presented in Table I. The insolation listed in Table There are also disadvantages in the design phase, I varies depending on the geographical position of the lake such as: the elements must have greater resistance to and ranges from 1,480 to 1,750 kWh/m . The area of the corrosion, the system must withstand wind blows and seven largest lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 149.6 heavy waves, operational activities are more difficult km , which represents a serious potential and available to perform on water than on land. The construction area for the possible construction of floating PV power of these power plants requires detailed preparations plants. Based on the data and an illustrative example, it and research of the future construction area, as well was concluded that on only 5% of the total surface of the as adequate definition of the connection to the electric considered lakes (7.48 km ), about 1,066 MWp could be power system. In the illustrative example for which installed, which would give an annual electricity production the Modrac lake was chosen, a floating PV power of 1,215 GWh (1,140 h). This annual production would plant with a power of approx. 1 MW whose annual cover 10.13% of the average total electricity consumption production would be 1,261 MWh. Considering the in Bosnia and Herzegovina for year 2021, as shown in surface of this lake, the surface that would be covered Table II. by a floating power plant of 1 MW is negligible. On the other hand, the total consumption of electricity in Table I: Areas of larger lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina is about 12,000 GWh today, and the share of renewable sources in electricity 2 * ** Lake Area (km ) 2 (kWh/kWp) (kWh/m ) production is about 35%. In other words, production from thermal power plants is still dominant, which Buško Blato 55.8 1,362.27 1,723.45 will have to change over time. The area of the seven Bilećko Lake 33 1,524.8 1,754.6 largest lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 149.6 Modrac Lake 17.1 1,165.3 1,497.86 2 km and represents a significant potential for the Ramsko Lake 15.3 1,280.6 1,546.3 construction of new power generation facilities. If 5% of the total area of the observed lakes were to be used, Jablanica Lake 13.3 1,285.1 1,558.3 the installed power would amount to 1,066 MWp, Zvornik Lake 8.1 1,121.7 1,483.4 which would give an annual electricity production of Vidara Lake 7 1,209.9 1,527 1,215 GWh (1,140 h). According to current prices, the realization of these forces would be over one billion *Yearly PV energy production for optimal angle (PVGIS V5.1.) euros, which represents large investment funds and **Yearly in-plane irradiation for optimal angle (PVGIS V5.1.) requires long-term planning for the realization of these projects. In further research, the focus will be mostly Table II: Data on the potential utilization of the lake on the components of the floating PV power plants and the systems for grounding and protection. Percentage 5% of total Total area of Generation of total area of lakes lakes (km ) (GWh/year) consumption 2 REFERENCES (km ) (%) 149.6 7.48 1,215 10.13 [1] Irena.org, Accessed: March 12, 2022. [Online] Available: https://www.irena.org/ [2] Future of Solar Photovoltaic – A Global Energy Transformation paper, IRENA 2019. 4. CONCLUSION [3] R. Cazzaniga, M. Rosa-Clot, „The booming of floating FN“, Solar Energy, Vol 219, 2021. 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Habibie, „Experimental Method [29] Webinar: „Floating FN design and construction“, for Improving Efficiency on Photovoltaic Cell Using A.Franco, O.Philippart. Accessed: April 12, Passive Cooling and Floating Method“, International 2022. [Online] Available: https://atainsights.com/ Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology, 2019, recording-and-resentations floating-FN-design-and- doi: 10.1109/ICEVT48285.2019.8993960. construction/ [17] R. Zahedi, G. B. Gharehpetian, „Optimal Sizing of Floating Photovoltaic System Equipped with Hydrogen Tank and Battery ESS“, Smart Grid Conference, BIOGRAPHY 2019, doi: 10.1109/SGC49328.2019.9056632. [18] C. Young-Kwan, N. Lee, A. Lee and K. Kim, “A study Sarah Zeljković was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and on major design elements of tracking-type floating Herzegovina. She received the B.Eng. degree in electrical photovoltaic systems”, International Journal of Smart engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Grid and Clean Energy 3, 2014, pp. 70-74. Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo in 2022. She is currently [19] Giuseppe Marco Tina, Fausto Bontempo Scavo, pursuing her M.Eng. degree at the Faculty of Electrical Leonardo Merlo, Fabrizio Bizzarri, „Analysis of Engineering Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo. water environment on the performances of floating photovoltaic plants“, Renewable Energy, 175, 2021, pp. 281-295, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.082. 6 B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 Naida Panjeta was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Samir Avdaković was born in Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. She received the B.Eng. degree in electrical Herzegovina. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo in 2022. She is currently University of Tuzla in 2012. He works at the ATS Institute of pursuing her M.Eng. degree at the Faculty of Electrical Technology. His research interests include power system Engineering Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo. analysis, power system dynamics and stability, WAMPCS and signal processing. Emir Ajkunić was born in Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo in 2022. He is currently pursuing his M.Eng. degree at the International Burch University. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png B&H Electrical Engineering de Gruyter

Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant and Estimation of Potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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de Gruyter
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© 2023 Sarah Zeljković et al., published by Sciendo
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2566-3151
DOI
10.2478/bhee-2023-0001
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Abstract

B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 Submitted: December 12, 2022 Professional paper Accepted: February 25, 2023 FLOATING PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT AND ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1,2 1 1 1 Sarah Zeljković , Naida Panjeta , Emir Ajkunić , Samir Avdaković Abstract: Generation of photovoltaic power plants is growing rapidly in the last ten years in the world. One of the key factors for the construction of floating photovoltaic power plants is to provide space for their construction. This paper presents statistical indicators of installed capacities of floating photovoltaic power plants, as well as a detailed description of the components of these power plants. Approaches to construction and maintenance recommendations are described in more detail. The basic results of simulations are presented on a concrete example of a floating photovoltaic 1 MW power plant on Lake Modrac. The available areas of artificial lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina were analysed, and it was shown that the installation of floating photovoltaic power plants on 5% of the surface of artificial lakes would provide around 10% of the total electricity consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: floating photovoltaic power plants, construction, maintenance, potential, generation, consumption INTRODUCTION purposes, and the concept of the floating PV power plant is described in [4]. So far, the largest floating PV The production of electricity from photovoltaic (PV) power power plant was built by the Huaneng Power International plants has been growing intensively in the last ten years. in China with an installed capacity of 300 MW [4]. The According to [1], the capacities of PV power plants in 2020 authors in [3] analysed the current contributions of floating were around 710 GW. It is estimated that these capacities PV power plants in electricity production with estimated will reach around 3,000 GW in 2030 and around 8,500 production trends and values of installed power plants GW [2] in 2050 (Figure 1). until 2030. Various options for designing floating PV power plants with the aim of increasing efficiency and cost-effectiveness, including cooling and monitoring changes in power plant components, are described in [5] – [9]. In [10] the advantages and disadvantages of floating compared to ordinary PV power plants are considered, with a detailed overview of the technologies, the current status as well as different ways of performing/designing them. The potential of floating PV power plants in Spain is presented in the article [11]. It was concluded that using 10% of the available water surface would cover 31% of electricity consumption. By developing the full potential Figure 1: Capacities of PV power plants in the world and of floating PV power plants, Spain would reduce the use expected values in 2030 [2] of conventional energy sources up to 81% of current production, and direct most of its production to renewable PV power plants of greater power require large areas sources and obtain long-term benefits. Article [12] deals of land, which is in collision or conflict with other with experimentally obtained results in weather conditions branches of science, such as agriculture. In recent years, characteristic of Jordan. It was concluded that the large available areas of water have been used for the construction of floating PV power plants is more suitable construction of large power plants. There was an increase in these areas due to easier maintenance, preservation in recent years regarding the construction of large power of water quality and reduction of evaporation. These plants whose total installed capacity in 2019 amounted studies have shown that using floating PV power plants to 2,400 MW and the forecasted production of floating can reduce the problems of limited energy resources, PV plants in 2030 is 710 TWh [3]. The first floating PV which is a general feature of the countries of the Middle power plant was built in 2007 in Aichi, Japan for research East. In [13] it was discussed whether does the floating Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Correspondence email: szeljkovic1@etf.unsa.ba © 2023 Author(s). This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1 S. Zeljković, N. Panjeta, E. Ajkunić, S. Avdaković: or conventional PV power plant produce more