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Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona (Vienna Basin, Austria)

Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of... We have documented quarries in Miocene limestone in the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hundsheim Mountains, Leitha Moun- tains and Rust Hills in high-resolution airborne laser scanning data and orthophotos aiming for a diachronic quarry inven- tory since the Roman period. The study region was divided into 6 quarry regions and the quarries of the whole study area as well as each separate region were analyzed concerning different rock types, mean, minimum and maximum quarry area and development in the different maps. Age information have been sought from historical maps, historical photog- raphy and paintings as well as quarry face graffiti. In total, 658 quarries, possible quarries and shallow quarries have been outlined in the detailed digital terrain models, which were compared with 453 quarries indicated in four generations of historical maps between the years 1754 to 1872. The numbers of quarries are generally low in the Walter map (1754–1756), the First Military Survey (1773–1785) and Second Military Survey (1809–1846) but increase tremendously in the maps of the Third Military Survey (1872–1873). Most old quarries were quarried also in subsequent periods, commonly destroying virtually all pre-existing traces. According to our results two types of quarries represent highly interesting targets for more detailed studies in the search for Roman quarries: (i) areas in historical maps with suspicious uneven terrain, which have never been outlined as quarries and areas that have been mapped as “old quarries” – especially in the Third Military Survey; examples represent areas northwest and west of Pfaffenberg in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (Lower Austria), “Gruibert ” in Winden am See (Burgenland) and “Hoher Berg” in Stotzing (Burgenland); (ii) Shallow quarries, which neither appear in historical maps nor in the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria like the one from the saddle between Pfaffenberg and Hundsheimer Berg. 1. Introduction All kinds of building and construction materials are mer economic history, availability, networks and logistics very common and important commodities for human (Draganits et al., 2008; Κοκκορού-Αλευρά and Πουπάκη, society. Due to the high preservation potential of stone 2010; Russell, 2013a; 2013b; Djurić, 2019). The knowledge material, stone monuments (architecture and sculpture) about their possible provenance is also absolutely need- are especially abundant in the architectural and archae- ed for the location of possible replacement material in ological record (Pereira et al., 2015). The petrographic in- building restauration (Kieslinger, 1949; Kieslinger, 1972; vestigation of building stones is fundamental to analyze Rohatsch, 1991; McMillan et al., 1999; Favaretto et al., their lithological classification, geotechnical properties, 2000; Hudson and Cosgrove, 2019). Some building stones status of weathering, aesthetical esteem, reuse of ancient have become so important concerning their archaeolog- stones (e.g. Antonelli et al., 2016), reconstruction of for- ical, historical and architectonical significance that some 39 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona of them are scientifically designated as Global Heritage objects as well as provenance consideration are carried Stone Resource (GHSR) by the Heritage Stone Subcom- out by another group of the CarVin Project (e.g. Rohatsch mission (HSS) of the International Union of Geological et al., 2016; 2018; Moshammer et al., 2018). Sciences (IUGS) (Kaur et al., 2021). There is likewise growing interest in using knowledge about building stone lithologies for geo-tourism (e.g. Mc- 2. Study area Millan et al., 1999; Masriera et al., 2005; Dowling and New- This project aims at the quarrying and processing of some, 2018; Lezzerini et al., 2019) and/or geoeducation Neogene (mainly Middle Miocene), relatively porous, cal- (e.g. Seemann and Summesberger, 1999; Summesberg- careous sandstone sensu lato from the southern Vienna er and Seemann, 2008). Additionally, geoarchaeological Basin, Leitha Mountains and Hundsheim Mountains with investigation of building stones and their provenance focus on the Roman period. It concerns study area of ca. provides important results and interpretations of ar- 60 km by 60 km in north-south and east-west extension chaeological contexts and infrastructure (e.g. Papageor- which has been reduced to 950 km by geological pre- gakis and Mposkos, 1988; Draganits, 2009; Kerschner selection (Figs. 1, 2) [Figure numbers of figures in online and Prochaska, 2011). Finally, stone quarries themselves Supplement A start with the letter “A”]. Based on the ev- have come into the focus of research for their values of idence of stone cist graves from the Leitha Mountains archaeological/historical monuments on their own right and Lake Neusiedl area (e.g. Willvonseder, 1938; Berg, (e.g. Schaaff, 2016; Pearson et al., 2019; Karl, 2021), recog- 1954; Kaus, 1991), stone quarrying in this area dates back nizing their significance as “quarryscapes” (Abu-Jaber et at least to the early Late Bronze Age. An extraordinarily al., 2009) and geoheritage sites (e.g. Pereira et al., 2015; high number of stone monuments from the Roman pe- Bonomo et al., 2019). However, studies dedicated mainly riod (architecture, sculpture, various utensils) have been to the location and inventory of stone quarries like the Eu- found in this area (e.g. Kremer, 2012; <lupa.at>). The ma- rolithos research project on European ornamental stone terial used for marble monuments in Carnuntum has al- resources (https://www.eurolithos.org) are very rare. ready partly been investigated in another study (Kremer The present study is part of the Austrian Science Fund et al., 2009; Unterwurzacher et al., 2010; Unterwurzacher project P 26368 “Stone monuments and Stone Quarrying and Uhlir, 2012). Consequently, our focus in this project in the Carnuntum – Vindobona Area” (CarVin), dedicat- are the building and sculptural stone quarries in the Hin- ed to the documentation, interdisciplinary analysis and terland of Carnuntum and Vindobona, two important study of Roman stone monuments and their provenance Roman centers at the northern border of the Roman (e.g. Rohatsch et al., 2016; Kremer et al., 2018; Rohatsch et Empire. From the beginning, geological information was al., 2018; Kremer et al., 2021). integrated into the interpretation of the remote sensing Generally, stone quarries and even abandoned stone data. Mining sites for different types of rocks, e.g. marble quarries are comparably larger and – because they were (Unterwurzacher et al., 2010), the radiolarite mining sites cut into solid rock – better preserved and visible, especial- in Vienna (Trnka, 2011; Schmitsberger et al., 2019) or po- ly in airborne laser scanning (ALS) derived terrain models tentially interesting small granite quarries in the Hunds- than many other archaeological features (e.g. Opitz and heim Mountains have been left aside. Cowley, 2013). Additionally, different rock types may The southern Vienna Basin and surrounding has been show enormous differences concerning their composi- selected as key study area because (i) this region shows tion, hardness, weathering resistance, natural splitting quarr ying activit y at least since the Roman presence from properties, natural fractures, bedding etc., which not the Augustan period onwards, (ii) the study area is the only define their possible use but also maximum block Hinterland of the important Roman legionary fortresses sizes and quarrying techniques. For example, the outline and civil settlements of Carnuntum and Vindobona with of quarries and quarrying traces are generally different a documented high usage of local stone material (Kron- in granite, gneiss, limestone or porous sandstone (e.g. berger et al., 2010, Gadermayr et al., 2014; Kremer et al., Waelkens et al., 1990; Eppensteiner, 1999; Abu-Jaber et 2018; Rohatsch et al., 2018), (iii) the area contains various al., 2009). landscapes ranging from flat to hilly and mountainous, The main aims of our research are (i) the diachronic covered by different vegetation types from grassland and multi-method geoarchaeological remote sensing to forests – thus allowing for testing different visualiza- prospection of stone quarries in Neogene calcareous tions and prospection methods (e.g. Doneus and Briese, sandstones, calcarenites/-rudites and limestones in the 2010), (iv) existence of geological maps at 1:50000 scale vicinity of the Roman cities of Carnuntum and Vindo- for the whole area, (v) availability of high-resolution air- bona, (ii) the localization of potential source sites of Ro- borne laser scanning data and several generations of man stone monuments (architecture and sculpture) and aerial photography, (vi) pre-existing studies on build- (iii) methodological improvement of geoarchaeological ing stone lithologies and provenance regions (e.g. Kar- prospection of quarries in Central European landscapes, rer, 1886; Karrer, 1900; Kieslinger, 1949; Kieslinger, 1972; land use and vegetation conditions. Ground truthing of Rohatsch, 1991; Rohatsch, 2005; Pivko, 2012; Gadermayr detected quarries, lithological classification, lithological et al., 2014; Pivko et al., 2017) as well as on the location comparison of quarry samples with archaeological stone of quarries (Heinrich et al., 2010; Kronberger et al., 2010; 40 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona http://hq.chc.sbg.ac.at). The enormous demand of more vation at different altitudes and the local facies variations such studies is exemplified in the map of major quar- of the investigated limestones and sandstones used for ries in the western part of the Hungarian Basin by Durić the building and decorative stones (Schönlaub, 2000; (2019), which is empty in the area between the Roman Wessely, 2006; 2007; Wiedl et al., 2012; 2014; Harzhauser centers of Scarabantia (Sopron), Sala (Zalalövő) and Fla­ et al., 2014; Berka, 2015; Pivko et al., 2017). via Solva. 4. Archaeological context 3. Geological setting The timing of the first Roman military presence in the The study area in eastern Austria is located at the geo- Danube area of the Vienna Basin is still in discussion. A dynamical complex boundary between Eastern Alps, plausible date is the year 6 Common Era (CE) related to Western Carpathians and Pannonian Basin. This area was war preparations by Tiberius against Marbod, mentioned and is strongly affected and shaped by the still ongoing in written sources (Velleius Paterculus II 109.5). However, collision between Europe, Africa and small micro-conti- the oldest datable traces of a permanent Roman legion- nents in between, resulting in crustal thickening (Cavaz- ary fortress (castrum legionarium) at Carnuntum, at the za et al., 2004; Schuster et al., 2019), modified by late Pa- eastern boundary of the Vienna Basin, date around 35 – leogene and Neogene lateral extrusion (Ratschbacher et 40 CE (Genser, 2006) or 40/50 CE (Gugl, 2006). The earli- al., 1991a; 1991b; Schuster et al., 2019) and extensional de- est structures were built in earth and timber, and it was formation connected to the late Paleogene and Neogene only at a later stage that they were rebuilt in stone. The formation of the Pannonian Basin (Horváth et al., 2006). central buildings within the fortress, such as the principia The stone monuments (architecture and sculpture) or the praetorium, were probably already built in stone targeted in the study comprise biogene calcareous to si- during the Flavian period, from around 70 CE (Gugl, 2006; liciclastic sandstone (in a broad sense) deposited during Gugl and Kastler, 2007). The gradual change from the the Middle to early Late Miocene (Langhian, Serravallian earth and timber technique to stone construction has and early Tortonian, i.e. the Badenian, Sarmatian and ear- also been observed in the civilian city (e.g. Jobst et al., ly Pannonian of the Central Paratethys; broadly between 1988; Humer et al., 2005; Maschek, 2008; Humer, 2014) 16 to 10 million years ago) (Piller et al., 2007). Lithostrati- and applies to the canabae legionis as well (e.g. Gugl, graphically, these include, at least partly, the Leitha 2015). A recently found building inscription suggests the Formation, Holic Formation, Skalica Formation as well at least partial rebuilding of the military amphitheater in as sandstone of the lower Pannonian (Piller et al., 2004; stone in early Flavian times (Beutler, 2013). On the basis Harzhauser et al., 2020 and references therein). The Lang- of the oldest funerary stelae from Carnuntum, however, hian, Serravallian sediments were deposited in a marine it can be demonstrated that the first local and regional environment (Piller and Harzhauser, 2005; Wiedl et al., quarries must have been developed long before the first 2012; 2013; 2014), except the early Tortonian deposits, extensive military stone building activities in Carnuntum which were sedimented in a lacustrine environment (e.g. (Mosser, 2003; Weber-Hiden, 2017; Kremer et al., 2021). Harzhauser et al., 2003). Hohenegger et al. (2014) divided In the last decade of the 1st century CE, related to the the Badenian sediments into Early Badenian (16.30–15.03 bellum Suebicum of Domitian, a further military base was Ma), Mid Badenian (15.03–13.82 Ma) and Late Badenian built at the western boundary of the Vienna Basin, south (13.82–12.83 Ma). of the Danube, some 42 km upstream of Carnuntum, at Leithakalk or Leythakalk was already mentioned by the location of the center of modern Vienna (Kronberg- Keferstein (1828) and Partsch (1831), but both included er and Mosser, 2015). The construction of the 22 hectare Badenian as well as Sarmatian limestones into this term. large legionary fortress of Vindobona initiated necessary These sedimentary rocks represent the coastal rhodalgal infrastructure including roads, quarries and clay pits for foramol and siliciclastic facies deposits of these periods, bricks. From the beginning in 98 CE, the fortification wall with fine-grained equivalents in the distal areas (e.g. as well as the most important buildings inside the fortress Siedl et al., 2020). The sediments were deposited onto a were built in stone (Mosser et al., 2010; Kronberger and tectonically strongly structured surface and were partly Mosser, 2015). In the canabae legionis and in the civilian deformed during sedimentation and after. Especially, town, it is likely that the early building phases in timber the study area is strongly affected by a combination of construction were partly replaced by masonry structures sea-level variations (Siedl et al., 2020) with strike-slip de- during the 2nd century CE (Kronberger, 2005; Müller et formation related to the lateral extrusion (Ratschbacher al., 2011). The settlement areas of Vindobona reached et al., 1991a; 1991b), the extension of the Pannonian Basin, their maximum extent in the reign of Septimus Severus resulting in the formation of the pull-apart type V ienna and were gradually abandoned from the 2nd third of the Basin (Royden, 1985; Decker et al., 2005) and deforma- 3rd century CE onwards (Kronberger, 2005; Kronberger tion structures east of the Leitha Mountains (Zámolyi et and Mosser, 2015). Minor building actions during the first al., 2017; Loisl et al., 2018). This background knowledge third of the 5th century CE were of short duration and the about the geodynamical situation and sea-level change legionary fortress was abandoned shortly after (Mosser is needed to understand the patchy occurrence, preser- et al., 2010; Kronberger and Mosser, 2015). It is also true 42 643480 643480 643180 643180 643480 643480 643180 643180 Erich Draganits et al. for Vindobona that the earliest funerary stelae testify the features usually documented by archaeological prospec- development of local and regional quarries already some tion (e.g. Opitz and Cowley, 2013). Consequently, the time before the permanent stationing of the legionary applied prospection methods have been optimized for garrison. their detection, but also concerning the availability of Both centers, Carnuntum and Vindobona depended data and the more than 950 km geologically defined on supply from the surrounding. The reconstruction of significant study area. All available data sets have been possible transportation routes and least-cost path are integrated, analyzed and interpreted in a geographical promising, but one must be aware that present-day to- information system (GIS) using ArcGis 10.6.1 by ESRI and pography, roads and transportation may be very differ- WGS 84 and UTM 33N as coordinate system (Figs. 3, 4). ent to those in the past. For example, Willvonseder (1938, Based on regional distribution and geological proper- p. 110) refers to Alphons Barb about the discovery of an ties of the investigated Miocene sediments, six differ- Urn Field period grave in Illmitz in 1932, that according to ent quarry regions have been differentiated within the one workman at that time stone was commonly brought study area (Insulander et al., 2018; Kremer et al., 2021) from St. Margarethen (Fig. 1) across the frozen Lake Ne- (Fig. 2): (1) Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE): Upper usiedl on carriages, which hardly would be possible at Badenian Leithakalk, Lower Sarmatian and Lower Pan- present climate conditions. nonian reworked Corallinaceae and detrital limestones; (2) Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW): Middle Bade- nian Leithakalk, Lower Sarmatian fine grained bioclastic 5. Data and methods limestones; (3) Rust Hills (RH): Middle and Upper Badenian Quarries and abandoned quarries are commonly Leithakalk; (4) Hundsheim Mountains (HM): Upper Bade- larger and better visible than most other archaeological nian lithoclastic Leithakalk, Upper Sarmatian coquinas (a) (b) 5332550 5332550 100 m 100 m 061/247 (d) (c) 5332550 5332550 061/010B 5332450 5332450 061/246 100 m 100 m Figure 3: Example of quarry and shallow quarry representations in the ALS data, Quarry Region HM, saddle between Pfaffenberg and Hundsheimer Berg, (a): Satellite image, World Imagery, ESRI. The modern quarry in the northwestern corner of the image is younger than the ALS data (2006 – 2010), (b): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data as combination of (i) DTM in gray shades, percent clip stretch, (ii) 50 % transparent hillshade, azimuth 315° and 45° illumination angle, minimum-maximum stretch and (iii) 50 % transparent slope map with inverted standard deviation stretch, (c): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data with geological information from Fuchs et al. (1985), blue: Middle Triassic calcitic/dolomitic marble; light blue: Badenian Leithakalk; green: Sarmatian sediments, (d): Interpretation of the ALS visualization; red: quarry (ALS data), very light red: shallow quarry (ALS data). Numbers in italics are abbreviated ID_1 numbers of the shape files attribute tables in the respective colors and bold numbers are points of the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria. 43 627880 627880 627880 627880 626680 626680 626680 626680 627880 627880 627880 627880 626680 626680 626680 626680 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona (a) (b) 5316200 5316200 5315800 5315800 500 m 500 m (c) (d) 078/304 54 078/059 078/279 7 33 078/278 078/058B-M 25 5316200 5316200 078/316 078/058A 31 55 186 078/318 187 191 27 078/056 078/054-M 078/317 078/057 078/281 5315800 5315800 078/328 188 078/055 500 m 500 m 078/305 (e) (f) 5316200 5316200 5315800 5315800 500 m 500 m (h) (g) 5316200 5316200 5315800 5315800 500 m 500 m Figure 4: Example of the historically very important quarry scape at Kaisersteinbruch in the Quarry Region LM-NE, (a): Satellite image, World Imagery, ESRI. Most quarries are hidden in forests, (b): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data as combination of (i) DTM in gray shades, standard deviation stretch, (ii) 50 % transparent hillshade, azimuth 315° and 45° illumination angle, standard deviation stretch and (iii) 50 % transparent slope map with inverted standard deviation stretch, (c) Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data with geological information from Hermann et al. (1993), blue: Middle Triassic dolomitic marble; light blue: Badenian Leithakalk; green: Sarmatian sediments in general; green with blue dots: Sarmatian sandstone; light brown: Pannonian sediments; yellow: Pleistocene loess; white: Quaternary sediments, (d): Interpretation of the ALS visualization and historical maps: pink: quarries (Wal- ter map); brown: quarries (First Military Survey); green: quarries (Second Military Survey); blue: quarries (Third Military Survey); red: quarries (ALS data); light red: shallow quarry (ALS data). Numbers in italics are abbreviated ID_1 numbers of the shape files attribute tables in the respective colors and bold numbers are points of the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria, (e): The Walter Map (1754–1756) shows 5 active quarries in this area, (f): The First Military Survey (1784) is less detailed compared with the Walter Map and does not show clear indications of active quarries. Also note the map sheet boundary effects, (g): The quarries in the Second Military Survey (1845–1846) are not outlined very clear, but many maps of this survey are drawn with not much detail, (h): Maps of the Third Military Survey (1872–1873), especially those at 1:12 500 scale are very detailed. 44 Erich Draganits et al. and oolites; (5) Vienna Basin Northwest (VB-NW; north 5.2 Airborne laser scanning (ALS), aerial photo­ of Liesing River, Neogene sediments deposited main- graphy and Google Earth ly on top of the Flysch tectonic unit): Middle Badenian Airborne laser scanning (ALS) digital terrain models Leithakalk, Lower Sarmatian calcareous quartz sand- (DTM) at 1x1 m resolution and < 10 cm vertical accuracy stones, Upper Sarmatian “Atzgersdorf Sandstone” and have been used in the whole > 950 km study area. ALS (6) Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW; south of Liesing River, data from Lower Austria were acquired in 2006 – 2010 Neogene sediments deposited on top of the Northern and kindly provided by the Amt der Niederösterreichi- Calcareous Alps): basal conglomerates/breccias and Mid- schen Landesregierung, Abteilung Hydrologie und Geo- dle Badenian Leithakalk, Upper Sarmatian “Atzgersdorf information. ALS data from Burgenland were acquired Sandstone”. by Energie Burgenland AG, 3D Laser Scanning in April 2010 and kindly provided by the Amt der Burgenländi- schen Landesregierung, Servicestelle Geodaten. 