electrical the utilization of the lakes of Bosnia and Herzegovina as energy. As it is known, in PV systems electrical efficiency potential areas for the construction of these power plants, increases as the temperature decreases. The paper an illustrative example of the power plant on Lake Modrac concluded that floating PV power plants have higher is presented. In this work, other aspects related to floating electrical efficiency by 0.79%. Article [14] analysed impact PV power plants, such as the connection and impact on of floating PV systems on aquaculture. The authors the power system, the impact of the selection of individual came to conclusion that ecosystem has benefits from components on production, etc., were not analysed. building floating PVs such as resolving food, energy and water problems. Also, in article [15], the authors came The paper is written in 4 sections. In first two sections, to a conclusion related to the advantages of floating theoretical foundations for floating PV power plants are photovoltaic power plants, such as better water quality, described. In the third is given the example of one floating reduction of the growth of bacteria and algae due to PV power plant installed on lake Modrac, on the basis of reduced conditions for photosynthesis, less dust and which calculations were made that were used in further a better albedo effect compared to photovoltaic power research and analysis of the profitability of floating PV plants located on earth surface. In article [16], research is power plants. In the last section the results are summarized focusing on comparing the improvement of efficiency in and the main conclusions of the work are given. PV modules by using the floating method and the passive cooling method. The results showed that the increase in power is 30.54% by using the first method. In [17] data 1. COMPONENTS OF FLOATING PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER was taken from Chah-Nimeh Lake in Iran, and was proven PLANTS that floating PV power plant saved approximately 724 m during a year. Article [18] is about efficiency of the tracking- A floating PV power plant generally consists of the type floating PV systems that are designed to use solar following components [4] and [5]: sensor to determine the location of the sun, even when it is cloudy or rainy, and then using separate mechanical - pontoon, devices, PV models are rotated to the most optimal - plastic structure, position at that moment. The results of mathematical - anchoring systems, models in [19] that were used to evaluate the performance - PV modules, of floating photovoltaic modules with passive or active - cables and connectors, cooling showed that passive cooling increases energy by - inverters, 3% (maximum possible 6.4%), while in the second case, - protection. by adding active systems for additional water cooling, energy increases by 9.7% (maximum possible 13.5%). A pontoon is a structure that can withstand high water The research was made on floating photovoltaic systems pressure. The amount of these parts depends on the installed in Catania, Italy. The impact of the thermosiphon number of PV modules, but also on the requirement of cooling method on floating PV systems is presented in the surface area of the platform and on the available article [20]. The results showed that the output energy space on which the floating power plant is built on. increased by 3.34% using this method. Authors in Several connected pontoons later form the platform of article [21] proved that mere presence of water is not the floating PV power plant. In order to form one pontoon, the only factor in the temperature of floating PV system. it is necessary to connect several parts. They are made Their research showed that the main factors for module of HDPE (high-density polythene), i.e., solid polyethylene. temperature are ambient temperature, insolation and HDPE material is suitable for use due to its resistance wind speed. Various techniques for cleaning floating PV to UV rays and corrosion. GRP (glass fibre reinforced power plants are described in article [22]. To choose the plastic) can also be used to make a floating platform. appropriate technique, it is important to know the purpose The anchoring system for the floating PV power plant is of floating PV system, as well as the conditions in which a system that adapts to changes in the water level and it is installed in order to achieve correct and economical stabilizes the floating structure. The type of anchoring maintenance. system depends on several parameters that correspond to the configuration of the site and local conditions, such The key research contributions of the paper are to as soil composition, available space, wind load or water define advantages of the floating over the conventional level variations. PV power plants, to show how much potential Bosnia and Herzegovina has for building floating PV plant and The anchoring system consists of piers, anchor buoys how much electrical energy can floating PV power plant and mooring buoys. Installing a deep-water mooring produce covering small area of water. In this paper, the system can be demanding and expensive. Wire rope and basic data on the components of floating PV power nylon webbing can be used to complete the exit platform plants, as well as on their construction, operation and anchoring system. The