10x10 m 5.1 Geological data and quarry data bases DTM data of the Austrian Inspire initiative (https://www. Geological maps at scales at 10000, 25000 and 50000 data.gv.at/katalog/dataset/d88a1246-9684-480b-a480- have been scanned and georeferenced in ArcGis 10.6.1. ff63286b35b7) have been used for overview figures (Figs. or were accessed from the web map service (WMS) of 2, 5, A1–A7). the Geological Survey of Austria (GBA) at https://gisgba. DTMs were imported into ArcGis as GeoTIFF files and geologie.ac.at /arcgis/ser vices/image/AT_GBA _GK 50/ various visualizations were calculated. For an overview ImageServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities& for and best practice of DTM visualizations and their combi- scale of 1:50000 and at https://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/arc- nations used in archaeological prospection see Grammer gis/services/image/AT_GBA _GK100_200/ImageServer/ et al. (2017), Kokalj and Hesse (2017) and Kokalj and Som- WMSServer? for geological maps at scales of 1:100000 rak (2019). In our study, combinations of elevation with and 1:200000. Geological map information was supple- hillshade and elevation with slope were the preferred mented by existing geological literature about the Neo- visualizations during prospection. In some areas with gene sediments (e.g. Toula, 1906; Wessely, 1961; Sohs, low relief combinations of elevation with slope and local 1963; Schmid, 1968; Schönlaub, 2000; Plöchinger and relief model as well as elevation with openness visualiza- Karanitsch, 2002; Harzhauser and Piller, 2004; Piller et tions (Doneus, 2013) allowed for further details. Along al., 2004; Rohatsch, 2005; Wessely, 2006; Häusler, 2010; with the DTM data and visualizations aerial ortho-photos Wiedl et al., 2012; 2014; Häusler, 2019 and references cited were used, which had a resolution of 0.2 m and were ac- therein), which also contain information about quarries. quired between 2010 to 2013 for Burgenland and Lower The geological data were crucial for the preselection of Austria. Where useful, prospection was complemented areas with relatively porous, calcareous sandstone sensu with Google Earth in 2D and 3D as well as historic im- lato, deposited during the Middle to early Late Miocene agery. Probable and possible quarries were mapped by (Langhian, Serravallian and early Tortonian, i.e. the Bade- their outline, allowing for additional information and nian, Sarmatian and early Pannonian). Areas comprising quantification compared with solely point information of metamorphic rocks and middle Pannonian to Quaterna- previous existing databases. ry unconsolidated clastic sediments were excluded from detailed prospection. Interpretation of remote sensing data was cross-checked with literature about quarries in 5.3 Hydrological data the research area (e.g. Cžjžek, 1852; Roth, 1883; Schmid, Hydrological data used for the figures were derived 1894; Hanisch and Schmid, 1901; Schafarzik, 1909; from digital data provided by BMLFUW (2014a; 2014b), Schmölzer, 1933; Rohatsch, 2017). The historic quarries which were calculated based on DTM data with 25 m data base at the University of Salzburg (http://hq.chc. resolution; figures show rivers with > 100 km catchment sbg.ac.at) provides information of several quarries and areas. the location of stone use. The extensive and detailed GIS point data base of building stone quarries of the mining archive (e.g. Malecki and Heinrich, 1999), provided by our 5.4 Historical maps project partner Geological Survey of Austria (containing In the study area, historical maps at scales potentially map sheet number, municipality, coordinates, lithology useful for our subject date back to about the 16th cen- and activity status) proofed extremely helpful in sepa- tury CE (Dörflinger et al., 1977). However, it took about rating newly discovered from already known quarries. 200 years for the oldest map showing quarries, which is Quarries documented in the ALS data were associated from Walter (1754–1756), surveyed at a scale of 1:14000 with data points of the mining archive, if they were closer and final drawing at 1:28000 (Ulbrich, 1952), which is than 100 m. also the first map with comparable useful accuracy and detail. This map is not only very important because it is to the best of our knowledge the oldest showing quar- ries, but it additionally noted some names of the quarry owners at that time. Unfortunately, the Walter maps cov- 45 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona er just the Hundsheim Mountains, the Leitha Mountains the quarries outlined in the Walter Map, First Military and the northern part of the Rust Hills without the area Survey, Second Military Survey and Third Military Survey around Fertőrákos. Principally, we have used available have been used for comparison with the ALS prospec- and accessible maps from many different sources, which tion, because they are the only ones, which cover the include the Map Department of the Austrian National whole project area. Additionally, the Walter Map was Library (https://www.onb.ac.at/bibliothek/sammlun- used, which covers the Hundsheim Mountains, Leitha gen/karten), the Esterhazy Archive in Burg Forchten- Mountains and Rust Hills. Concerning the Walter Map, an stein (https://esterhazy.at/burg-forchtenstein/die-burg- “-” field entry means that this area is outside of the map forchtenstein/das-archiv-der-burg), the State Archives of and “no” means that no quarry is indicated in the map. Burgenland (https://www.burgenland.at/themen/wis- The evaluation of quarries in the Walter Map and the senschaft/landesarchiv) and Lower Austria (http://www. military surveys is summarized in Tables 1–5 and Tables noe.gv.at/noe/Landesarchiv/findbuch.html). B1–B4. Quarries in historical maps were not connected The backbones of our quarry prospection concerning with GBA GIS data points, because of the coordinate un- historical maps are the three military surveys of the Aus- certainties of pre-Third Military Survey maps. trian-Hungarian Monarchy, which cover the entire empire of this time. In the First Military Survey, maps at a scale of 1:28 800 were produced; Lower Austria was surveyed 5.5 Historic pictures and photos in 1773–1781, Hungary in 1782–1785 (northern Burgen- Historic photos, paintings and drawings were used to land in 1784, except sheet IV/2 Breitenbrunn, which was supplement the information of historical maps. Many mapped in 1785). The maps of the Second Military Survey of them were found in the picture archive (http://www. were also drawn at a scale of 1:28 800; Lower Austria was bildarchivaustria.at), the postcard archive (https://akon. surveyed in 1809–1818, Hungary in 1819–1869 (parts of onb.ac.at) of the Austrian National Library and by chance northern Burgenland in 1845–1846). The Third Military finds in museums, literature and the world wide web. Survey mapped the empire at the scale of 1:25000 (in Many photos and pictures from Bad Deutsch-Altenburg our study area in 1872–1873, except sheet Mattersburg, and surroundings are collected in the books by Lach- which was done in 1880). In the surrounding of Vienna mayer (1999), Farka (2000) and Geng-Sesztak et al. (2000). 47 map sheets were produced even at 1:12 500. These de- Specific pictures and photos will be discussed later. tailed maps were surveyed in 1872–1873 and cover the whole study area at the western side of the Vienna Basin, to the north of the Piesting Valley and the Leitha Moun- 5.6 Comparison of the area and numbers of the tains north of the village Hornstein. documented quarries The maps for the First and Second Military Survey are Arithmetic mean, variance and standard deviation was kept in the Austrian State Archives (https://www.state- calculated for the area of the quarries interpreted from archives.gv.at), the Third Military Survey is housed in the the (i) high resolution ALS data (2006 – 2010), (ii) maps of Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (http://www. the First Military Suryey (1773–1781, 1784, 1785), (iii) maps bev.gv.at). Access to maps is extremely facilitated by Ar- of the Second Military Suryey (1809–1818, 1845–1846) canum Adatbázis Kiadó in Budapest https://www.arca- and (iv) Third Military Survey (1872–1873, 1880). The de- num.hu/en/about), which scanned thousands of histori- tailed Walter Map (1754–1756) covers only the Hundsheim cal maps, published many of them on DVDs and provides Mountains, Leitha Mountains and the northern part of online access via the websites MAPIRE (https://mapire.eu/ the Rust Hills, therefore this map and other – detailed but en) and HUNGARICANA (https://hungaricana.hu/en). De- local – maps have not been used for the analysis (Tab. 4). pending on the rectification methods, the maps of the The arithmetic mean was calculated from the sum of the First Military Survey may have errors up to 500 to 2000 quarry areas divided by their number. m (Timár et al., 2010). Using improved georeferencing methods, errors can be reduced to 100 – 200 m (Molnár et al., 2014). The maps of the Second Military Survey and 6. Results especially the Third Military Survey can be georeferenced For space reasons, we kept the number of figures and with much smaller errors (Timár et al., 2006). Most of the tables to an absolute minimum and included additional maps used in this study originate from the scans of Ar- data into online supplements: Supplement A – Additional canum Adatbázis Kiadó. They were originally scanned figures (Figs. A1 to A7), Supplement B – Additional tables at 600 dots per inch (dpi) as lossless tagged image file (Tabs. B1 to B4) and Supplement C – ArcGis shape files format (tiff ). Unfortunately, maps are made available only (including all GIS data of this geoarchaeological survey). at lower resolution and a compressed format (Timár and In total, 1109 quarries, possible quarries, shallow quarries Biszak, 2010). and inactive quarries have been mapped in the ALS data All available historical maps, including the large-scale and the historical maps by Walter (1754–56) and the three maps by Brequin de Demenge (1755), Streffleur (ca. 1840), military surveys (Tabs. 1–4, B1–B4, Figs. 3–5, A1–A6). Ad- Burgerstein (1882) and Groller (1900), have been evaluat- ditionally, 134 possible burial mounds have been docu- ed for information concerning quarries. However, only mented in the ALS data and maps. Additional 21 quarries 46 Erich Draganits et al. have been mapped in large-scale maps by Brequin de Survey of Austria, most of them in the western Vienna Demenge (1755), Streffleur (ca. 1840), Burgerstein (1882) Basin. Of the 108 possible quarries, 89 (83 %) are not doc- and Groller (1900). The large number of quarries, the ca. umented in the quarry data base (Tab. 2). Furthermore, 60 km by 60 km large study area as well as limitation of of the 71 shallow quarries, 56 (79 %) are not listed in paper size and number of figures makes the presentation the quarry data base (Tab. 3). Finally, 30 probable burial of the results challenging. Figure 5 shows an overview of mounds have been interpreted in the ALS data. all quarries in the entire study area; Figure A1 to Figure A6 Of the 479 quarries documented in the ALS data, 295 show quarries of the six different quarry regions. These (62 %) are not indicated in any of the historical maps, or map representations are supplemented by the content they are at least 100 m away of any of them. Of the 108 of Tables 1–5 and Tables B1–B4. Figures 3 and 4 show two possible quarries outlined in the ALS data, 92 (87 %) are selected areas in more detail. not shown in any of the historical maps, or they are at To ease access to the data, we used a consistent col- least 100 m away of any of them and finally, of the 71 or scheme throughout the GIS data set, figures and ta- shallow quarries documented in the ALS, 71 (100 %) are bles: ALS quarries: red, ALS possible quarries: light red, not indicated in any of the historical maps, or they are ALS shallow quarries: very light red, Third Military Survey at least 100 m away of any of them. Figures A1f, A2f, A3f, quarries: blue, Third Military Survey inactive quarries: blue A4f, A5d and A6e show the location of the three different with red outline, Second Military Survey quarries: green, quarry types in the six quarry regions (Fig. 2) and Table Second Military Survey inactive quarries: light green with 4 summarizes their respective numbers, as well as their red outline, Streffleur: turquoise, First Military Survey minimum, maximum, mean and total areas for each quar- quarries: brown, Walter Map quarries: pink, Walter Map ry region (Fig. 2). inactive quarries: light pink with red outline (for more detailed color information see the online Supplement C). In figures showing different generations of quarries, they 6.2 Quarries documented in the Walter Map are usually drawn from older to younger, to increase vi- (1754–1756) sual clarity (e.g. Figs 4d, 5, A6f). Abbreviations of the ID_1 In the whole study area (Figs. 1, 5), 34 quarries and field are used from the shape file attribute tables (see one inactive quarry (“alter Steinbruch”) have been re- online Supplement C) for different types of quarries in corded in Miocene sedimentary rocks using the Walter the historical maps and the ALS data: WMQ- quarries of Map (1754–1756) (Tabs. 4, 5, B1). Figure 4d shows some the Walter Maps, WMIQ- inactive quarries of the Walter of these quarries in context with quarries from other his- maps, 1MSQ- quarries of the First Military Survey, 2MSQ- toric maps and the ALS data. Additionally, 6 probable quarries of the Second Military Survey, 2MSIQ- inactive burial mounds were documented. Figures A1b, A2b, A3b quarries of the Second Military Survey, 3MSQ- quarries of and A4b show the location of the quarries and inactive the Third Military Survey, 3MSIQ- inactive quarries of the quarry; Table 4 summarizes their respective numbers, as Third Military Survey, ALSQ- quarries in ALS data, A LSPQ- well as their minimum, maximum, mean and total areas possible quarries in ALS data and ALSSQ- shallow quar- for each quarry regions (Fig. 2). ries in ALS data. 6.3 Quarries documented in the First Military Survey 6.1 Quarries documented in ALS data (1773–1785) In the whole study area (Figs. 1, 5), 479 quarries, 108 In the whole study area (Figs. 1, 5), 23 quarries are in- possible quarries and 71 shallow quarries (in total 658) dicated in the First Military Survey (1773–1785) (Tabs. 4, 5, have been recorded in Miocene sedimentary rocks using B2). Figure 4d gives an example of these quarries in con- ALS and ortho photo data (Tabs. 1–5). The three differ- text with quarries from other historic maps and the ALS ent types of quarries have been distinguished based on data. Additionally, 61 probable burial mounds were doc- the insight and experience gained during data interpre- umented. Figures A1c, A2c, A3c, A4c and A6b show the tation: (i) Quarries are excavated depressions in exposed location of the quarries and Table 4 summarizes their re- rock, > 4 m deep and with at least one steep quarry face. spective numbers, as well as their minimum, maximum, (ii) Possible quarries are similar to quarries, but with less mean and total areas for each quarry regions (Fig. 2). certainty. Finally, (iii) shallow quarries are < 4 m deep, usu- ally with quite irregular shapes and boundaries (Figs. 3b, d, 4b, d). Inactive quarries are a type of quarries that has been interpreted only from historical maps, in which they are sometimes explicitly labeled “old”. These three types of quarries are also characterized by different sizes, es- 2 2 pecially concerning their mean areas, 10 175 m , 1 887 m and 1 584 m , respectively (Tab. 5). Table 1 shows that of the 479 quarries 198 (41 %) are not recorded in the quarry data base of the Geological 47 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 1 – Quarries located in the ALS terrain models Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-0 060/187 Leithakalk Badenian yes yes? no yes 7927 635356 5319672 ALSQ-1 060/185, 060/213 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5001 634647 5319627 ALSQ-2 060/186 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5127 634860 5319565 ALSQ-3 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2095 632932 5319402 ALSQ-4 060/212 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 10896 633020 5319409 ALSQ-5 060/177B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 995 632831 5319255 ALSQ-6 060/177B (12 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2713 632861 5319252 ALSQ-7 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1004 632909 5319298 ALSQ-8 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 461 632856 5319318 ALSQ-9 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 287 632866 5319357 ALSQ-10 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 489 632887 5319329 ALSQ-11 060/177A Leithakalk Badenian yes ? ? yes 28491 632573 5319084 ALSQ-12 078/159 Sandstone Sarmatian yes ? yes yes 19701 635212 5314193 ALSQ-13 078/330 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1470 631025 5314041 ALSQ-14 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 299 630978 5314079 ALSQ-15 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 341 630839 5314094 ALSQ-16 060/182B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 6675 631546 5318158 ALSQ-17 060/183 Leithakalk Badenian yes no ? yes 73344 631900 5317897 ALSQ-18 078/288 (9 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 9805 631157 5317736 ALSQ-19 078/288 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7914 631159 5317636 ALSQ-20 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 13587 631124 5317421 ALSQ-21 078/288 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1461 631137 5317545 ALSQ-22 078/283 Leithakalk Badenian no yes no yes 27598 630065 5317022 ALSQ-23 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4934 629795 5316929 ALSQ-24 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1897 629827 5317038 ALSQ-25 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1838 629869 5317066 ALSQ-26 078/283 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3266 629911 5316959 ALSQ-27 078/284 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2141 628994 5315970 ALSQ-28 078/082 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 9847 628577 5316375 Calcareous ALSQ-29 078/331 Sarmatian no no no no 2920 634390 5315225 sandstone ALSQ-30 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 271 633837 5315698 ALSQ-31 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 108 633887 5315692 ALSQ-32 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 463 633902 5315643 ALSQ-33 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 421 633953 5315651 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 265 633722 5315583 ALSQ-34 ALSQ-35 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 96 633774 5315629 ALSQ-36 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 110 633758 5315634 ALSQ-37 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 374 633867 5315653 Calcareous ALSQ-38 078/295 (28 m) Sarmatian yes? no no yes 3315 634030 5315739 sandstone ALSQ-39 078/052A,052B,052C Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 50992 633336 5316538 Calcareous ALSQ-40 078/292 Sarmatian no no no yes 4666 632934 5315947 sandstone ALSQ-41 078/334 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3530 630604 5314881 ALSQ-42 078/333 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3620 630659 5315059 48 Erich Draganits et al. ALSQ-43 078/238_M Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5013 630765 5315082 ALSQ-44 078/287 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7030 630753 5315193 ALSQ-45 078/287 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 787 630812 5315262 ALSQ-46 078/332 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1386 630802 5315378 ALSQ-47 078/286 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5050 630735 5315544 ALSQ-48 078/053 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2287 630189 5313376 ALSQ-49 078/289C Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 36693 631187 5316093 ALSQ-50 078/289B (11 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 618 631376 5316041 ALSQ-51 078/053 (19 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 1077 631227 5315867 ALSQ-52 078/053 (16 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4597 631025 5316007 ALSQ-53 078/280 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7836 627622 5316505 ALSQ-54 078/280 (9 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 370 627557 5316432 ALSQ-55 078/056 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 13025 627490 5316101 ALSQ-56 078/305 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4845 627118 5315674 ALSQ-57 078/055 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 12282 627325 5315765 Leithakalk, Badenian, ALSQ-58 078/054-M,058A,318 yes no yes yes 48388 627096 5316044 calcareous sandst. Sarmatian ALSQ-59 078/328 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 523 626629 5315771 ALSQ-60 078/306 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2002 626457 5315894 ALSQ-61 078/057 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 20695 626666 5315919 ALSQ-62 078/341A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2175 629092 5313364 ALSQ-63 078/341B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1848 629155 5313314 ALSQ-64 078/351 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1226 629419 5313014 ALSQ-65 078/201-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 17435 629405 5313175 ALSQ-66 078/285 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 101059 629846 5313477 ALSQ-67 078/352 (28 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1748 629123 5312995 ALSQ-68 078/352 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2191 629182 5312976 ALSQ-69 078/353 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2448 629089 5312809 ALSQ-70 078/353 (99 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 417 629007 5312744 ALSQ-71 078/025 (59 m) Leithakalk Badenian yes no no near 4166 628698 5312627 ALSQ-72 078/025,025B,025C Leithakalk Badenian near no no yes 38643 628844 5312564 Calcareous ALSQ-73 078/114 ? no no no no 923 626112 5309199 sandstone ALSQ-74 078/113 (67 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4439 626118 5309585 ALSQ-75 078/113 (25 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 809 626156 5309536 ALSQ-76 078/113 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1256 626155 5309483 Calcareous ALSQ-77 ? no no no no 797 626283 5309467 sandstone ALSQ-78 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no near 2319 635726 5314291 ALSQ-79 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no near 10959 634687 5314101 ALSQ-80 078/122 Sandstone ? no no no no 4448 628249 5310877 ALSQ-81 078/122 (84 m) Sandstone ? no no no no 709 628329 5310832 Calcareous ALSQ-82 078/218-M (59 m) ? no no no yes 14689 628287 5311323 sandstone ALSQ-83 ? ? no no no no 130 627834 5311148 ALSQ-84 078/302 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 6552 622690 5306429 ALSQ-97 060/177B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1037 632905 5319232 ALSQ-98 060/177B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 140 632925 5319274 ALSQ-99 078/329 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1002 628279 5316323 ALSQ-100 ? ? no no no yes 2042 628282 5311181 ALSQ-157 078/040 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2838 621504 5315259 49 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-158 078/079-M Sandstone ? no no no yes 37916 621737 5315545 ALSQ-159 078/080-M Sandstone ? no no no no 2332 622044 5315608 Calcareous ALSQ-160 078/324 Sarmatian no no no no 988 622077 5315543 sandstone ALSQ-161 078/273 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no yes 1114 622355 5315377 ALSQ-162 078/273 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 287 622305 5315359 ALSQ-163 078/273 (31 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1733 622251 5315322 Calcareous ALSQ-164 Sarmatian no no no no 195 623479 5315452 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-165 Sarmatian no no no no 732 623496 5315472 sandstone ALSQ-166 078/325A Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 6480 623250 5315771 ALSQ-167 078/325B Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1573 623218 5315880 ALSQ-168 078/325B Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1199 623197 5315934 ALSQ-169 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 492 623163 5316000 Calcareous ALSQ-170 078/081A, 078/081B Sarmatian no no no no 2140 622757 5315879 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-171 078/081 Sarmatian yes no no yes 4963 622833 5315800 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-172 078/081A 26 m) Sarmatian no no no yes 2337 622730 5315823 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-173 Sarmatian no no no no 731 622713 5315763 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-174 078/037 Sarmatian no no no yes 2805 623267 5316034 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-175 078/037 (36 m) Sarmatian no no no yes 6625 623347 5316076 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-176 078/038 Sarmatian no no no yes 10425 623484 5316118 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-177 078/039 Sarmatian yes no yes yes 11946 623817 5316172 sandstone ALSQ-178 ? ? no no no no 1037 623892 5316029 ALSQ-179 078/327 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1986 624312 5316162 ALSQ-180 078/327 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 669 624382 5316178 Calcareous ALSQ-181 078/326A Sarmatian no no no near 5511 624475 5316393 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-182 078/326B (58 m) Sarmatian no no no near 535 624596 5316398 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-183 078/326B Sarmatian no no no no 7098 624658 5316431 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-184 078/326C Sarmatian no no no no 3167 624859 5316544 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-185 Sarmatian no no no no 3575 624715 5316513 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-186 Sarmatian no no no no 878 624596 5316515 sandstone ALSQ-187 078/277 Sandstone ? no no no near 2338 625312 5316692 Sarmatian/Panno- ALSQ-188 078/232 Conglomerate no no no yes 7714 624864 5316646 nian ALSQ-189 078/110 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 575 625208 5316594 ALSQ-190 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 191 624925 5316105 ALSQ-191 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 262 625057 5316192 Calcareous ALSQ-192 078/200 (64 m) Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 1379 625797 5316666 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-193 078/200 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 8334 625899 5316614 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-429 078/052B (59 m) Sarmatian no no no no 1730 633383 5316830 sandstone ALSQ-430 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 822 632295 5316461 ALSQ-432 ? Sarmatian no no no no 3908 628816 5312174 50 Erich Draganits et al. ALSQ-449 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 853 634705 5314508 ALSQ-450 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 225 624839 5308713 ALSQ-451 078/320 (46 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 879 630879 5314105 ALSQ-452 078/320 (28 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 361 630917 5314105 ALSQ-481 078/279 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 896 627460 5316312 Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-85 078/028A-C/M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1358 621670 5305183 ALSQ-86 078/349 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4138 620941 5304862 Calcareous ALSQ-87 078/347 Sarmatian no no no no 3546 619601 5303928 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-88 078/348 Sarmatian yes no no no 5674 619747 5304043 sandstone ALSQ-89 ? Sarmatian? no no no no 723 618513 5303280 ALSQ-90 ? Sarmatian? no no no no 361 618537 5303266 Calcareous ALSQ-91 Badenian no no no no 962 618393 5303411 sandstone? ALSQ-92 077/240A Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4551 616069 5302565 Calcareous ALSQ-93 077/051, 077/240B ? no no no no 15705 616215 5302420 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-94 077/240C ? no no no no 2214 616423 5302355 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-95 ? no no no no 394 616363 5302279 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-96 077/051 (67 m) ? no no no no 986 616309 5302329 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-101 078/088 Sarmatian no no no no 3892 619802 5303661 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-102 078/088 (57 m) Sarmatian no no no no 1005 619871 5303600 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-127 077/105A-M (24 m) ? no no no no 1598 617640 5303203 sandstone ALSQ-128 078/086 Leithakalk Badenian no yes no yes 3197 618231 5311060 ALSQ-129 078/086 (25 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 1412 618236 5310968 ALSQ-130 078/075-M (81 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no yes yes 6003 618388 5312098 ALSQ-131 078/075-M (78 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no yes near 1250 618411 5311918 ALSQ-132 078/342 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1606 618534 5312307 ALSQ-133 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 960 618661 5312632 ALSQ-134 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 160 618572 5312579 ALSQ-135 078/261 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 689 618808 5312584 ALSQ-136 078/029 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3269 618728 5312803 ALSQ-137 078/335, 078/350 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 12318 618593 5312899 ALSQ-138 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5967 618572 5312801 ALSQ-139 078/336 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2821 618798 5312906 ALSQ-140 078/337 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 693 618883 5312954 ALSQ-141 078/339 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 806 619099 5312764 ALSQ-142 078/076E Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 28172 619486 5312863 ALSQ-143 078/338 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7793 619104 5312915 ALSQ-144 078/010 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 13455 619264 5313330 ALSQ-145 078/011,/076A-M,076B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 76531 619321 5313089 ALSQ-146 078/001 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 45953 619039 5313339 ALSQ-147 078/076D Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3078 618908 5313201 51 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-148 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 277 618858 5313045 ALSQ-149 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7722 619193 5313436 ALSQ-150 078/001A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2992 619423 5313612 078/014,033- ALSQ-151 035,262- Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 790552 620143 5313761 263,265,267–270 ALSQ-152 078/266 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 15447 619882 5314113 ALSQ-153 078/264 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4286 620173 5314315 ALSQ-154 078/076F (76 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2669 619989 5312904 ALSQ-155 078/076F Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 393 619908 5312839 ALSQ-156 078/078-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 10261 621040 5314802 ALSQ-194 077/020 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes yes 6504 613054 5303579 Calcareous ALSQ-195 077/104 Badenian no no no no 2841 613614 5302215 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-196 077/239 Badenian no no no yes 1126 613757 5302164 sandstone ALSQ-197 077/236 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2679 614322 5302034 ALSQ-198 077/237 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 12383 614317 5301909 ALSQ-199 977/235 Limestone Badenian no no no no 4878 614866 5302330 ALSQ-200 077/052-M Sandstone Badenian yes no no yes 21158 615161 5301720 ALSQ-201 Sandstone Badenian no no no yes 3655 614231 5302003 ALSQ-202 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2192 613365 5301613 ALSQ-203 077/214 Sandstone Badenian no no no no 6090 614177 5301427 ALSQ-204 077/224 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4177 614975 5301568 ALSQ-205 077/241 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1613 612848 5300826 ALSQ-206 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 30212 612794 5300500 ALSQ-207 077/053 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3371 612034 5300216 ALSQ-208 077/243 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3569 611837 5300095 ALSQ-209 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 916 611026 5300577 ALSQ-210 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1879 610617 5300304 ALSQ-211 077/005 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 51530 610432 5300205 ALSQ-212 077/056 Leithakalk Badenian yes no yes yes 18060 611504 5299542 ALSQ-213 077/027 (38 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 20642 610778 5299343 ALSQ-214 077/242 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 7004 609844 5299693 ALSQ-215 077/202-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4768 610191 5299667 ALSQ-216 077/006-M (55 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5899 610210 5299892 ALSQ-217 077/071-M Sandstone Pannonian no no no no 32984 608902 5296579 ALSQ-218 077/071-M Sandstone Pannonian no no no no 57560 608848 5296793 ALSQ-219 077/021 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 14889 608183 5301619 ALSQ-220 077/022-024 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 218574 608640 5301510 Calcareous ALSQ-221 077/060B-M Sarmatian no no no no 9121 607367 5301727 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-222 077/081A Sarmatian no no yes yes 6063 608020 5306132 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-223 077/081A (91 m) Sarmatian no no no yes 720 607925 5306134 sandstone ALSQ-224 077/230 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 11222 609718 5307340 ALSQ-225 077/044B Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 4430 613232 5306452 ALSQ-226 077/044A Sandstone Sarmatian yes no no yes 8930 613339 5306354 ALSQ-227 077/044C Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1300 613408 5306233 ALSQ-228 077/044C (54 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 761 613462 5306245 ALSQ-229 077/044C (38 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1633 613449 5306186 ALSQ-230 077/044C (42 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1543 613351 5306183 52 Erich Draganits et al. ALSQ-231 Sandstone Badenian/Sarmatian no no yes yes 625 613712 5306084 ALSQ-232 077/068-M Sandstone Badenian/Sarmatian no no yes yes 2222 613691 5305987 ALSQ-233 ? Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 289 613658 5305756 Calcareous ALSQ-234 077/042 Badenian/Sarmatian no yes yes yes 20795 613191 5305979 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-235 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 869 613635 5305689 sandstone ALSQ-236 077/233 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4698 614321 5305904 ALSQ-237 077/050 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5022 615055 5306663 Calcareous ALSQ-238 077/017 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 31531 613649 5307154 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-239 077/018-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 8187 613854 5307779 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-240 077/018-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 5651 613946 5307771 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-241 077/066-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 3361 614195 5307933 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-242 077/066-M (39 m) Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 2985 614298 5307948 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-243 077/049-M Badenian/Sarmatian yes yes yes yes 72978 614833 5308011 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-244 077/065-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no yes yes 17395 615484 5308364 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-245 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 912 615616 5308323 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-246 077/064-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 3263 616224 5308461 sandstone ALSQ-247 078/356 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1199 619377 5312176 ALSQ-431 Sandstone Pannonian no yes no yes 4103 609380 5297292 ALSQ-455 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 176 618773 5312461 Quarry Region Rust Hills (RH) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-103 ? Badenian no no no no 1155 622839 5299864 ALSQ-104 ? Badenian no no no no 101 622878 5299825 ALSQ-105 078/065-M (32 m) ? Badenian no no no yes 2768 624482 5300631 ALSQ-106 078/065-M (68 m) ? Badenian no no no near 179 624498 5300499 ALSQ-107 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4510 622338 5298714 ALSQ-108 078/067 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 11190 622468 5298077 ALSQ-109 078/067 (84 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2306 622390 5298044 ALSQ-110 078/067 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 483 622425 5297996 ALSQ-111 078/048A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 954 622489 5297558 ALSQ-112 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 590 622335 5297513 ALSQ-113 078/048 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 13995 622426 5297578 ALSQ-114 078/229-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3141 623809 5297203 ALSQ-115 078/068 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 16117 623801 5297007 ALSQ-116 078/068 (50 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 262 623779 5296899 ALSQ-117 078/003B Leithakalk Badenian no no yes yes 15072 622478 5295938 ALSQ-118 078/003 Leithakalk Badenian yes yes yes yes 77444 622285 5295721 ALSQ-119 078/063 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 27393 622282 5295429 ALSQ-120 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 428 622164 5295987 ALSQ-121 078/003A-M (16 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 440 623078 5295587 ALSQ-122 078/044-M (20 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2242 622917 5294737 53 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-123 078/202 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 6132 624214 5296181 ALSQ-124 Leithakalk Badenian near no no no 328 622454 5295409 ALSQ-125 Leithakalk Badenian near no no no 425 622537 5295330 ALSQ-126 Leithakalk Badenian near no no no 134 622653 5295312 ALSQ-456 Leithakalk Badenian - yes yes yes 12071 623222 5287154 Quarry Region Hundsheim Mountains (HM) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-248 ? Badenian no no no no 204 648873 5333954 ALSQ-249 ? Badenian no no no no 200 648804 5333999 ALSQ-250 061/259 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 570 646694 5331728 Limestone, oolite, ALSQ-251 061/004 Sarmatian yes no no no 10931 648215 5332650 lumach. Calcareous sand- ALSQ-252 061/173 Sarmatian no no no no 2005 648496 5332221 stone ALSQ-253 061/185 (69 m) Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 5157 645392 5329203 ALSQ-254 061/185 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 9788 645505 5329111 ALSQ-255 061/186 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 9008 645603 5329025 Limestone, lumach., ALSQ-256 061/251 Sarmatian no no no yes 3639 645120 5332267 congl. Calcareous ALSQ-257 061/172 Sarmatian no no no no 1136 645680 5332585 sandstone ALSQ-258 061/020 Limestone Badenian no no no no 4444 644569 5333779 Dolomit, calcareous ALSQ-259 061/001 Mesozoic, Badenian no no no no 572869 642584 5332869 sandst. ALSQ-260 061/010A Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 15198 643036 5332420 ALSQ-261 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 5998 643188 5332397 ALSQ-262 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 1024 643281 5332377 Calcareous ALSQ-263 Sarmatian no no no no 719 643849 5332274 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-264 Sarmatian no no no no 328 643831 5332249 sandstone ALSQ-265 Limestone Badenian no no no no 558 642600 5333490 ALSQ-266 Limestone Badenian no no no no 1794 642980 5333380 ALSQ-267 Limestone Badenian no no no no 9985 642168 5333607 ALSQ-268 ? Sarmatian no no no no 15330 641936 5332904 ALSQ-269 061/168 Limestone Badenian no no no yes 2482 641822 5333131 ALSQ-270 061/167 Limestone Badenian no no no yes 2152 641793 5333182 Sandstone, ALSQ-271 061/016B Pannonian no no no yes 8742 647361 5328796 limestone ALSQ-272 061/017 Quartz sandstone Pannonian no no no yes 6459 647333 5328624 Calcareous ALSQ-421 061/008B Badenian no near no near 24996 643627 5332387 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-422 061/008 Badenian no yes no yes 14229 643662 5332516 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-423 Badenian no no no no 339 643741 5332416 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-424 Badenian no no no no 365 643785 5332244 sandstone ALSQ-425 061/250 Limestone Sarmatian no no no yes 887 642799 5332175 ALSQ-426 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3916 643257 5332316 Calcareous sandst., ALSQ-428 061/158 Badenian, Triassic? no no no yes 9759 641752 5333348 dolo. marble ALSQ-433 ? Badenian no no no no 1807 643175 5333917 54 Erich Draganits et al. Calcareous ALSQ-434 Badenian no no no no 3254 643793 5332299 sandstone Calcareous sandst., ALSQ-435 Badenian, Triassic? no no no no 18524 641985 5333165 dolo. marble Calcareous ALSQ-436 Badenian no no no no 17205 642031 5333025 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-437 061/170 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 12319 643181 5332220 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-438 Badenian no no no yes 3078 643171 5332328 sandstone ALSQ-439 061/246 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2761 643352 5332434 ALSQ-440 061/246 (22 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 731 643433 5332459 ALSQ-441 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 160 643468 5332429 ALSQ-442 061/010B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 10257 643275 5332505 ALSQ-443 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 49 643206 5332472 ALSQ-444 061/247 Leithakalk Badenian no yes no no 769 643347 5332605 ALSQ-445 061/248 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1430 643244 5332876 ALSQ-446 061/167 (39 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 741 641765 5333227 ALSQ-447 061/158 (20 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4201 641737 5333447 ALSQ-454 061/005 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 3403 647883 5332606 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Northwest (VB-NW) (Danube to Atzgersdorf) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-317 058/437 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 870 593185 5332407 Breccia, ALSQ-318 058/012B Badenian - no no no 1131 593277 5332546 conglomerate Atzgersdorf ALSQ-457 058/313B Sarmatian - no yes yes 26779 595653 5333568 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-458 058/410 Sarmatian - no yes yes 15067 595461 5333702 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-459 058/409 (52 m) Sarmatian - no yes yes 10460 595319 5333683 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-460 058/413 (33 m) Sarmatian - no no yes 11939 595618 5333400 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-461 Sarmatian - no no no 4334 595457 5333306 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-462 Sarmatian - no no no 6808 595426 5333184 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-463 058/313C (54 m) Sarmatian - no no no 2780 595469 5332790 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-464 058/313C Sarmatian - no no no 2540 595435 5332727 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-465 058/313C (51 m) Sarmatian - no no no 2336 595376 5332815 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-466 058/411, 058/412 Sarmatian - no no yes 6237 595191 5333301 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-467 058/313A-M (63 m) Sarmatian - no no yes 779 595313 5333201 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-468 058/313A-M (85 m) Sarmatian - no no yes 548 595347 5333183 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-469 058/415 Sarmatian - no no yes 2056 595441 5332401 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-470 Sarmatian? - no no no 1153 595496 5332544 Calcareous Sandst.? ALSQ-471 058/436 Breccia Badenian - no no no 176 592771 5332460 ALSQ-472 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1304 592804 5332470 ALSQ-473 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1363 