rope can be attached to the maintenance, are processed. In order to better present edge terminal and adjusted to any angle. According to 2 B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 the available researches, the usual PV modules available device. Designers look for alternative solutions, if this is on the market have been used so far. Special attention not an efficient grounding solution [4]. The purpose of during exploitation should be focused on metal parts that protection against atmospheric overvoltages is to protect are subject to corrosion. the floating system from possible direct atmospheric discharges. This is why this type of protection is installed The energy produced by the PV modules is transmitted directly at the power plant, and consists of an external via DC cables to the inverter, and after conversion via and an internal part. The external system includes the AC cables to the switchgear. On this way, electricity is following components: grab bars, down conductors and generated in the grid. It is also possible to create a grounding device. An SPD (Surge Protective Device) system that stores energy in batteries, which depends on device belongs to the internal system, and type II SPD the very purpose of the PV power plant. Direct laying of devices are recommended for this type of system [5]. cables through the water is generally not practiced, but After all the steps have been taken, the floating PV power the cables are connected to facilities on the shore with a plant is ready for commissioning. suitable floating structure. Devices such as inverters and batteries are only installed in dry places. Centralized or 2.2. Maintenance string inverters can be used. The method of execution and configuration of floating PV power plants mainly Given that floating PV power plants are systems depends on the power and the price of the equipment, a belonging to relatively recent technologies, the experience basis on which designers decide which types of inverters for maintenance and supervision is quite poor. As their and plants to use. The environmental impact assessment application grows, this segment will develop along with is an important part of the construction preparation them. The protocol for monitoring and maintenance process, where it is necessary to respect all norms from of any part of the power system is also applied to the the regulations that define the environment. floating PV power plant, which is defined by current regulations. Competent services dealing with supervision, management and maintenance of the PV power plant 2. CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE implement maintenance processes in three segments: preventive, corrective and predictive maintenance [4]. 2.1. Construction and operation Preventive maintenance implies routine inspection and One of the key requirements that a design for the floating service at predetermined intervals. It is planned with PV system should fulfil is that it should be cost-effective, the aim of preventing damage and failure. Preventive lightweight and that the installation, as well as the maintenance should be planned regularly. Preventive commissioning of the entire system, should be efficient maintenance includes: general space maintenance, [6]. Before the construction of the floating PV power plant cleaning of PV modules, cleaning of floating pontoons itself, it is required to investigate the potential location (mainly from bird droppings), fly abatement, inspection in order to identify possible limitations or disadvantages of cables, connectors, system balance, and periodic for construction, if they are present [7]. It is necessary to re-commissioning checks and maintenance of data carry out a precise measurement of the depth of the water collection and monitoring systems. on that location, a process called bathymetry. On the basis of previously collected data on soil characteristics, Corrective maintenance mitigates possible downtime appropriate types and sizes of anchors, suitable for when components fail. It is performed as needed and the examined area, are selected. One of the key things should be minimized by proper monitoring and preventive during construction is to precisely place the anchors and maintenance. Although power plant owners strive to have accurate information about their positions, in order reduce the initial costs of preventive maintenance, to avoid damage and large economic losses. The plan equipment will still break down from time to time. Speed of is made depending on the characteristics of the water response time and speed of repair time are important items surface, i.e., the year of expected use, smaller or larger in the maintenance category. Corrective maintenance of water surface, depth, changing water level, wind speed, PV systems usually includes: resetting tripped inverters wave height, type of water bottom, climate and many (mainly caused by insulation failures), replacing blown other parameters. Assembling the structure requires fuses, tightening cables or loose connectors (due to system precise project drawings, as well as hierarchical partitions movement), repairing broken equipotential conductors of the structure, i.e., a precise assembly plan. Cables, (also caused by system movement) as well as repairing which are previously protected against water and UV communication breaks. The term communication refers radiation, are carried out and connected upon completion to the collection and transmission of data. of construction. For floating PV power plants, grounding is performed in accordance with regulations and technical Predictive maintenance uses current data to monitor the recommendations. Most often, these cables are led to plant and predict possible failures. It has a higher initial the coast and there they are connected to the grounding investment and supports the quality of system monitoring. 