592840 5332518 ALSQ-474 Breccia Badenian - no no no 875 592944 5332516 55 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-475 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1274 592902 5332528 ALSQ-476 058/437 Breccia Badenian - no no no 4389 593243 5332417 ALSQ-477 Breccia Badenian - no no no 4163 593355 5332636 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW) ( Perchtoldsdorf to Bad Fischau) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) (Gainfarn-) Dolomite ALSQ-273 076/012C Badenian - no no yes 18123 589338 5315663 breccia (Vöslau-) ALSQ-274 Badenian - no no no 9389 589418 5315991 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-275 Badenian - no no no 1333 589545 5315995 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-276 Badenian - no no no 8518 589552 5315907 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-277 076/009A Badenian - no no no 18814 589421 5316861 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-278 076/009B Badenian - no no no 12949 589701 5316881 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-279 Badenian - no no no 5752 589739 5316545 Conglomerate ALSQ-280 058/075B Breccia Badenian - no no no 4864 589892 5317160 ALSQ-281 Breccia Badenian - no no no 499 587754 5320149 ALSQ-282 Breccia Badenian - no no no 6812 587799 5320436 ALSQ-283 058/088 Leithakalk Badenian - no no no 3121 586294 5321604 ALSQ-284 058/220 Breccia Badenian - no no no 963 585880 5321595 ALSQ-285 058/223 Breccia Badenian - no no no 2178 582235 5322305 ALSQ-286 Conglomerate Badenian - no no no 270 587487 5321632 ALSQ-287 Conglomerate Badenian - no no no 868 587519 5321649 ALSQ-288 Breccia Badenian - no no no 725 589326 5320537 ALSQ-289 Breccia Badenian - no no no 615 589281 5320475 ALSQ-290 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1679 589408 5320371 ALSQ-291 Breccia Badenian - no no no 6156 589140 5320414 ALSQ-292 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 6199 590690 5318650 ALSQ-293 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 2769 590656 5318475 ALSQ-294 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 3926 590868 5318460 ALSQ-295 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 1472 590445 5318354 ALSQ-296 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 7205 590446 5318241 ALSQ-297 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 4803 590553 5318234 ALSQ-298 Breccia Badenian - no no no 2279 590596 5318493 ALSQ-299 ? ? - no no no 877 585781 5322408 ALSQ-300 Breccia Badenian - no no no 172 585679 5321664 ALSQ-301 Breccia Badenian - no no no 189 585724 5321684 ALSQ-302 Breccia Badenian - no no no 199 593617 5325354 ALSQ-303 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 7355 593515 5320783 ALSQ-304 Conglomerate Badenian - no no yes 1871 594633 5321931 Calcareous ALSQ-305 058/321 Badenian - no no no 4393 595281 5322876 sandstone, congl. ALSQ-306 058/318B Conglomerate Badenian - no no yes 5096 595313 5323484 ALSQ-307 Leithakalk Badenian - no yes near 3062 594962 5328249 ALSQ-308 Leithakalk Badenian - no yes no 3739 595105 5328112 ALSQ-309 Leithakalk Badenian - no no no 2442 594879 5328808 56 Erich Draganits et al. Calcareous sandst., ALSQ-310 058/320 Badenian - no no no 10686 594919 5329109 oolite, lumach. ALSQ-311 058/017 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no yes 3873 593046 5330530 ALSQ-312 058/430 (33 m) Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 4798 592691 5330420 ALSQ-313 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no yes 3245 593018 5330460 ALSQ-314 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 1264 593097 5330587 ALSQ-315 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 630 592970 5330653 ALSQ-316 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 377 592780 5330878 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-319 Badenian - no no no 1076 590031 5314109 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-320 Badenian - no no no 2219 589932 5314175 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-321 Badenian - no no no 4714 590070 5313983 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-322 Badenian - no no no 2193 590080 5313679 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-323 Badenian - no no no 36487 590393 5313313 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-324 Badenian - no no no 9145 589877 5313386 Conglomerate ALSQ-325 076/251 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 4906 589239 5313347 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-326 Badenian - no no no 1025 589746 5313454 Conglomerate ALSQ-327 076/133 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 11927 589280 5313650 ALSQ-328 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 289 589041 5313412 ALSQ-329 Breccia Badenian - no no no 851 589150 5313327 ALSQ-330 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1108 589010 5313171 ALSQ-331 076/013C Breccia Badenian - no no no 8579 588703 5313141 ALSQ-332 076/013B Breccia Badenian - no no no 5067 588587 5313177 ALSQ-333 076/013A Breccia Badenian - no no no 1810 588503 5313265 ALSQ-334 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 20845 588281 5313109 ALSQ-335 Breccia Badenian - no no no 10750 589873 5313057 ALSQ-336 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1713 585143 5314677 ALSQ-337 Breccia? Badenian? - no no no 1099 584078 5315906 ALSQ-338 Breccia Badenian - no no no 340 585464 5314274 ALSQ-339 Breccia Badenian - no no no 743 585328 5314229 ALSQ-340 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 1434 581351 5315053 ALSQ-341 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 398 581450 5315361 ALSQ-342 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 354 581480 5315335 ALSQ-343 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2661 587465 5308928 ALSQ-344 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no near 3064 587377 5308676 ALSQ-345 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 985 587322 5308623 ALSQ-346 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2040 587373 5308537 ALSQ-347 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 1378 585895 5307778 ALSQ-348 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 794 585723 5307946 ALSQ-349 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 258 585672 5307905 Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-350 Badenian - no no no 504 586653 5307344 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-351 Badenian - no no no 903 586801 5307376 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-352 Badenian - no no no 1458 586774 5307406 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-353 076/005 Badenian - no no yes 34286 586729 5307529 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-354 076/005C Badenian - no no no 6683 587128 5307551 Conglomerate 57 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-355 Badenian - no no yes 14754 587079 5307355 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-356 076/005A Badenian - no no yes 2123 587344 5307473 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-357 076/005A Badenian - no no yes 19166 587224 5307449 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-358 Badenian - no no yes 11812 587381 5307768 Conglomerate ALSQ-359 Conglomerate Badenian/Pannonian - no no no 2187 587339 5308297 ALSQ-360 Conglomerate Badenian/Pannonian - no no no 342 587393 5308311 ALSQ-361 Conglomerate Badenian/Pannonian - no no no 3645 587406 5308371 Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-362 Badenian - no no no 676 587743 5307374 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-363 076/006B Badenian - no no no 1012 587079 5307170 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-364 076/006A-M Badenian - no no no 3378 587308 5307037 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-365 Badenian - no no yes 5361 587738 5306872 Conglomerate Sndstein, ALSQ-366 Sarmatian - no no no 1780 588253 5306683 conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-367 Badenian - no no yes 9013 588152 5306286 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-368 Badenian - no no no 499 588206 5306151 Conglomerate Sandstone, ALSQ-369 076/281 Badenian/Sarmatian - no yes yes 8152 589168 5305400 conglomerate ALSQ-370 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 1936 589456 5303535 ALSQ-371 076/022A Leithakalk Badenian - yes yes yes 30353 587767 5302291 ALSQ-372 076/033 Leithakalk Badenian - no no yes 17638 586833 5302939 ALSQ-373 Leithakalk Badenian - no no no 2215 586356 5303185 ALSQ-374 076/266 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 4476 583440 5303116 ALSQ-375 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no yes 2874 588814 5303836 ALSQ-376 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2130 585373 5305963 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-377 076/022B (78 m) Badenian - no no no 19410 587470 5301524 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) 076/022B-C,023A,023D ALSQ-378 Badenian - no yes yes 123941 587562 5301258 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-379 Badenian - no no no 482 587475 5301402 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-380 Badenian - no no no 681 587273 5301124 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-381 Badenian - no no no 418 587249 5301070 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-382 Badenian - no no no 5487 587245 5300968 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) Conglom- ALSQ-383 Badenian - no no no 371 587359 5300791 erate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-384 076/023E Badenian - no no no 5953 587379 5300381 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-385 076/023B Badenian - no no no 4652 587510 5300886 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-386 076/023C Badenian - no no no 5758 587684 5300885 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-387 Badenian - no no no 2033 587572 5300931 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-388 Badenian - no no no 1434 587484 5300679 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-389 Badenian - no no no 449 587470 5300516 Conglomerate ALSQ-390 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 766 587865 5300808 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-391 Badenian - no no no 751 587093 5299632 Conglomerate 58 Erich Draganits et al. (Vöslau-) ALSQ-392 Badenian - no no no 197 586816 5299577 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-393 Badenian - no no no 1239 586832 5299506 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-394 076/020 Badenian - no no yes 10038 585872 5299106 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-395 076/021 Badenian - no no yes 10602 586164 5298977 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-396 Badenian - no no no 3958 585842 5298565 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-397 Badenian - no no no 1119 585732 5298377 Conglomerate ALSQ-398 076/018 Conglomerate Badenian/Sarmatian - no no no 5650 586012 5298378 ALSQ-399 076/016B Conglomerate Badenian/Sarmatian - no no no 3946 585889 5298052 ALSQ-400 076/016A Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no yes 16209 585981 5297918 ALSQ-401 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 19890 586204 5298159 ALSQ-402 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 3283 586241 5298312 ALSQ-403 076/031 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no near 4107 586360 5298610 ALSQ-404 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no near 6425 586422 5298399 ALSQ-405 076/17 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no yes 19323 587068 5298630 ALSQ-406 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2193 587167 5298361 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-407 Badenian - no no no 5379 586286 5298946 Conglomerate ALSQ-408 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 995 586320 5298865 ALSQ-409 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 1148 586288 5298818 ALSQ-410 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 1620 586440 5298920 ALSQ-411 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 320 586542 5298939 ALSQ-412 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 1331 586232 5298737 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-413 Badenian - no no yes 2688 585294 5297595 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-414 Badenian - no no no 672 585337 5297653 Conglomerate ALSQ-415 076/019 (48 m) Limestone, breccia Triassic, Badenian - no no yes 10836 585549 5298219 ALSQ-416 076/019 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 1974 585578 5298098 ALSQ-417 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 2667 585655 5298159 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-418 Badenian - no no no 10870 584327 5297115 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-419 Badenian - no no no 4508 584404 5297230 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-420 Badenian - no no no 1356 584492 5297257 Conglomerate ALSQ-427 076/001 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no yes 73733 588903 5313572 Sarmatian, Panno- ALSQ-448 Conglomerate - no no yes 42650 586524 5298415 nian ALSQ-453 Leithakalk Badenian - no yes no 4318 595086 5327996 Table 1: Quarries interpreted from the ALS data (2006 – 2010), arranged into the six quarry regions. Quarries not exactly marked with GBA mining archive points, but within 100 m have been connected with those and the distance is written next to the GBA number. Lithologies and stratigraphic age have been taken from the geological map as well as GBA mining archive and the ages from the geological map. Uncertain entries are marked with a question mark. In some cases, quarries cover more than one lithology or age. While the 1:12 500 maps of the Third military survey are very accurate, the coordinate uncertainties increase with higher ages, therefore in some cases the connection of quarries mapped in the DTM visualization with quarries in the historic maps is not always straight forwards. To increase clarity, quarries mapped in the DTM, which have been mapped in historical maps are colored in the same colors also used in the GIS project. Concerning the Walter Map, “-” field entry means that this area is outside of the map and “no” means that no quarry is indicated in the map. The coordinates in the last two columns represent the location of the shape´s centroid in UTM 33N and WGS 84 coordinate system. 59 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 2 – Possible quarries located in the ALS terrain models Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-0 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3230 631767 5312925 ALSPQ-1 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5077 628371 5313876 ALSPQ-2 ? ? no no yes no 756 630362 5315080 ALSPQ-3 ? Badenian no no no no 130 626135 5309285 ALSPQ-4 ? Badenian? no no no yes 1013 630182 5313375 ALSPQ-5 ? ? no no no no 124 628617 5312777 ALSPQ-6 ? ? no no no no 108 628624 5312748 ALSPQ-7 ? Badenian no no no no 128 628535 5312626 ALSPQ-8 ? Badenian no no no no 187 628517 5312646 ALSPQ-9 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 196 626832 5315414 ALSPQ-85 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 5650 631611 5316055 ALSPQ-86 ? ? no no no no 78 625409 5308897 ALSPQ-91 ? ? no no no no 576 625383 5308967 ALSPQ-92 ? Sarmatian no no no no 134 625613 5308945 ALSPQ-93 ? Sarmatian no no no no 226 625592 5308961 ALSPQ-94 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 765 632469 5313546 ALSPQ-95 078/084-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1269 632385 5313477 ALSPQ-96 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3939 632119 5313321 Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-10 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 783 620908 5305031 ALSPQ-11 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 165 620125 5304330 ALSPQ-12 ? Sarmatian no no no no 541 619893 5304219 ALSPQ-13 ? Sarmatian no no no no 166 619893 5304307 ALSPQ-14 ? ? no no no no 538 620741 5304930 Badenian/ ALSPQ-33 ? no no no no 524 617543 5303437 Sarmatian ALSPQ-34 ? Badenian no no no no 9815 617279 5309424 ALSPQ-35 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 224 617529 5309791 ALSPQ-36 ? Badenian no no no no 329 618305 5310855 ALSPQ-37 ? Badenian no no no no 282 618387 5310734 ALSPQ-38 ? Badenian? no no no no 1944 620361 5313020 ALSPQ-39 ? Badenian no no no no 5428 611375 5299263 ALSPQ-40 ? Badenian no no no no 4221 610810 5299181 Badenian/ ALSPQ-41 077/063-M (39 m) Calcareous sandstone no no no yes 6516 616777 5309329 Sarmatian ALSPQ-42 ? Badenian? no no no no 3652 617055 5309342 ALSPQ-87 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 116 619056 5312706 ALSPQ-88 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 48 619065 5312698 ALSPQ-89 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 571 619112 5312681 ALSPQ-90 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 126 619155 5312674 60 Erich Draganits et al. Quarry Region Rust Hills (RH) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-15 078/065A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1324 623746 5300665 ALSPQ-16 078/065-M (48 m) ? Badenian no no no no 50 624492 5300518 ALSPQ-17 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2876 624186 5298952 ALSPQ-18 ? ? no no no no 3271 624088 5298950 ALSPQ-19 ? ? no no no no 1107 624053 5298797 ALSPQ-20 ? Badenian no no no no 449 623454 5298041 ALSPQ-21 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 9749 622298 5297943 ALSPQ-22 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 401 622170 5296030 ALSPQ-23 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no no 10912 622742 5295625 ALSPQ-24 078/004-M (41 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 509 622862 5294743 ALSPQ-25 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 673 622558 5291648 ALSPQ-26 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 737 622587 5291606 ALSPQ-27 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 343 622674 5292072 ALSPQ-28 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 122 622614 5292014 ALSPQ-29 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 50 622223 5296158 ALSPQ-30 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 117 622242 5296152 ALSPQ-31 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 65 622258 5296135 ALSPQ-32 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 102 622268 5296127 Quarry Region Hundsheim Mountains (HM) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-43 ? Badenian no no no no 2092 646587 5335079 ALSPQ-44 061/136 ? Badenian? no no no no 2224 647015 5334509 ALSPQ-45 061/138-M ? Badenian? no no no no 12802 647337 5334320 ALSPQ-46 061/178-M (50 m) ? Badenian? no no no no 673 647511 5334226 ALSPQ-47 061/080 ? Badenian? no no no no 2765 648285 5334045 ALSPQ-48 ? Sarmatian no no no no 420 647539 5332828 ALSPQ-49 ? Sarmatian no no no no 262 647580 5332824 ALSPQ-50 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1965 648354 5332582 ALSPQ-51 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1182 648412 5332603 ALSPQ-52 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 759 648350 5332657 ALSPQ-53 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 915 648432 5332639 ALSPQ-54 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 110 648537 5332613 ALSPQ-55 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 224 648453 5332474 ALSPQ-56 061/176 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 163 644857 5332259 ALSPQ-57 Limestone Badenian no no no no 607 643180 5333022 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Northwest (VB-NW) (Danube to Atzgersdorf) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-97 058/337 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no near 3138 598633 5343344 ALSPQ-98 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no yes yes 10101 599246 5343821 ALSPQ-99 059/525 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no yes yes 5168 599122 5343793 61 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona inac- ALSPQ-100 058/328 (43 m) Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no 2872 598495 5343885 tive ALSPQ-101 058/341 (34 m) Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no near 7603 598804 5342895 ALSPQ-102 059/525 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 4593 599038 5343767 ALSPQ-103 058/332 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 20994 598666 5343463 ALSPQ-104 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 2639 598915 5342782 ALSPQ-105 058/335 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no yes 967 598530 5343383 ALSPQ-106 041/276 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2504 600181 5346269 ALSPQ-107 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1883 599881 5346380 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW) ( Perchtoldsdorf to Bad Fischau) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-58 Dolomite breccia Badenian no no no no 392 589196 5315641 ALSPQ-59 Breccia Badenian no no no yes 1014 589270 5315535 ALSPQ-60 Breccia Badenian no no no no 247 589225 5315533 ALSPQ-61 Breccia Badenian no no no no 161 589199 5315510 ALSPQ-62 Breccia Badenian no no no no 841 589939 5317080 ALSPQ-63 Breccia Badenian no no no no 91 588148 5319203 ALSPQ-64 Breccia Badenian no no no no 172 588155 5319181 ALSPQ-65 Breccia Badenian no no no no 1460 585748 5321641 ALSPQ-66 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 1597 593586 5320562 ALSPQ-67 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 403 594689 5322033 ALSPQ-68 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 1330 595396 5323061 ALSPQ-69 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 307 595182 5323707 ALSPQ-70 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 181 595263 5323764 ALSPQ-71 Breccia Badenian no no no no 1902 595153 5327341 ALSPQ-72 Breccia Badenian no no no no 116 592720 5331040 ALSPQ-73 Breccia Badenian no no no no 138 592751 5330989 ALSPQ-74 Breccia Badenian no no no no 3418 589034 5312956 ALSPQ-75 Vöslau Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 2497 590736 5312943 ALSPQ-76 Breccia Badenian no no no yes 358 588001 5313173 ALSPQ-77 Breccia Badenian no no no no 431 587946 5313190 ALSPQ-78 Breccia Badenian no no no yes 169 588035 5313132 ALSPQ-79 Breccia Badenian no no no no 133 587929 5313137 ALSPQ-80 Breccia Badenian no no no no 3353 586434 5313796 ALSPQ-81 Breccia Badenian no no no no 562 584596 5314946 ALSPQ-82 ? ? no no no no 736 584386 5314892 ALSPQ-83 ? ? no no no no 223 584487 5314817 ALSPQ-84 ? ? no no no no 128 584468 5314786 Table 2: Possible quarries interpreted from the ALS data (2006 – 2010), arranged into the six quarry regions. Quarries not exactly marked with GBA mining archive points, but within 100 m have been connected with those and the distance is written next to the GBA number. Lithologies and strati- graphic age have been taken from the geological map as well as GBA mining archive and the ages from the geological map. Uncertain entries are marked with a question mark. In some cases, quarries cover more than one lithology or age. While the 1:12 500 maps of the Third military survey are very accurate, the coordinate uncertainties increase with higher ages, therefore in some cases the connection of quarries mapped in the DTM visual- ization with quarries in the historic maps is not always straight forwards. To increase clarity, quarries mapped in the DTM, which have been mapped in historical maps are colored in the same colors also used in the GIS project. The coordinates in the last two columns represent the location of the shape´s centroid in UTM 33N and WGS 84 coordinate system. 