3 S. Zeljković, N. Panjeta, E. Ajkunić, S. Avdaković: It reduces maintenance costs over time because it investment would be around €24 million (this cost is manages to predict failure and therefore manages to calculated roughly without any detailed calculations). prevent it. Predictive maintenance is the most effective method that supports the multi-year efficiency of PV The annual production of this power plant at this location power plants. This type of maintenance usually serves as would be 27,360 MWh per year [23]. If we briefly analyse a warning system because it provides information about the selling prices of, for example, €75/MWh, €100/MWh potential failures based on seasonal influences on power and €125/MWh [25], the profitability of the investment plants, system failures or unplanned downtime, etc. ranges from 11.7 to 7 years, respectively. Of course, these results should be taken with caution given the constant changes in electricity prices on the market, as well as 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE AND ESTIMATION OF THE significant differences in the price of equipment, and thus POTENTIAL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA the initial investment. 3.1. Illustrative example The PV power plant on Lake Modrac was chosen as an illustrative example. In Figure 2, the area that would be occupied by this floating PV power plant (1,140 kWp) is visualized. This structure was built in east-west orientation and occupies an area of 0.0081 km² (90m x 90m). For this locality, according to the available data, the annual production of this floating PV power plant is 1,261 MWh (1,103 kWh/kWp). Such structures are modular in nature and enable the construction of floating PV power plants of higher power. Figure 3: Electricity production of the floating PV power plant from Figure 2 3.2. Estimation of potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina Electricity consumption in the period from 1946 to 2021 is shown in Figure 4 [26]. In the last few years, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on electricity consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina, whereby consumption stagnates or is in decline. According to [26], the share of production from renewable sources is about 35%. A significant increase in renewable sources in total production would imply significant investments and the Figure 2: Visualization of the floating PV Modrac power plant gradual abandonment of existing thermal power plants. Figure 3 shows the production of a floating PV power plant from an illustrative example with a power of 1,140 kWp. Calculations on electricity production are made in available online software tool Sunny Design, [23]. From the results of the calculations, it can be concluded that the highest production can be expected in the month of July, about 190,000 kWh. Lowest estimated production is in the month of December and it amounts to about 30,500 kWh. Today, floating PV power plants of higher power are made Figure 4: Electricity consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina with central inverters and transformer stations, which are usually in the central part of the floating structure. Renewable sources imply investment, primarily in wind power plants and PV power plants. One of the problems For floating PV power plants of higher power, which are with the construction of PV power plants of higher power is connected to the transmission network, the investment the available surface. To overcome this problem, available price is around €1 million/MW [24]. In other words, for water surfaces and the construction of floating PV power a power plant of, for example, 20 MW and with 20% plants can be used. When researching the potential for more installed panels on the DC side, the value of the 4 B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 the construction of floating PV power plants in Bosnia and decreases. This gives the biggest advantage to floating Herzegovina, lakes of larger areas were considered. Basic PV power plants over other conventional PV systems. data are presented in Table I. The insolation listed in Table There are also disadvantages in the design phase, I varies depending on the geographical position of the lake such as: the elements must have greater resistance to and ranges from 1,480 to 1,750 kWh/m . The area of the corrosion, the system must withstand wind blows and seven largest lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 149.6 heavy waves, operational activities are more difficult km , which represents a serious potential and available to perform on water than on land. The construction area for the possible construction of floating PV power of these power plants requires detailed preparations plants. Based on the data and an illustrative example, it and research of the future construction area, as well was concluded that on only 5% of the total surface of the as adequate definition of the connection to the electric considered lakes (7.48 km ), about 1,066 MWp could be power system. In the illustrative example for which installed, which would give an annual electricity production the Modrac lake was chosen, a floating PV power of 1,215 GWh (1,140 h). This annual production would plant with a power of approx. 