62 Erich Draganits et al. TABLE 3 – Shallow quarries located in the ALS terrain models Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-0 078/294 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3527 633760 5317728 ALSSQ-1 078/294 (57 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 73 633737 5317686 ALSSQ-2 078/294(65 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 980 633758 5317672 ALSSQ-3 078/294 (49 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 179 633778 5317796 ALSSQ-4 078/322 (32 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 842 633466 5317572 ALSSQ-5 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 433 633304 5317632 ALSSQ-6 078/322 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 25810 633378 5317563 ALSSQ-7 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1190 633700 5317314 ALSSQ-8 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1243 633970 5317432 ALSSQ-9 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 107 633345 5317870 ALSSQ-10 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2378 633374 5317878 ALSSQ-11 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 37 633416 5317889 ALSSQ-12 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 118 633422 5317884 ALSSQ-13 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 135 633436 5317911 ALSSQ-14 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 270 633454 5317914 ALSSQ-15 060/184 (57 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1556 633498 5317878 ALSSQ-16 060/184 (57 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1490 633517 5317910 ALSSQ-17 060/184 (11 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1409 633577 5317887 ALSSQ-18 060/184 (31 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 294 633579 5317854 ALSSQ-19 060/184 (89 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 712 633476 5317949 ALSSQ-20 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1366 633511 5317989 ALSSQ-21 060/184 (37 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5359 633574 5317973 ALSSQ-22 Leithakalk Badenian no near no near 110 629581 5316911 ALSSQ-23 Leithakalk Badenian no near no near 440 629644 5316927 ALSSQ-24 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 960 629651 5316914 ALSSQ-25 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 518 629678 5316923 ALSSQ-26 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 2325 629696 5316907 ALSSQ-27 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1890 627886 5316035 ALSSQ-53 ? Badenian no no no no 2667 633452 5317995 ALSSQ-54 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 744 633189 5317570 ALSSQ-55 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1283 633229 5317541 ALSSQ-56 ? Badenian no no no no 2078 633307 5317976 ALSSQ-57 ? Badenian no no no no 1253 633350 5318113 ALSSQ-58 ? Badenian no no no no 3154 633454 5318131 ALSSQ-59 ? Badenian no no no no 151 633392 5318098 ALSSQ-69 060/184 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3765 633498 5317825 ALSSQ-70 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 339 633993 5317476 Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-28 ? Sarmatian no no no no 694 619786 5303516 ALSSQ-29 ? Sarmatian no no no no 181 619727 5303543 ALSSQ-30 ? Sarmatian no no no no 318 619738 5303517 63 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSSQ-31 ? Sarmatian no no no no 100 619700 5303503 ALSSQ-32 ? Sarmatian no no no no 86 619753 5303500 ALSSQ-33 ? Sarmatian no no no no 149 619773 5303486 ALSSQ-34 ? Sarmatian no no no no 152 619470 5303738 ALSSQ-35 ? Sarmatian no no no no 86 619495 5303736 ALSSQ-36 ? Sarmatian no no no no 254 619729 5303451 ALSSQ-44 ? Sarmatian no no no no 263 619622 5303733 ALSSQ-45 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 290 613034 5304826 ALSSQ-46 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 103 613062 5304820 ALSSQ-47 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 97 613012 5304875 ALSSQ-60 ? Sarmatian no no no no 52 619748 5303484 ALSSQ-61 ? Sarmatian no no no no 299 619712 5303469 ALSSQ-62 ? Sarmatian no no no no 243 619701 5303520 ALSSQ-63 ? Sarmatian no no no no 36 619719 5303526 ALSSQ-64 ? Sarmatian no no no no 159 619758 5303476 ALSSQ-65 ? Sarmatian no no no no 141 619800 5303495 ALSSQ-66 ? Sarmatian no no no no 440 619716 5303495 ALSSQ-67 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 1083 620156 5304536 ALSSQ-68 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 278 620201 5304622 Quarry Region Rust Hills (RH) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-37 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 3691 622313 5295980 ALSSQ-38 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 94 622237 5295949 ALSSQ-39 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 115 622248 5295934 ALSSQ-40 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 112 622373 5296020 ALSSQ-41 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 1353 622260 5295992 ALSSQ-42 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 641 622413 5296053 ALSSQ-43 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 188 622450 5296094 Quarry Region Hundsheim Mountains (HM) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-51 Leithakalk Badenium no near no no 1812 643372 5332512 ALSSQ-52 061/008 (62 m) Leithakalk Badenium no near no near 472 643578 5332511 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW) ( Perchtoldsdorf to Bad Fischau) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-48 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 11657 586332,5 5321429,2 ALSSQ-49 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 586 586327,3 5321564,1 ALSSQ-50 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 15065 588532,7 5302882,5 Table 3: Shallow quarries interpreted from the ALS data (2006–2010), arranged into the six quarry regions. Quarries not exactly marked with GBA mining archive points, but within 100 m have been connected with those and the distance is written next to the GBA number. Lithologies and strati- graphic age have been taken from the geological map as well as GBA mining archive and the ages from the geological map. Uncertain entries are marked with a question mark. In some cases, quarries cover more than one lithology or age. While the 1:12 500 maps of the Third military survey are very accurate, the inaccuracies increase with higher ages, therefore in some cases the connection of quarries mapped in the DTM visualization with quarries in the historic maps is not always straight forwards. To increase clarity, quarries mapped in the DTM, which have been mapped in historical maps are colored in the same colors also used in the GIS project. The coordinates in the last two columns represent the location of the shape´s centroid in UTM 33N and WGS 84 coordinate system. 64 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 4 – Numbers and sizes of quarries Minimum Maximum Mean Sum of all Period Data Quarry Region Number Type area area area areas 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area 479 Quarries 49 790.552 10.155 4.847.724 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE 134 Quarries 96 101.059 6.550 877.640 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW 100 Quarries 160 790.552 18.710 1.870.976 2006–2010 ALS RH 25 Quarries 101 77.444 7.994 199.860 2006–2010 ALS HM 48 Quarries 49 572.869 17.206 825.900 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW 23 Quarries 176 26.779 4.755 109.361 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW 149 Quarries 172 123.941 6.470 963.987 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area 106 Possible quarries 48 20.994 1.887 200.030 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE 18 Possible quarries 78 5.650 1.310 23.586 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW 19 Possible quarries 48 9.815 1.894 35.989 2006–2010 ALS RH 18 Possible quarries 50 10.912 1.825 32.857 2006–2010 ALS HM 15 Possible quarries 110 12.802 1.811 27.163 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW 11 Possible quarries 967 20.994 6.453 58.075 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW 27 Possible quarries 91 3.418 828 22.360 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area 71 Shallow quarries 36 25.810 1.584 112.475 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE 37 Shallow quarries 37 25.810 1.924 71.185 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW 22 Shallow quarries 36 1.083 250 5.504 2006–2010 ALS RH 7 Shallow quarries 94 3.691 885 6.194 2006–2010 ALS HM 2 Shallow quarries 472 1.812 1.142 2.284 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW - - - - - - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW 3 Shallow quarries 586 15.065 9.103 27.308 Walter Map Maps Whole study area 32 Quarries 4.268 19.154 9.423 301.537 Walter Map Maps LM-NE 13 Quarries 4.279 15.368 8.909 115.814 Walter Map Maps LM-SW 10 Quarries 6.523 19.154 12.574 125.741 Walter Map Maps RH 6 Quarries 4.268 9.573 6.669 40.013 Walter Map Maps HM 3 Quarries 5.206 9.461 6.656 19.969 Walter Map Maps VB-NW - - - - - - Walter Map Maps VB-SW - - - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps Whole study area 23 Quarries 1.418 48.843 12.073 277.681 1st Military Survey Maps LM-NE 9 Quarries 1.418 48.843 17.970 161.731 1st Military Survey Maps LM-SW 5 Quarries 3.219 19.876 8.421 42.103 1st Military Survey Maps RH 3 Quarries 2.161 10.593 5.404 16.212 1st Military Survey Maps HM 2 Quarries 11.727 24.647 18.187 36.374 1st Military Survey Maps VB-NW - - - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps VB-SW 4 Quarries 1.631 11.922 5.315 21.261 2nd Military Survey Maps Whole study area 54 Quarries 553 102.005 9.828 530.714 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-NE 7 Quarries 913 76.256 20.475 143.326 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-SW 14 Quarries 998 22.865 8.113 113.578 2nd Military Survey Maps RH 9 Quarries 553 102.005 15.267 137.399 2nd Military Survey Maps HM 1 Quarries 38.810 38.810 38.810 38.810 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-NW 2 Quarries 650 2.099 1.375 2.749 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-SW 21 Quarries 686 32.315 4.517 94.852 3rd Military Survey Maps Whole study area 327 Quarries 99 264.896 5.974 1.950.914 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-NE 87 Quarries 304 48.705 5.952 517.794 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-SW 83 Quarries 131 60.016 4.511 374.396 3rd Military Survey Maps RH 21 Quarries 609 101.651 8.581 180.199 3rd Military Survey Maps HM 34 Quarries 99 8.908 1.829 62.196 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-NW 22 Quarries 279 70.422 7.769 170.919 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-SW 77 Quarries 138 264.896 8.382 645.410 66 Erich Draganits et al. tion of the quarries and inactive quarries; Table 4 summa- regular terrain with abundant rock fragments and there- rizes their respective numbers, as well as their minimum, fore these areas usually are not useful for agriculture and maximum, mean and total areas for each quarry regions become overgrown by vegetation. As a result, virtually (Fig. 2). all inactive quarries that were outlined using ALS data are situated in forested areas (Figs 1, A1), where these data are extremely useful (see also Doneus et al., 2008; 7. Discussion Doneus and Briese, 2010; Doneus and Kühtreiber, 2013). In a broad sense, quarry areas can be compared with During ALS interpretation, the ALS data were mainly visu- palimpsests of textual studies, because in both cases old- alized in a combination of elevation, overlain by hillshade er remains are erased or partly erased by younger stone (50 % transparency) and slope (50 % transparency), all in extraction (e.g. Fig. 4d). In the case of quarries, older quar- grey shades (Figs. 3b, 4b). ries commonly have been enlarged partly or completely Aerial photography was used to a lesser extent. For by younger ones. Quarries outlined in historical maps of- example, no high-resolution ALS was available for the fer a snapshot on the existence of quarries at the time of southern part of the Rust Mountains in Hungary, and mapping. The significance of maps concerning quarries therefore the interpretation of the quarries depended strongly depends on various factors, including the scale, just on aerial and satellite photography. Consequently, accuracy and specific aim of the different maps, as well hardly any quarries could be detected, although several as the skills, time and motivation of the map maker (Figs. quarries are shown in historical maps (Fig. A3c-f). 4d-h). It seems that historical maps – with a few (poten- Due to large scale surface modifications by building tially very interesting) exceptions – show active quarries. activities in Vienna, former quarries are hardly recogniz- This is a big difference to the geoarchaeological prospec- able in the DTM data within the city. As an example, in tion of quarries in ALS data visualizations, because there, the 18th district of Vienna (Währing), in the area of the any (preserved) unnatural, quarry-like surface depression Türkenschanzpark there have been several sand pits in the targeted rock types was mapped as potential quar- (Schmieger, 1924). Only some areas, for example the Stein­ ry and therefore they include a much larger time range grueb, provided sandstone of good quality. According to than quarries recorded in historical maps. Schmieger (1924) this quarry was located at the place of the St. Josef church, in the so-called Weinhaus area, more precisely between Gentzgasse and the Sternwartepark, 7.1 Visibility of quarries in airborne laser scanning and provided building stones for the fortifications of Vi- data and aerial photography enna and was partly also used for the construction of the Clearly, size matters for the recognition of any struc- Karlskirche in the 4th district of Vienna. Due to large scale ture in remote sensing data. No minimum quarry area modifications by buildings, these former extraction sites was defined at the beginning of our geoarchaeological do not show up well in the ALS data or aerial photogra- remote sensing prospection. Interestingly, the minimum phy. Therefore, historical maps (e.g. Marinoni, ca. 1717) 2 2 2 areas documented 49 m , 48 m and 36 m , for quarries, combined with written sources are a more successful ap- possible quarries and shallow quarries, respectively, is proach in heavily overbuilt areas. surprisingly similar. Probably, these sizes are a reasonable In comparison with other quarry regions, the low num- minimum detection limit, considering the resolution of ber of quarries visible in the ALS data in the Quarry Region the ALS data (1x1 m), these areas represent about 6x6 to Vienna Basin Northwest is conspicuous (Tab. 4, Fig. A5). 7x7 pixels and it is difficult to recognize smaller structures This is surprising, especially because this region is clos- as quarries. Probably, smaller quarries can be recognized est to Vindobona/Vienna, with an expected high building in a targeted survey of smaller study areas, complement- stone demand from the Roman period onwards. The low ed by feedback loops between remote sensing interpre- number of quarries in the ALS data could be explained by tation and outcrop studies. the enormous surface modifications, especially in the last The specific challenge of remote sensing studies of two centuries. However, also the historical maps of this quarries is, that – for practical reasons – younger quar- region show low number of quarries and therefore this ries commonly extend older ones and thus erase them situation may point to additional factors, for example the partly or completely. Additionally, inactive quarries are preference of specific rock types and/or qualities, which frequently used as dumping areas and thus may become were not found in these areas, or the exploitation of oth- hardly visible in ALS data or aerial imagery. The same is er rock types, e.g. sandstone from the Flysch Unit. true for underground quarries, which are just detectable, The west side of the Vienna Basin shows a compara- if their entrance area is large enough and/or indicated by ble higher number of quarries lacking quarry mining spoil heaps. Many former quarries in solid rock leave ir- data points of the Geological Survey of Austria than Table 4 (left page): Comparison of the sizes and numbers of the documented quarries from different quarry regions, based on the ALS interpretation and from historical maps of different ages. Note the dramatic increase in quarry numbers and quarry area between the Second (1809–1846) and Third Military Surveys (1872–1880), probably related to building stone demands related to the building projects in the area of the former glacis and city wall of Vienna, starting in 1857. Additionally, the more detailed mapping scale of the Third Military Survey may also contribute to the higher number of quarries. 67 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 5 – Lithostratigraphic content of the quarries Period Data Quarry Region Type Badenian Sarmatian Pannonian 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area Quarries 342 119 27 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE Quarries 80 45 1 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW Quarries 76 30 3 2006–2010 ALS RH Quarries 25 - - 2006–2010 ALS HM Quarries 33 14 2 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW Quarries 9 14 - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW Quarries 119 15 21 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area Possible quarries 71 26 - 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE Possible quarries 10 3 - 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW Possible quarries 15 5 - 2006–2010 ALS RH Possible quarries 16 - - 2006–2010 ALS HM Possible quarries 6 9 - 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW Possible quarries 2 9 - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW Possible quarries 24 - - 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area Shallow quarries 52 19 - 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE Shallow quarries 37 - - 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW Shallow quarries 3 19 - 2006–2010 ALS RH Shallow quarries 7 - - 2006–2010 ALS HM Shallow quarries 2 - - 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW - - - - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW Shallow quarries 3 - - Walter Map Maps Whole study area Quarries 21 11 - Walter Map Maps LM-NE Quarries 8 6 - Walter Map Maps LM-SW Quarries 6 3 - Walter Map Maps RH Quarries 16 - - Walter Map Maps HM Quarries 1 2 - Walter Map Maps VB-NW - - - - Walter Map Maps VB-SW - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps Whole study area Quarries 17 9 - 1st Military Survey Maps LM-NE Quarries 6 6 - 1st Military Survey Maps LM-SW Quarries 2 3 - 1st Military Survey Maps RH Quarries 3 - - 1st Military Survey Maps HM Quarries 2 - - 1st Military Survey Maps VB-NW - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps VB-SW Quarries 4 - - 2nd Military Survey Maps Whole study area Quarries 33 18 3 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-NE Quarries 3 4 - 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-SW Quarries 6 5 3 2nd Military Survey Maps RH Quarries 9 - - 2nd Military Survey Maps HM Quarries 1 - - 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-NW Quarries - 2 - 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-SW Quarries 14 7 - 3rd Military Survey Maps Whole study area Quarries 187 110 14 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-NE Quarries 44 45 1 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-SW Quarries 46 27 7 3rd Military Survey Maps RH Quarries 21 - - 3rd Military Survey Maps HM Quarries 17 6 - 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-NW Quarries 3 19 1 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-SW Quarries 56 13 5 Table 5: Comparison of the documented quarries concerning their lithostratigraphic contents. The partly slightly higher numbers in comparison to Table 4 result from the fact that some quarries contain more than one lithostratigraphic unit and are therefore counted more than one time. 68 -28% -8% Erich Draganits et al. other quarry regions (Tabs. 1–3). Possible reasons are: Whole study area (a) (i) different properties of the rocks, for example well- cemented conglomerates and breccia versus relatively soft sandstones in the Leitha Mountains and Hundsheim Mountains, affecting the preservation and visibility, (ii) differences in the rock types may cause different natural erosion features influencing ALS (over-)interpretation or (iii) regional bias of the quarry mining documentation, because this part has been less investigated by the GBA quarry projects compared with other areas. The interpretation, importance and age of the shallow quarries is especially difficult. Many of them are found in the Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast in Upper 1700 1800 1900 2000 Badenian and younger Corallinaceae grain- and rud- 10,000,000 stones at a level area in the eastern part of the Spittelberg Whole study area 4,848k (b) (community of Parndorf). As they are situated within the large military practicing ground (“Truppenübungsplatz”), 1,951k it cannot be excluded that they are related to surfaces modified by any kind of military practice. This interpre- 1,000,000 531k tation might be supported by the fact that similar “shal- low quarries” are also found on Schieferberg, about 2 km 302k 278k southwest of Spittelberg, but