1 MW whose annual cover 10.13% of the average total electricity consumption production would be 1,261 MWh. Considering the in Bosnia and Herzegovina for year 2021, as shown in surface of this lake, the surface that would be covered Table II. by a floating power plant of 1 MW is negligible. On the other hand, the total consumption of electricity in Table I: Areas of larger lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina is about 12,000 GWh today, and the share of renewable sources in electricity 2 * ** Lake Area (km ) 2 (kWh/kWp) (kWh/m ) production is about 35%. In other words, production from thermal power plants is still dominant, which Buško Blato 55.8 1,362.27 1,723.45 will have to change over time. The area of the seven Bilećko Lake 33 1,524.8 1,754.6 largest lakes in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 149.6 Modrac Lake 17.1 1,165.3 1,497.86 2 km and represents a significant potential for the Ramsko Lake 15.3 1,280.6 1,546.3 construction of new power generation facilities. If 5% of the total area of the observed lakes were to be used, Jablanica Lake 13.3 1,285.1 1,558.3 the installed power would amount to 1,066 MWp, Zvornik Lake 8.1 1,121.7 1,483.4 which would give an annual electricity production of Vidara Lake 7 1,209.9 1,527 1,215 GWh (1,140 h). According to current prices, the realization of these forces would be over one billion *Yearly PV energy production for optimal angle (PVGIS V5.1.) euros, which represents large investment funds and **Yearly in-plane irradiation for optimal angle (PVGIS V5.1.) requires long-term planning for the realization of these projects. In further research, the focus will be mostly Table II: Data on the potential utilization of the lake on the components of the floating PV power plants and the systems for grounding and protection. Percentage 5% of total Total area of Generation of total area of lakes lakes (km ) (GWh/year) consumption 2 REFERENCES (km ) (%) 149.6 7.48 1,215 10.13 [1] Irena.org, Accessed: March 12, 2022. [Online] Available: https://www.irena.org/ [2] Future of Solar Photovoltaic – A Global Energy Transformation paper, IRENA 2019. 4. CONCLUSION [3] R. Cazzaniga, M. Rosa-Clot, „The booming of floating FN“, Solar Energy, Vol 219, 2021. 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Habibie, „Experimental Method [29] Webinar: „Floating FN design and construction“, for Improving Efficiency on Photovoltaic Cell Using A.Franco, O.Philippart. Accessed: April 12, Passive Cooling and Floating Method“, International 2022. [Online] Available: https://atainsights.com/ Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology, 2019, recording-and-resentations floating-FN-design-and- doi: 10.1109/ICEVT48285.2019.8993960. construction/ [17] R. Zahedi, G. B. Gharehpetian, „Optimal Sizing of Floating Photovoltaic System Equipped with Hydrogen Tank and Battery ESS“, Smart Grid Conference, BIOGRAPHY 2019, doi: 10.1109/SGC49328.2019.9056632. [18] C. Young-Kwan, N. Lee, A. Lee and K. Kim, “A study Sarah Zeljković was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and on major design elements of tracking-type floating Herzegovina. She received the B.Eng. degree in electrical photovoltaic systems”, International Journal of Smart engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Grid and Clean Energy 3, 2014, pp. 70-74. Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo in 2022. She is currently [19] Giuseppe Marco Tina, Fausto Bontempo Scavo, pursuing her M.Eng. degree at the Faculty of Electrical Leonardo Merlo, Fabrizio Bizzarri, „Analysis of Engineering Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo. water environment on the performances of floating photovoltaic plants“, Renewable Energy, 175, 2021, pp. 281-295, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.082. 6 B&H Electrical E g n e i g, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2023:1-7 n i e r n ISSN:2566-3143, eISSN:2566-3151, DOI: 10.2478/bhee-2023-0001 Naida Panjeta was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Samir Avdaković was born in Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. She received the B.Eng. degree in electrical Herzegovina. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo in 2022. She is currently University of Tuzla in 2012. He works at the ATS Institute of pursuing her M.Eng. degree at the Faculty of Electrical Technology. His research interests include power system Engineering Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo. analysis, power system dynamics and stability, WAMPCS and signal processing. Emir Ajkunić was born in Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo in 2022. He is currently pursuing his M.Eng. degree at the International Burch University.

Journal

B&H Electrical Engineeringde Gruyter

Published: Jul 1, 2023

Keywords: floating photovoltaic power plants; construction; maintenance; potential; generation; consumption

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