in Mesozoic dolomite mar- ble. There, it remains unclear if shallow quarries represent 100,000 an early stage of a quarry area, a different quarrying strat- egy or if their appearance has some age implications. However, Figure 3 shows a very nice example of a shal- low quarry (ALSSQ-51) from the saddle between Pfaffen- 10,000 berg and Hundsheimer Berg, which was visited in the 1700 1800 1900 2000 field. According to its appearance in the field it is a shal- low quarry, which is neither indicated in historical maps nor in the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria. This shallow quarry is located in a similar altitude Figure 6: Changes of quarries documented in the Walter Map and and only 700 m southeast of the Jupiter sanctuary, which the three military surveys of the whole study area. Values are based on Table 4 and rounded in this figure. As quarries documented in the was established by the soldiers of the first Roman legion ALS data lack any age information, they were not included into the cal- in Carnuntum, the Legio XV Apollinaris, on the plateau culation of the variations. Colored lines at the horizontal axis denote of the Pfaffenberg (Jobst, 2021) and entirely destroyed the period of the specific mapping campaign, data points have been by 1985 as a result of contemporary quarrying activities drawn at the middle of these periods, (a): Changes of the number of quarries between the different maps, (b): Changes of the sum of quar- (see also Thür, 2000; Gadermayr et al., 2014). This quarry ry areas between the different maps. might have been a very practical stone source in connec- tion with the construction of the different buildings of this temple district. map adds additional biases related to (1) scale of docu- mentation, (2) knowledge and techniques, (3) purpose of 7.2 Documentation of quarries in historical maps map, (4) personal abilities, knowledge, motivation, spe- Remote sensing is able to document Earth´s surface cific interests, etc., (5) time constraints. Hardly any map with easy access from above with constant parameters was originally created for the documentation of quarries, and detail; possible restrictions usually concern weather but commonly served military purposes, the documen- conditions (e.g. Opitz and Cowley, 2013). In contrast, his- tation of property boundaries or the calculation of tax. torical maps were measured and drawn by people from Therefore, compared with an orthophoto or airborne la- the ground, aiming for different purposes (e.g. Cowley et ser scan, a map is a highly biased source and any interpre- al., 2001; Cosgrove, 2008) and therefore there are many tation should consider this fact. possibilities for biases in map surveys e.g. (1) scale of This study documented all quarries from historical documentation, (2) surveying techniques, (3) purpose of maps and ALS data as shape files in a GIS environment surveying, (4) personal abilities, knowledge, motivation, and changes in number and area were calculated (Tab. 4, specific interests, etc., (5) time constraints, (6) weather Figs. 6, 7). Most quarry regions covered by the Walter Map conditions, (7) accessibility and visibility restrictions by (1754–1756) show a slight reduction in the number and topography and/or vegetation. Unfortunately, also the total area of quarries between the Walter Map and the redrawing of the field documentation creating a final First Military Survey (1773–1785) (Tab. 4, Fig. 7). In both +267% +135% +91% +506% Number of quarries Quarry area (m2) Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 -57% -59% -50% -50% -31% -22% -11% Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona 1000 10,000,000 Leitha Mountains NE Leitha Mountains NE (a) (b) 878k 100 1,000,000 518k 13 162k 143k 10 100,000 116k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Leitha Mountains SW Leitha Mountains SW (c) (d) 1,870k 100 1,000,000 374k 126k 10 100,000 114k 42k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Rust Hills Rust Hills (e) (f) 100 1,000,000 25 200k 180k 9 137k 10 100,000 40k 16k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 Figure 7 (p. 70, 71): Changes of quarries documented in the Walter Map and the three military surveys separated into the different quarry areas (Fig. 2). Values are shown in a logarithmic scale and are based on Table 4 and rounded in this figure. As quarries documented in the ALS data lack any age in- formation, they were not included into the calculation of the variations. Colored lines at the horizontal axis denote the period of the specific mapping campaign, data points have been drawn at the middle of these periods. Changes of the number between the different maps are on the left side of the figure, changes of the sum of quarry areas between the different maps on the right side. maps the general numbers are low and the slight differ- The dramatic increase in number and total area of ences could be related by the differences in the mapping recorded quarries from the Second Military Survey scale, 1:14000 and 1:28000, respectively. The differences (1809–1846) to the Third Military Survey (1872–1880) in concerning quarries between the First Military Survey all quarry regions is striking; the quarry number increases and the Second Military Survey are regionally differenti- by 506 % and quarry area by 267 % (Tab. 4, Figs. 5, 6, 7). ated. There is a markedly increase in quarry number and The most important contributing factor is probably the area in the quarry regions Leitha Mountains Southwest, strongly increased building activity in Vienna during the Rust Hills and Vienna Basin Southwest. In contrast the so-called Ringstraßen-Period, when the outdated fortifi- quarry region Leitha Mountains Northeast shows a slight cation wall, trenches and glacis of Vienna were levelled decrease in both, quarry number and area, while the and this large area covered with a large building program quarry region Hundsheim Mountains shows a reduction (Karrer, 1886; Kieslinger, 1972). The demand for building of the number of quarries by 50 % but a slight increase in stone was so large that nearby quarries could not deliv- quarry area by 7 % (Tab. 4, Figs. 5, 7). er enough building stones and a part was brought from +31% +40% +133% +170% +180% +261% +200% +230% +493% +748% +1143% Number of quarries Number of quarries Number of quarries Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 -33% -50% Erich Draganits et al. 1000 10,000,000 Hundheim Mountains Hundheim Mountains 4,848k (g) (h) 826k 100 1,000,000 10 100,000 62k 39k 36k 20k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Vienna Basin - Northwest Vienna Basin - Northwest 4,848k (i) (j) 100 1,000,000 22 23 171k 109k 10 100,000 3k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Vienna Basin - Southwest Vienna Basin - Southwest (k) (l) 964k 100 1,000,000 645k 10 100,000 95k 21k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 remote areas, including Aflenz near Leibnitz (Styria, the last group should be prioritized for a ground check in Austria) as well as Mokrice und Ormož (Slovenia) (Hauer, a quest for Roman quarries. 1873; Karrer, 1886; Seemann and Summesberger, 1999). In this context, quarries indicated as old or inactive Another important factor for the large number of quar- in historical maps deserve further investigation: Wal- ries in the maps of the Third Military Survey is most likely ter Map (1754–1756): WMIQ-0, Breitenbrunn, Badenian; also their larger scale (most areas at 1:12 500) compared Second Military Survey (1809–1818): 2MSIQ-0, between with the Second Military Survey (1:28 800). Brunn am Gebirge und Perchtoldsdorf, Pannonian and Several of the quarries mapped in the ALS data nev- Third Military Survey (1872–1880): 3MSIQ-0, Winden, SW er showed up in the historical maps (Tabs. 1–3, Fig. A7). of Hackelsberg, Badenian; 3MSIQ-1, 3MSIQ-7-9, Winden, There are several possibilities: i) they existed at the time Gruibert, Badenian; 3MSIQ-2, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, of the survey but have not been mapped – for whatever Kirchenberg, Badenian; 3MSIQ-3, Bad Deutsch-Alten- reason, ii) these quarries are younger than the surveys burg, northwest of Pfaffenberg, Badenian; 3MSIQ-4, (i.e. after 1873, younger than the Third Military Survey), iii) Atzgersdorf, Sarmatian; 3MSIQ-5, 3MSIQ-6, Fertőrákos, these quarries are older than the surveys (i.e. before 1754, Badenian; 3MSIQ-10-11, Wien, Döbling, Sarmatian; older than the Walter Map) and were not recognizable as 3MSIQ-12, Stotzing, Badenian. They are indicated in the quarries at the time of the surveys; specifically quarries of maps for example by (i) written description, e.g. “Alter +7% +60% +82% +266% +346% +425% +580% +1000% +3300% +6117% Number of quarries Number of quarries Number of quarries Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 Steinbruch” (WMIQ-0), (ii) unclear outline, no quarry sym- specific type of lithology was discovered only recently, bol, no road connection (e.g. 3MSIQ-0), (iii) very irregular for example the Badenian stromatolites from the south topography (e.g. 3MSIQ-1, 3MSIQ-3) or (iv) just by a steep side of the Sopron Hills (Harzhauser et al., 2014). face (e.g. 3MSIQ-12). Of the 479 quarries recorded in ALS data, 198 (41 %) are not recorded in the quarry data base of the Geological Survey of Austria (Tab. 1), most of them in the western 7.3 Geological factors Vienna Basin. Of the 108 possible quarries mapped in There are hardly any archaeological prospection and ALS data, 88 (83 %) are not recorded in the quarry data survey projects, which do not use geological information base (Tab. 2) and of the 71 shallow quarries, 56 (79 %) are in one way or another. Usually, there are neither time nor not recorded in the quarry data base (Tab. 3). Finally, 30 financial resources for geological mapping specifically probable burial mounds have been interpreted in the for an archaeological study and consequently existing ALS data. geological maps are used. It is therefore fundamental Interpreted quarries were associated with data points to understand general aspects of geological mapping of the quarry data base of the Geological Survey of – without going into detail concerning technical and Austria, when they were located within 100 m distance methodological considerations. Generally, and especially (Figs. 3d, 4d). Of the three different quarry types mapped in the context of a geoarchaeological study related to the in the ALS data, 59 % of the quarries, but only 17 % of location of quarries, one of the most important parame- the possible quarries and 21 % of the shallow quarries are ters is the particular scale at which geological maps are in the data base of the Geological Survey of Austria. This produced, because it has a tremendous impact on the fact can be explained by the generally smaller and less information available. A scale of 1:50000 is a very com- eye-catching appearance of the latter two types. Addi- mon map scale, which means that 1 mm on the map cor- tionally, the association between mining data base point responds with 50 m in nature. As 1 mm is more or less the and interpreted quarry is not always straight forwards, minimum size of features that can be drawn or printed because data base positions were originally taken from on maps, this means that a geological map at a scale of maps or later measured with hand-held GPS devices, 1:50000 generally does not contain rock occurrences be- which may measure inaccurate positions, especially in low 250 m or layers below apparent 50 m thickness. forested areas, where most of the old quarries are situ- A map is a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimen- ated. sional geological reality and there is a close link between With a few exceptions, showing small areas (e.g. Figs. lithostratigraphy and mapping: “Lithostratigraphic units 3c, 4c, 10c), geological information has not been includ- are bodies of rocks, bedded or unbedded, that are defined ed in the figures of this work to increase the visibility of and characterized on the basis of their lithologic properties the mapped quarries. The GIS data of all documented and their stratigraphic relations. Lithostratigraphic units are quarries of this study have been included into the online the basic units of geologic mapping” (Murphy and Salva- Supplement C and their geological context can easily be dor, 1999). This relationship is crucial because the con- accessed from the Web Map Service (WMS) of the Geo- tent of geological maps is based on formations, defined logical Survey of Austria (https://www.geologie.ac.at/en/ by their lithological properties, and by the ability to map services/web-services). them, which is a combination of the ability to recognize The combination of high-resolution topography them in the field and the minimum size of their occur- from ALS data with geological information, e.g. orienta- rence, which depends – as mentioned above – on the tion of bedding and lithostratigraphy, is commonly im- mapping scale, or in the words of Murphy and Salvador portant for understanding the location of quarries. For (1999): “No formation is considered justifiable and useful example, the Sarmatian sandstones in the area of the that cannot be delineated at the scale of geologic mapping Türkenschanzpark in Vienna show more or less horizon- practiced in the region.” tal bedding and are covered by several meters of loose What can we learn from above discussion for a study sand. Therefore, the large artificial surface modifications on quarries: (i) in prehistory and in many archaeological in the park area are mainly related to 19th century sand periods, rock occurrences below 250 m may have been pits, while most of the quarries are located at lower levels economically important and therefore, possible occur- in the Gentzgasse and Krottenbachstraße, where these rences that might be relevant for archaeological ques- sandstones were cropping out (Fig. A5d). tions, are possibly not indicated in geological maps, (ii) Table 5 shows the chronostratigraphic age of the cal- as geological maps show the geological formations on careous sandstone and limestone of the documented Earth´s surface, exploited rocks might be covered by a quarries. The three types of quarries recorded in the ALS thin cover of other rocks or sediments and might not be data, are clearly dominated by the Badenian stage (465 indicated in geological maps in this area and (iii) in many quarries) compared with the Sarmatian (164 quarries) cases exploited rocks just comprise a couple of meters and Pannonian (27 quarries). The quarries recorded in thick layers or beds, which are commonly not separately the historical maps show a very similar distribution, Bad- indicated in geological maps, (iv) one color in the map enian (258 quarries), Sarmatian (148 quarries) and Pan- summarizes different variations of a lithology, or (v) a nonian (27 quarries). Interestingly, there are no quarries 72 (a) (b) Figure 8: Graffito from the quarry northwest of Breitenbrunn (ALSQ-71, WMIQ-0), written into a slickenside of a subvertical nor- mal fault, (a): Overview showing the southwest part of the normal fault (Fault surface: 100/71, Lineation: 038/59). The position of the graffito is indicated by the arrow; yellow retractable pencil for scale is 14.7 mm long, (b): Close up of the graffito reading “PWS. 1835.” (GPS: UTM33, 628712 E, 5312632 N, 211 m asl). (a) b) c) (b) (c) Figure 9: Quarry face with pick marks and graffiti from the large quarry 1.8 km west-southwest of Au am Leithaberge (1MSQ-0, 2MSQ-18, 3MSQ-125, ALSQ-243, Tabs. 1, B2–B4 and Fig A2), (a): Overview of the quarry face (trending 320–140) with the location of the graffiti indicated. Details of the pick marks and graffiti are unfortunately obscured by sediment washed down the rock face, (b): Several unclear graffiti higher up in the quarry face, (c): Graffito probably reading “Karrer F. 1897” (GPS: UTM 33, 614781 m E, 5308054 m N, 231 m asl). The graffito is most likely related to Felix Karrer (1825–1903), the bustling investigator of the Neo- gene sediments in the Vienna Basin and founder of the important building stone collection of the National History Museum Vienna (Berwerth, 1903). 73 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona documented in Pannonian sandstone in the Walter Map scape there would have been much more difficult. The (1754–1756) and First Military Survey (1773–1785), they drawback of this area, however, are the still ongoing in- only appear on younger maps (Tab. 5). tensive quarrying activities since the 19th century, which destroyed a lot of evidence (Fig. 10). The key study Bad Deutsch-Altenburg measures only < 5 km , or only 0.5 % 7.4 Age information of the whole ca. 950 km large study area, but nicely Age determination of quarries from remote sensing shows the potential of our geoarchaeological prospec- data is obviously challenging and demands observa- tion approach. tions in the field, usually requires intensive surveys and/ Figure 10d shows the interpretation of the quarryscape or excavations (e.g. Mackensen, 2010; Karl, 2021). Age of the Pfaffenberg near Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, based estimates based on quarrying traces usually are doubt- on a combination of different kinds of data, including ful, because quarrying techniques remained almost un- satellite imagery, a high resolution digital elevation mod- changed for centuries. Additionally, work traces are more el, geological map and historical maps. The evolution of intensively studied for marble quarries (e.g. Waelkens et this small quarry area reflects the evolution of the whole al., 1990; Karl, 2021), but to a much less extent in porous study area. Only few quarries (2) are indicated in the First calcareous sandstone, which is much softer and thus al- Military Survey (1773–1781), even fewer (1) in the Second lows for different techniques (e.g. Wurster, 1969; Soles, Military Survey (1809–1818) and a dramatic increase in 1983; Korres, 1988; 2000). Additionally, porous calcarenite quarries (21) in the Third Military Survey (1872–1873). The and sandstone quarry faces are much less weathering re- ALS interpretation shows 33 quarries and a shallow quar- sistant and thus traces are strongly weathered (Fig. 8b) or ry (ALSSQ-51), which was already mentioned above. Of commonly lost. the quarries in the ALS data, many have been mapped in In our study, the use of historical maps, photos and the historical maps, but not all (Fig. 10d), which are po- paintings of quarries turned out to be very useful for tentially interesting. Even more important are two areas, providing some time information of quarries. All of these directly northwest and west of the Pfaffenberg, which sources represent time slices allowing broad age esti- are suspicious by their very irregular, rough, “unnatural” mation. Additionally, historical maps and images may terrain indicated in the map by Streffleur (ca. 1840) and show quarries, that have been destroyed completely by in the Third Military Survey (1872–1873), full of irregular subsequent quarries or which are refilled completely and small hills and depressions (Fig. 10e). For all these rea- therefore are not visible in ALS data. Historical maps also sons, these areas have been interpreted as inactive quar- contain additional information, for example: “Alter Stein- ries (3MSIQ-2, 3MSIQ-3) (Table B4). Both areas have never bruch” (old quarry), or names of former owners (Walter been drawn as quarries, neither in any historical map – 1754–1756). Last but not least historical maps document also including the maps by Anonymous (ca. 1828), Stref- variations in the number of quarries and quarry areas fleur (ca. 1840) and Burgerstein (1882) – nor in the ALS (Tab. 4). Further, rare graffiti found on some quarry faces data (Figs. A4, 10), nor in historical records (Geng-Sesztak (Figs. 8, 9) represent a minimum age indication as well as and Springer, 2000). The area northwest of Pfaffenberg is a control for the map information. For example, the graf- almost completely destroyed by later road building and fito from the ALSQ-71 quarry northwest of Breitenbrunn a railway line and is not further discussed here (Fig. 10). reading “PWS. 1835.”, represents a minimum age limit for The irregular terrain indicated in the Third Military Sur- the quarry. Interestingly, the only map that shows a quar- vey (1872–1873) (3MSIQ-3), is located in the area of the ry there is the map by Walter (1754–1756) (WMIQ-0). present railway station of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, the Hainburgerstraße and northeast of Neustiftgasse (Fig. 10). Groller (1900, Tafel I, Lageplan B) indicates small irreg- 7.5 Key study Bad Deutsch­ Altenburg ular depressions in this area and a railway line, which is The region of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg has been select- neither indicated in the Third Military Survey (1872–1873) ed, because of its proximity to Carnuntum and the exis- nor in the map of Burgerstein (1882). There, the geolog- tence of a plethora of relevant studies relating to quar- ical map indicates Badenian and Sarmatian sediments ries, concerning aspects of topography (Maynzeck, 1717; (Fuchs et al., 1985) (Fig. 10c). As none of the historical Walter, 1754–1756; First, Second and Third Military Sur- maps shows any quarries in this area, any possible quar- vey; Streffleur, ca. 1840), large-scale cadastral maps (Hen- rying activity should be older than the Walter Map (1754– ner, 1819), geology (Burgerstein, 1882; Karrer, 1900; Wes- 1756). There are also no historical accounts of quarries in sely, 1961; Fuchs et al., 1985; Pivko, 2012; Gadermayr et this area (Geng-Sesztag and Springer, 2000). Could it be al., 2014), archaeology (Tragau, 1897; Kandler, 2000; Thür, a Roman quarry? 2000), history (Lachmayer, 1999; Farka, 2000; Geng-Sesz- The area in question is located only ca. 1.5 km northeast tak et al., 2000) as well as historical photographs and of the Roman legionary fortress of Carnuntum, in a similar drawings (Farka, 2000; Geng-Sesztak et al., 2000; Spring- altitude range and directly at the Roman road from Car- er and Sacken, 2000). Without this exceptional amount nuntum along the Danube towards the east (Figs. 5, 10). of existing research data in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, in- Burgerstein (1882) carried out one of the first and most terpretations concerning the evolution of the quarry- detailed geological studies in Bad Deutsch- Altenburg 74 643800 643800 643800 641800 641800 641800 643800 643800 643800 641800 641800 641800 Erich Draganits et al. (a) (b) 5333000 5333000 500 m 500 m (c) (d) 061/007 061/007A 061/158 061/167 061/168 5333000 5333000 061/001 061/248 061/247 061/008 061/010B 061/246 061/002 061/008B 061/010C 500 m 500 m 061/250 (e) (f) 5333000 5333000 500 m 500 m Figure 10: Quarryscape of the Pfaffenberg in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and two possible Roman? quarries in the Quarry Region HM, (a): Satellite image, World Imagery, ESRI. Most quarries are hidden in the forests, (b): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data as combination of the DTM in gray shades, standard deviation stretch, 50 % transparent hillshade, azimuth 315° and 45° illumination angle, standard deviation stretch and 50 % transparent slope map with inverted standard deviation stretch. The red line indicates the position of the Roman road according to Groller (1902), (c): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data with the geological map by Fuchs et al. (1985), (d): Interpretation of the ALS visualization and historical maps: brown: quarries (First Military Survey); green: quarries (Second Military Survey); turquoise: quarries (Streffleur, c. 1840); blue: quarries (Third Military Survey); red: quarries (ALS data); light red: shallow quarry (ALS data). Bold numbers are points of the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria, (e): Third Military Survey (1872 – 1873) showing very uneven terrain north and northwest of Pfaffenberg, (f): “Römische? Schutthalden vom Nulliporen­ Kalk” (English: Roman? debris of corallinaceae limestone) in the map of Burgerstein (1882). 75 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona Figure 11: Sketch of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and Pfaffenberg towards east-northeast showing the very uneven topography of the area of the possible Roman? quarry (Burgerstein, 1882). Figure 12: Oil painting „Tumulus of Deutsch Altenburg“ in exhibition hall XIII of the Natural History Museum Vi- enna by Robert Russ (c. 1889) (photo: Alice Schumacher, NHM Wien) show- ing yellowish, relatively soft, hori- zontally bedded sedimentary rocks, probably quarried in different levels and towards the left the uneven to- pography, outlined in the Third Mili- tary Survey (Fig. 10). with a geological map at a scale of 1:12 500. Additionally, cutting, which cuts the hilly terrain; according to the in- he presents a landscape sketch of the Pfaffenberg and its sights gained during the road construction, this rubble foot from the west-southwest, giving the best depiction is possibly the (enormous) debris of old-Roman quarries of this relict possible quarry area (Fig. 11). (see Fig. 10f). Burgerstein (1882, 111–112) writes about this area: Robert Russ made an oil painting for the exhibition hall „Von der westlichen kleineren Leithaconglomeratmasse am XIII of the Natural History Museum Vienna, inaugurated in Südwest­ Abhange des Pfaffenberges … zieht sich gegen 1889 (Jovanovic-Kruspel and Schumacher, 2014), showing den Ort zu zerlapptes, sanfthügeliges Terrain, welches aus the northern part of the area under discussion towards einer Anhäufung von losen Nulliporenstücken oder Schutt the north with the tumulus and the church Mariae Him- von Nulliporenkalk besteht und auf der Karte für sich aus­ melfahrt on top of Kirchenberg in Bad Deutsch-Alten- geschieden ist; man sieht dieses Material an dem Chaus­ burg and the Danube in the background. The foreground seéeinschnitt, welcher die Hügelreihe durchschneidet, gut of the painting (Fig. 12) shows yellowish, relatively soft, aufgeschlossen; nach dem Einblick, den man bei Anlage der horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks, probably quar- Chausseé bekam, sind es möglicherweise die (dann colossa­ ried in different levels and towards the left the uneven len) Massen von Abraum aus altrömischen Steinbrüchen.“ topography, outlined in the Third Military Survey. (English: From the western, smaller Leitha conglomerate Another very important information in this context occurrence on the southwest slope of Pfaffenberg … to- is Tragau (1897, 195), writing about the excavation of wards the village, there is an irregular, hilly terrain, which one of the towers in the eastern flank of the legionary consists of an accumulation of loose Corallinaceae pieces fortress wall of Carnuntum: „Zur Verwendung kam das or fragments of Corallinaceae limestone, which was out- beste Gestein der Umgegend, Leithakalk aus den Brüchen lined on the map; the material is well exposed in the road des Hundsheimer­ , Pfaffen­ und Kirchenberges. Tatsäch ­ 76 Erich Draganits et al. lich fanden sich zwischen Deutsch­ Altenburg und dem Fuße Very similar areas, which have been mapped as uneven des Pfaffenberges (Tafel II, Abb. 2a) zahlreiche Abfälle von terrain in the Third Military Survey like the one discussed Steinzurichtung, welche mit dem im Lager und im Castell at the foot of Pfaffenberg include “Gruibert” in Winden am Stein verwendeten Material übereinstimmen“ (English: am See (3MSIQ-1, ALSQ-66) (see also Rohatsch, 2017) and The best rock of the surrounding was used, Leitha Kalk “Hoher Berg” in Stotzing (3MSIQ-12, ALSQ-237) (Tabs. 1, from the quarries of Hundsheimer Berg, Pfaffenberg and B4). Kirchenberg. Actually, between Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and the foot of Pfaffenberg (plate II, Fig. 2a), there is a lot of quarrying waste, which match in material the rocks 8. Outlook used in the camp and fortification am Stein). The present geoarchaeological remote sensing and Felix Karrer, one of the most eminent experts on historical map documentation of quarries in the southern th Neogene sediments in the Vienna Basin in the 19 cen- Vienna Basin, Leitha Mountains and Hundsheim Moun- tury and founder of the building stone collection of tains, the hinterland of the Roman legionary fortresses the Natural History Museum Vienna sampled the Car- and settlements of Vindobona and Carnuntum provides nuntum excavation for this collection. He described the a new, extensive and diachronic data base not only for Badenian limestones south of the railway station of Bad the Roman period, but also for quarrying since at least Deutsch-Altenburg “Nulliporenkalk” (Corallinaceae lime- the Bronze Age (e.g. Willvonseder, 1938; Berg, 1954; Kaus, stone) (Karrer, 1900, p. 4). Figure 13 shows a sample of a 1991), especially the 19th century (Schmid, 1894; Hanisch coralline algae rich rudstone from a house construction and Schmid, 1901; Schafarzik, 1909) and up to the pres- site in the Hainburgerstrasse 29. ent (Lachmayer, 1999; Heinrich et al., 2010). Additionally, As the area of this potential Roman quarry is by far the the documented quarries represent fundamental infor- closest (only 1.5 km distance) and easiest accessible out- mation for the Federal Monuments Authority Austria crop of Neogene calcareous sandstone (directly at the (Bundesdenkmalamt), which is responsible for the defini- Roman road between Carnuntum and Gerulata (Groller, tion of protected areas concerning cultural and industrial 1902) and at almost the same altitude as the city and le- heritage. gionary fortress Carnuntum) it is a prime candidate for Some desirable future research steps are summarized the stone supply for Carnuntum. The area is about 700 m here. Priority should be given to quarries, possible quar- long and 300 m wide, with a surface of 18 ha (Figs. 10, 11). ries and shallow quarries which have not been covered Using just the part, which is mapped as Badenian lime- by the database of the Geological Survey of Austria so far stone in the modern geological map (Fuchs et al., 1985), and those which have never been indicated in any of the the area is still 680 m long and 220 m wide with an area investigated historical maps. of 10 ha and thus ranges among the largest quarries and possible quarries in the study area (Tab. 4). 1) Documentation of bed thicknesses is very impor- tant, because this measurement controls the maximum producible block sizes and thus could be used as one pa- (a) rameter for provenance analyses. 2) The appearance of sediments may show large vari- ations in lateral and vertical directions, especially coastal deposits like the investigated Sarmatian and Badenian sandstone, calcarenites/-rudites and limestone of the present study. Thus, sampling of characteristic beds in quarries would tremendously improve the basis for prov- (b) enance analysis. Meta-data of samples should include precise GPS location and position in a detailed lithostrati- graphic section. Standardized rock samples could be in- cluded in the rock collections of the Geological Survey of Austria or the Natural History Museum. 3) Thin-sections of selected samples allowing for the study of the carbonate micro-facies, detrital clasts and especially the micro-fossil content are highly desirable. 1 cm Figure 13: Rock sample from the possible Roman? quarry in Bad 4) More knowledge about the local archaeological Deutsch-Altenburg (Fig. 10e, f ) from a house construction site at Hain- context of quarries (e.g. settlements, roads, etc.) is very burgerstraße 29, (a): Photography, (b): Scan of a polished section. important, archaeological surveys in quarries and sur- Rudstone, rich in coralline algae, foraminifera, bryozoans and Echi- roundings as well as the detailed comparison of archaeo- noidea fragments (Sample number ED20/BDS/3, GPS: UTM33, 642026 E, 5332929 N, 163 m asl). logical stone objects and rock samples. 77 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona 5) The evaluation of historical records like cadastral of Austria so far and those which have never been indi- registers, invoices of building projects (e.g. “Wiener Stadt­ cated in any of the investigated historical maps should be erweiterungsfonds”), tax records, etc. are very much need- investigated in more detail. ed. The prospection of old quarries is very challenging, because most of them have been quarried also in sub- 6) In 2019 the whole Burgenland was covered by new sequent periods, destroying virtually all pre-existing ALS data with 0.5 m resolution and new ortho-photos. traces. Therefore, areas with suspicious uneven terrain, Both are freely accessible under compliance to Creative which have never been outlined as quarries, or have Commons crediting the creator https://geodaten.bgld. been mapped as old quarries, or those which have been gv.at/de/downloads/hoehenmodelle-orthofotos.html. mapped as uneven areas – especially in the Third Military These data could be used to investigate quarry evolution Survey – represent highly interesting targets for more de- in comparison with the ALS data from 2010 used in the tailed studies. Examples represent areas northwest and present study. west of Pfaffenberg in Deutsch-Altenburg, “Gruibert” in Winden am See and “Hoher Berg” in Stotzing. Shallow 7) The calculation of the quarry areas is an important quarries, which neither appear in historical maps nor in progress compared with only point data, but as a next the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria, step the estimation of quarried rock volume is tempting. like the one from the saddle between Pfaffenberg and However, many uncertainties concerning post operation- Hunds heimer Berg, deserve more detailed field work as al erosion, filling and of course the extreme difficulties well. concerning age estimation recommend cautiousness. Last but not least, as archaeological prospection com- monly deals with the interpretation of Earth´s surface, 8) Quarry faces with tool traces shown in Figure 8 are which represents a combination of geological and an- still a hardly documented cultural heritage in the re- thropogenic formation processes, every archaeological search area and definitely deserve more attention. Espe- prospection needs at least partly geoarchaeological ex- cially the importance of the graffiti (Figs. 8, 9) concerning pertise. their meaning and chronological implications is hardly explored so far. Their 3-dimensional documentation (e.g. with image-based-modelling) is desirable. Civil drones Acknowledgements with cameras could be used to investigate the quarries This research was funded by the FWF project P 26368 in the proving ground at Bruckneudorf to avoid hazard “Stone monuments and Stone Quarrying in the Carnun- imposed by unexploded ammunition. tum – Vindobona Area”. Many thanks to Benedikt Gram- mer, Christian Gugl, Maria Heinrich, Barbara Hodits, So- phie Insulander, Isabella Kitz, Michaela Kronberger, Martin 9. Conclusions Mosser, Franz Ottner and Andreas Rohatsch for joyful co- Airborne laser scanning data provide a very useful, fast operation, fruitful discussion and support. Gerhard Dra- and cost-efficient method for the prospection and docu- ganits and Konstantina Saliari helped with logistics and mentation of quarries. As quarries are usually compara- their precious time. The kind support and interest in our bly large and well visible archaeological features, 1 x 1 m research by Franz Humer is kindly acknowledged. Many resolution is sufficient for their detection. In our study, thanks to Kathrin Pokorny-Nagel, head of the library of the combination of elevation with hill shade and slope the Museum und Labor für Angewandte Kunst (MAK) in were the preferred visualization during prospection. In Vienna, who kindly provided access to references from some areas a combination of elevation with slope and lo- the 18th century during Corona lockdown. We are very cal relief model as well as elevation with slope and open- grateful to Michael Hüttler from Hollitzer Wissenschafts­ ness improved interpretations. verlag for providing very kind access to the last exhibition There is hardly any age information of quarries in re- copy of the book and CDs by Springer and Sacken (2000). mote sensing data, therefore this documentation is a Michael Wagreich mentioned helpful literature about the diachronic inventory. In this context, the use of histori- Badenian of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg. Many thanks to the cal maps as well as historical photography and paintings Amt der Burgenländischen Landesregierung, Servicestelle turned out to be very useful, because they represent spe- Geodaten, and the Amt der Niederösterreichischen Landes­ cific time slices of their development and change. regierung, Abteilung Hydrologie und Geoinformation, for Documenting the outline of quarries in a GIS environ- access to high-resolution digital terrain data and aerial ment adds very important additional information con- photography. Many thanks to the Geological Survey of cerning extend and area compared with point informa- Austria for the access to the extensive and detailed GIS tion and should become standard in quarry research. quarry data base of their mining archive. 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Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona (Vienna Basin, Austria)

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de Gruyter
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© 2023 Erich Draganits et al., published by Sciendo
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2072-7151
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10.17738/ajes.2023.0003
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Abstract

We have documented quarries in Miocene limestone in the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hundsheim Mountains, Leitha Moun- tains and Rust Hills in high-resolution airborne laser scanning data and orthophotos aiming for a diachronic quarry inven- tory since the Roman period. The study region was divided into 6 quarry regions and the quarries of the whole study area as well as each separate region were analyzed concerning different rock types, mean, minimum and maximum quarry area and development in the different maps. Age information have been sought from historical maps, historical photog- raphy and paintings as well as quarry face graffiti. In total, 658 quarries, possible quarries and shallow quarries have been outlined in the detailed digital terrain models, which were compared with 453 quarries indicated in four generations of historical maps between the years 1754 to 1872. The numbers of quarries are generally low in the Walter map (1754–1756), the First Military Survey (1773–1785) and Second Military Survey (1809–1846) but increase tremendously in the maps of the Third Military Survey (1872–1873). Most old quarries were quarried also in subsequent periods, commonly destroying virtually all pre-existing traces. According to our results two types of quarries represent highly interesting targets for more detailed studies in the search for Roman quarries: (i) areas in historical maps with suspicious uneven terrain, which have never been outlined as quarries and areas that have been mapped as “old quarries” – especially in the Third Military Survey; examples represent areas northwest and west of Pfaffenberg in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg (Lower Austria), “Gruibert ” in Winden am See (Burgenland) and “Hoher Berg” in Stotzing (Burgenland); (ii) Shallow quarries, which neither appear in historical maps nor in the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria like the one from the saddle between Pfaffenberg and Hundsheimer Berg. 1. Introduction All kinds of building and construction materials are mer economic history, availability, networks and logistics very common and important commodities for human (Draganits et al., 2008; Κοκκορού-Αλευρά and Πουπάκη, society. Due to the high preservation potential of stone 2010; Russell, 2013a; 2013b; Djurić, 2019). The knowledge material, stone monuments (architecture and sculpture) about their possible provenance is also absolutely need- are especially abundant in the architectural and archae- ed for the location of possible replacement material in ological record (Pereira et al., 2015). The petrographic in- building restauration (Kieslinger, 1949; Kieslinger, 1972; vestigation of building stones is fundamental to analyze Rohatsch, 1991; McMillan et al., 1999; Favaretto et al., their lithological classification, geotechnical properties, 2000; Hudson and Cosgrove, 2019). Some building stones status of weathering, aesthetical esteem, reuse of ancient have become so important concerning their archaeolog- stones (e.g. Antonelli et al., 2016), reconstruction of for- ical, historical and architectonical significance that some 39 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona of them are scientifically designated as Global Heritage objects as well as provenance consideration are carried Stone Resource (GHSR) by the Heritage Stone Subcom- out by another group of the CarVin Project (e.g. Rohatsch mission (HSS) of the International Union of Geological et al., 2016; 2018; Moshammer et al., 2018). Sciences (IUGS) (Kaur et al., 2021). There is likewise growing interest in using knowledge about building stone lithologies for geo-tourism (e.g. Mc- 2. Study area Millan et al., 1999; Masriera et al., 2005; Dowling and New- This project aims at the quarrying and processing of some, 2018; Lezzerini et al., 2019) and/or geoeducation Neogene (mainly Middle Miocene), relatively porous, cal- (e.g. Seemann and Summesberger, 1999; Summesberg- careous sandstone sensu lato from the southern Vienna er and Seemann, 2008). Additionally, geoarchaeological Basin, Leitha Mountains and Hundsheim Mountains with investigation of building stones and their provenance focus on the Roman period. It concerns study area of ca. provides important results and interpretations of ar- 60 km by 60 km in north-south and east-west extension chaeological contexts and infrastructure (e.g. Papageor- which has been reduced to 950 km by geological pre- gakis and Mposkos, 1988; Draganits, 2009; Kerschner selection (Figs. 1, 2) [Figure numbers of figures in online and Prochaska, 2011). Finally, stone quarries themselves Supplement A start with the letter “A”]. Based on the ev- have come into the focus of research for their values of idence of stone cist graves from the Leitha Mountains archaeological/historical monuments on their own right and Lake Neusiedl area (e.g. Willvonseder, 1938; Berg, (e.g. Schaaff, 2016; Pearson et al., 2019; Karl, 2021), recog- 1954; Kaus, 1991), stone quarrying in this area dates back nizing their significance as “quarryscapes” (Abu-Jaber et at least to the early Late Bronze Age. An extraordinarily al., 2009) and geoheritage sites (e.g. Pereira et al., 2015; high number of stone monuments from the Roman pe- Bonomo et al., 2019). However, studies dedicated mainly riod (architecture, sculpture, various utensils) have been to the location and inventory of stone quarries like the Eu- found in this area (e.g. Kremer, 2012; <lupa.at>). The ma- rolithos research project on European ornamental stone terial used for marble monuments in Carnuntum has al- resources (https://www.eurolithos.org) are very rare. ready partly been investigated in another study (Kremer The present study is part of the Austrian Science Fund et al., 2009; Unterwurzacher et al., 2010; Unterwurzacher project P 26368 “Stone monuments and Stone Quarrying and Uhlir, 2012). Consequently, our focus in this project in the Carnuntum – Vindobona Area” (CarVin), dedicat- are the building and sculptural stone quarries in the Hin- ed to the documentation, interdisciplinary analysis and terland of Carnuntum and Vindobona, two important study of Roman stone monuments and their provenance Roman centers at the northern border of the Roman (e.g. Rohatsch et al., 2016; Kremer et al., 2018; Rohatsch et Empire. From the beginning, geological information was al., 2018; Kremer et al., 2021). integrated into the interpretation of the remote sensing Generally, stone quarries and even abandoned stone data. Mining sites for different types of rocks, e.g. marble quarries are comparably larger and – because they were (Unterwurzacher et al., 2010), the radiolarite mining sites cut into solid rock – better preserved and visible, especial- in Vienna (Trnka, 2011; Schmitsberger et al., 2019) or po- ly in airborne laser scanning (ALS) derived terrain models tentially interesting small granite quarries in the Hunds- than many other archaeological features (e.g. Opitz and heim Mountains have been left aside. Cowley, 2013). Additionally, different rock types may The southern Vienna Basin and surrounding has been show enormous differences concerning their composi- selected as key study area because (i) this region shows tion, hardness, weathering resistance, natural splitting quarr ying activit y at least since the Roman presence from properties, natural fractures, bedding etc., which not the Augustan period onwards, (ii) the study area is the only define their possible use but also maximum block Hinterland of the important Roman legionary fortresses sizes and quarrying techniques. For example, the outline and civil settlements of Carnuntum and Vindobona with of quarries and quarrying traces are generally different a documented high usage of local stone material (Kron- in granite, gneiss, limestone or porous sandstone (e.g. berger et al., 2010, Gadermayr et al., 2014; Kremer et al., Waelkens et al., 1990; Eppensteiner, 1999; Abu-Jaber et 2018; Rohatsch et al., 2018), (iii) the area contains various al., 2009). landscapes ranging from flat to hilly and mountainous, The main aims of our research are (i) the diachronic covered by different vegetation types from grassland and multi-method geoarchaeological remote sensing to forests – thus allowing for testing different visualiza- prospection of stone quarries in Neogene calcareous tions and prospection methods (e.g. Doneus and Briese, sandstones, calcarenites/-rudites and limestones in the 2010), (iv) existence of geological maps at 1:50000 scale vicinity of the Roman cities of Carnuntum and Vindo- for the whole area, (v) availability of high-resolution air- bona, (ii) the localization of potential source sites of Ro- borne laser scanning data and several generations of man stone monuments (architecture and sculpture) and aerial photography, (vi) pre-existing studies on build- (iii) methodological improvement of geoarchaeological ing stone lithologies and provenance regions (e.g. Kar- prospection of quarries in Central European landscapes, rer, 1886; Karrer, 1900; Kieslinger, 1949; Kieslinger, 1972; land use and vegetation conditions. Ground truthing of Rohatsch, 1991; Rohatsch, 2005; Pivko, 2012; Gadermayr detected quarries, lithological classification, lithological et al., 2014; Pivko et al., 2017) as well as on the location comparison of quarry samples with archaeological stone of quarries (Heinrich et al., 2010; Kronberger et al., 2010; 40 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona http://hq.chc.sbg.ac.at). The enormous demand of more vation at different altitudes and the local facies variations such studies is exemplified in the map of major quar- of the investigated limestones and sandstones used for ries in the western part of the Hungarian Basin by Durić the building and decorative stones (Schönlaub, 2000; (2019), which is empty in the area between the Roman Wessely, 2006; 2007; Wiedl et al., 2012; 2014; Harzhauser centers of Scarabantia (Sopron), Sala (Zalalövő) and Fla­ et al., 2014; Berka, 2015; Pivko et al., 2017). via Solva. 4. Archaeological context 3. Geological setting The timing of the first Roman military presence in the The study area in eastern Austria is located at the geo- Danube area of the Vienna Basin is still in discussion. A dynamical complex boundary between Eastern Alps, plausible date is the year 6 Common Era (CE) related to Western Carpathians and Pannonian Basin. This area was war preparations by Tiberius against Marbod, mentioned and is strongly affected and shaped by the still ongoing in written sources (Velleius Paterculus II 109.5). However, collision between Europe, Africa and small micro-conti- the oldest datable traces of a permanent Roman legion- nents in between, resulting in crustal thickening (Cavaz- ary fortress (castrum legionarium) at Carnuntum, at the za et al., 2004; Schuster et al., 2019), modified by late Pa- eastern boundary of the Vienna Basin, date around 35 – leogene and Neogene lateral extrusion (Ratschbacher et 40 CE (Genser, 2006) or 40/50 CE (Gugl, 2006). The earli- al., 1991a; 1991b; Schuster et al., 2019) and extensional de- est structures were built in earth and timber, and it was formation connected to the late Paleogene and Neogene only at a later stage that they were rebuilt in stone. The formation of the Pannonian Basin (Horváth et al., 2006). central buildings within the fortress, such as the principia The stone monuments (architecture and sculpture) or the praetorium, were probably already built in stone targeted in the study comprise biogene calcareous to si- during the Flavian period, from around 70 CE (Gugl, 2006; liciclastic sandstone (in a broad sense) deposited during Gugl and Kastler, 2007). The gradual change from the the Middle to early Late Miocene (Langhian, Serravallian earth and timber technique to stone construction has and early Tortonian, i.e. the Badenian, Sarmatian and ear- also been observed in the civilian city (e.g. Jobst et al., ly Pannonian of the Central Paratethys; broadly between 1988; Humer et al., 2005; Maschek, 2008; Humer, 2014) 16 to 10 million years ago) (Piller et al., 2007). Lithostrati- and applies to the canabae legionis as well (e.g. Gugl, graphically, these include, at least partly, the Leitha 2015). A recently found building inscription suggests the Formation, Holic Formation, Skalica Formation as well at least partial rebuilding of the military amphitheater in as sandstone of the lower Pannonian (Piller et al., 2004; stone in early Flavian times (Beutler, 2013). On the basis Harzhauser et al., 2020 and references therein). The Lang- of the oldest funerary stelae from Carnuntum, however, hian, Serravallian sediments were deposited in a marine it can be demonstrated that the first local and regional environment (Piller and Harzhauser, 2005; Wiedl et al., quarries must have been developed long before the first 2012; 2013; 2014), except the early Tortonian deposits, extensive military stone building activities in Carnuntum which were sedimented in a lacustrine environment (e.g. (Mosser, 2003; Weber-Hiden, 2017; Kremer et al., 2021). Harzhauser et al., 2003). Hohenegger et al. (2014) divided In the last decade of the 1st century CE, related to the the Badenian sediments into Early Badenian (16.30–15.03 bellum Suebicum of Domitian, a further military base was Ma), Mid Badenian (15.03–13.82 Ma) and Late Badenian built at the western boundary of the Vienna Basin, south (13.82–12.83 Ma). of the Danube, some 42 km upstream of Carnuntum, at Leithakalk or Leythakalk was already mentioned by the location of the center of modern Vienna (Kronberg- Keferstein (1828) and Partsch (1831), but both included er and Mosser, 2015). The construction of the 22 hectare Badenian as well as Sarmatian limestones into this term. large legionary fortress of Vindobona initiated necessary These sedimentary rocks represent the coastal rhodalgal infrastructure including roads, quarries and clay pits for foramol and siliciclastic facies deposits of these periods, bricks. From the beginning in 98 CE, the fortification wall with fine-grained equivalents in the distal areas (e.g. as well as the most important buildings inside the fortress Siedl et al., 2020). The sediments were deposited onto a were built in stone (Mosser et al., 2010; Kronberger and tectonically strongly structured surface and were partly Mosser, 2015). In the canabae legionis and in the civilian deformed during sedimentation and after. Especially, town, it is likely that the early building phases in timber the study area is strongly affected by a combination of construction were partly replaced by masonry structures sea-level variations (Siedl et al., 2020) with strike-slip de- during the 2nd century CE (Kronberger, 2005; Müller et formation related to the lateral extrusion (Ratschbacher al., 2011). The settlement areas of Vindobona reached et al., 1991a; 1991b), the extension of the Pannonian Basin, their maximum extent in the reign of Septimus Severus resulting in the formation of the pull-apart type V ienna and were gradually abandoned from the 2nd third of the Basin (Royden, 1985; Decker et al., 2005) and deforma- 3rd century CE onwards (Kronberger, 2005; Kronberger tion structures east of the Leitha Mountains (Zámolyi et and Mosser, 2015). Minor building actions during the first al., 2017; Loisl et al., 2018). This background knowledge third of the 5th century CE were of short duration and the about the geodynamical situation and sea-level change legionary fortress was abandoned shortly after (Mosser is needed to understand the patchy occurrence, preser- et al., 2010; Kronberger and Mosser, 2015). It is also true 42 643480 643480 643180 643180 643480 643480 643180 643180 Erich Draganits et al. for Vindobona that the earliest funerary stelae testify the features usually documented by archaeological prospec- development of local and regional quarries already some tion (e.g. Opitz and Cowley, 2013). Consequently, the time before the permanent stationing of the legionary applied prospection methods have been optimized for garrison. their detection, but also concerning the availability of Both centers, Carnuntum and Vindobona depended data and the more than 950 km geologically defined on supply from the surrounding. The reconstruction of significant study area. All available data sets have been possible transportation routes and least-cost path are integrated, analyzed and interpreted in a geographical promising, but one must be aware that present-day to- information system (GIS) using ArcGis 10.6.1 by ESRI and pography, roads and transportation may be very differ- WGS 84 and UTM 33N as coordinate system (Figs. 3, 4). ent to those in the past. For example, Willvonseder (1938, Based on regional distribution and geological proper- p. 110) refers to Alphons Barb about the discovery of an ties of the investigated Miocene sediments, six differ- Urn Field period grave in Illmitz in 1932, that according to ent quarry regions have been differentiated within the one workman at that time stone was commonly brought study area (Insulander et al., 2018; Kremer et al., 2021) from St. Margarethen (Fig. 1) across the frozen Lake Ne- (Fig. 2): (1) Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE): Upper usiedl on carriages, which hardly would be possible at Badenian Leithakalk, Lower Sarmatian and Lower Pan- present climate conditions. nonian reworked Corallinaceae and detrital limestones; (2) Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW): Middle Bade- nian Leithakalk, Lower Sarmatian fine grained bioclastic 5. Data and methods limestones; (3) Rust Hills (RH): Middle and Upper Badenian Quarries and abandoned quarries are commonly Leithakalk; (4) Hundsheim Mountains (HM): Upper Bade- larger and better visible than most other archaeological nian lithoclastic Leithakalk, Upper Sarmatian coquinas (a) (b) 5332550 5332550 100 m 100 m 061/247 (d) (c) 5332550 5332550 061/010B 5332450 5332450 061/246 100 m 100 m Figure 3: Example of quarry and shallow quarry representations in the ALS data, Quarry Region HM, saddle between Pfaffenberg and Hundsheimer Berg, (a): Satellite image, World Imagery, ESRI. The modern quarry in the northwestern corner of the image is younger than the ALS data (2006 – 2010), (b): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data as combination of (i) DTM in gray shades, percent clip stretch, (ii) 50 % transparent hillshade, azimuth 315° and 45° illumination angle, minimum-maximum stretch and (iii) 50 % transparent slope map with inverted standard deviation stretch, (c): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data with geological information from Fuchs et al. (1985), blue: Middle Triassic calcitic/dolomitic marble; light blue: Badenian Leithakalk; green: Sarmatian sediments, (d): Interpretation of the ALS visualization; red: quarry (ALS data), very light red: shallow quarry (ALS data). Numbers in italics are abbreviated ID_1 numbers of the shape files attribute tables in the respective colors and bold numbers are points of the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria. 43 627880 627880 627880 627880 626680 626680 626680 626680 627880 627880 627880 627880 626680 626680 626680 626680 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona (a) (b) 5316200 5316200 5315800 5315800 500 m 500 m (c) (d) 078/304 54 078/059 078/279 7 33 078/278 078/058B-M 25 5316200 5316200 078/316 078/058A 31 55 186 078/318 187 191 27 078/056 078/054-M 078/317 078/057 078/281 5315800 5315800 078/328 188 078/055 500 m 500 m 078/305 (e) (f) 5316200 5316200 5315800 5315800 500 m 500 m (h) (g) 5316200 5316200 5315800 5315800 500 m 500 m Figure 4: Example of the historically very important quarry scape at Kaisersteinbruch in the Quarry Region LM-NE, (a): Satellite image, World Imagery, ESRI. Most quarries are hidden in forests, (b): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data as combination of (i) DTM in gray shades, standard deviation stretch, (ii) 50 % transparent hillshade, azimuth 315° and 45° illumination angle, standard deviation stretch and (iii) 50 % transparent slope map with inverted standard deviation stretch, (c) Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data with geological information from Hermann et al. (1993), blue: Middle Triassic dolomitic marble; light blue: Badenian Leithakalk; green: Sarmatian sediments in general; green with blue dots: Sarmatian sandstone; light brown: Pannonian sediments; yellow: Pleistocene loess; white: Quaternary sediments, (d): Interpretation of the ALS visualization and historical maps: pink: quarries (Wal- ter map); brown: quarries (First Military Survey); green: quarries (Second Military Survey); blue: quarries (Third Military Survey); red: quarries (ALS data); light red: shallow quarry (ALS data). Numbers in italics are abbreviated ID_1 numbers of the shape files attribute tables in the respective colors and bold numbers are points of the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria, (e): The Walter Map (1754–1756) shows 5 active quarries in this area, (f): The First Military Survey (1784) is less detailed compared with the Walter Map and does not show clear indications of active quarries. Also note the map sheet boundary effects, (g): The quarries in the Second Military Survey (1845–1846) are not outlined very clear, but many maps of this survey are drawn with not much detail, (h): Maps of the Third Military Survey (1872–1873), especially those at 1:12 500 scale are very detailed. 44 Erich Draganits et al. and oolites; (5) Vienna Basin Northwest (VB-NW; north 5.2 Airborne laser scanning (ALS), aerial photo­ of Liesing River, Neogene sediments deposited main- graphy and Google Earth ly on top of the Flysch tectonic unit): Middle Badenian Airborne laser scanning (ALS) digital terrain models Leithakalk, Lower Sarmatian calcareous quartz sand- (DTM) at 1x1 m resolution and < 10 cm vertical accuracy stones, Upper Sarmatian “Atzgersdorf Sandstone” and have been used in the whole > 950 km study area. ALS (6) Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW; south of Liesing River, data from Lower Austria were acquired in 2006 – 2010 Neogene sediments deposited on top of the Northern and kindly provided by the Amt der Niederösterreichi- Calcareous Alps): basal conglomerates/breccias and Mid- schen Landesregierung, Abteilung Hydrologie und Geo- dle Badenian Leithakalk, Upper Sarmatian “Atzgersdorf information. ALS data from Burgenland were acquired Sandstone”. by Energie Burgenland AG, 3D Laser Scanning in April 2010 and kindly provided by the Amt der Burgenländi- schen Landesregierung, Servicestelle Geodaten. 10x10 m 5.1 Geological data and quarry data bases DTM data of the Austrian Inspire initiative (https://www. Geological maps at scales at 10000, 25000 and 50000 data.gv.at/katalog/dataset/d88a1246-9684-480b-a480- have been scanned and georeferenced in ArcGis 10.6.1. ff63286b35b7) have been used for overview figures (Figs. or were accessed from the web map service (WMS) of 2, 5, A1–A7). the Geological Survey of Austria (GBA) at https://gisgba. DTMs were imported into ArcGis as GeoTIFF files and geologie.ac.at /arcgis/ser vices/image/AT_GBA _GK 50/ various visualizations were calculated. For an overview ImageServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities& for and best practice of DTM visualizations and their combi- scale of 1:50000 and at https://gisgba.geologie.ac.at/arc- nations used in archaeological prospection see Grammer gis/services/image/AT_GBA _GK100_200/ImageServer/ et al. (2017), Kokalj and Hesse (2017) and Kokalj and Som- WMSServer? for geological maps at scales of 1:100000 rak (2019). In our study, combinations of elevation with and 1:200000. Geological map information was supple- hillshade and elevation with slope were the preferred mented by existing geological literature about the Neo- visualizations during prospection. In some areas with gene sediments (e.g. Toula, 1906; Wessely, 1961; Sohs, low relief combinations of elevation with slope and local 1963; Schmid, 1968; Schönlaub, 2000; Plöchinger and relief model as well as elevation with openness visualiza- Karanitsch, 2002; Harzhauser and Piller, 2004; Piller et tions (Doneus, 2013) allowed for further details. Along al., 2004; Rohatsch, 2005; Wessely, 2006; Häusler, 2010; with the DTM data and visualizations aerial ortho-photos Wiedl et al., 2012; 2014; Häusler, 2019 and references cited were used, which had a resolution of 0.2 m and were ac- therein), which also contain information about quarries. quired between 2010 to 2013 for Burgenland and Lower The geological data were crucial for the preselection of Austria. Where useful, prospection was complemented areas with relatively porous, calcareous sandstone sensu with Google Earth in 2D and 3D as well as historic im- lato, deposited during the Middle to early Late Miocene agery. Probable and possible quarries were mapped by (Langhian, Serravallian and early Tortonian, i.e. the Bade- their outline, allowing for additional information and nian, Sarmatian and early Pannonian). Areas comprising quantification compared with solely point information of metamorphic rocks and middle Pannonian to Quaterna- previous existing databases. ry unconsolidated clastic sediments were excluded from detailed prospection. Interpretation of remote sensing data was cross-checked with literature about quarries in 5.3 Hydrological data the research area (e.g. Cžjžek, 1852; Roth, 1883; Schmid, Hydrological data used for the figures were derived 1894; Hanisch and Schmid, 1901; Schafarzik, 1909; from digital data provided by BMLFUW (2014a; 2014b), Schmölzer, 1933; Rohatsch, 2017). The historic quarries which were calculated based on DTM data with 25 m data base at the University of Salzburg (http://hq.chc. resolution; figures show rivers with > 100 km catchment sbg.ac.at) provides information of several quarries and areas. the location of stone use. The extensive and detailed GIS point data base of building stone quarries of the mining archive (e.g. Malecki and Heinrich, 1999), provided by our 5.4 Historical maps project partner Geological Survey of Austria (containing In the study area, historical maps at scales potentially map sheet number, municipality, coordinates, lithology useful for our subject date back to about the 16th cen- and activity status) proofed extremely helpful in sepa- tury CE (Dörflinger et al., 1977). However, it took about rating newly discovered from already known quarries. 200 years for the oldest map showing quarries, which is Quarries documented in the ALS data were associated from Walter (1754–1756), surveyed at a scale of 1:14000 with data points of the mining archive, if they were closer and final drawing at 1:28000 (Ulbrich, 1952), which is than 100 m. also the first map with comparable useful accuracy and detail. This map is not only very important because it is to the best of our knowledge the oldest showing quar- ries, but it additionally noted some names of the quarry owners at that time. Unfortunately, the Walter maps cov- 45 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona er just the Hundsheim Mountains, the Leitha Mountains the quarries outlined in the Walter Map, First Military and the northern part of the Rust Hills without the area Survey, Second Military Survey and Third Military Survey around Fertőrákos. Principally, we have used available have been used for comparison with the ALS prospec- and accessible maps from many different sources, which tion, because they are the only ones, which cover the include the Map Department of the Austrian National whole project area. Additionally, the Walter Map was Library (https://www.onb.ac.at/bibliothek/sammlun- used, which covers the Hundsheim Mountains, Leitha gen/karten), the Esterhazy Archive in Burg Forchten- Mountains and Rust Hills. Concerning the Walter Map, an stein (https://esterhazy.at/burg-forchtenstein/die-burg- “-” field entry means that this area is outside of the map forchtenstein/das-archiv-der-burg), the State Archives of and “no” means that no quarry is indicated in the map. Burgenland (https://www.burgenland.at/themen/wis- The evaluation of quarries in the Walter Map and the senschaft/landesarchiv) and Lower Austria (http://www. military surveys is summarized in Tables 1–5 and Tables noe.gv.at/noe/Landesarchiv/findbuch.html). B1–B4. Quarries in historical maps were not connected The backbones of our quarry prospection concerning with GBA GIS data points, because of the coordinate un- historical maps are the three military surveys of the Aus- certainties of pre-Third Military Survey maps. trian-Hungarian Monarchy, which cover the entire empire of this time. In the First Military Survey, maps at a scale of 1:28 800 were produced; Lower Austria was surveyed 5.5 Historic pictures and photos in 1773–1781, Hungary in 1782–1785 (northern Burgen- Historic photos, paintings and drawings were used to land in 1784, except sheet IV/2 Breitenbrunn, which was supplement the information of historical maps. Many mapped in 1785). The maps of the Second Military Survey of them were found in the picture archive (http://www. were also drawn at a scale of 1:28 800; Lower Austria was bildarchivaustria.at), the postcard archive (https://akon. surveyed in 1809–1818, Hungary in 1819–1869 (parts of onb.ac.at) of the Austrian National Library and by chance northern Burgenland in 1845–1846). The Third Military finds in museums, literature and the world wide web. Survey mapped the empire at the scale of 1:25000 (in Many photos and pictures from Bad Deutsch-Altenburg our study area in 1872–1873, except sheet Mattersburg, and surroundings are collected in the books by Lach- which was done in 1880). In the surrounding of Vienna mayer (1999), Farka (2000) and Geng-Sesztak et al. (2000). 47 map sheets were produced even at 1:12 500. These de- Specific pictures and photos will be discussed later. tailed maps were surveyed in 1872–1873 and cover the whole study area at the western side of the Vienna Basin, to the north of the Piesting Valley and the Leitha Moun- 5.6 Comparison of the area and numbers of the tains north of the village Hornstein. documented quarries The maps for the First and Second Military Survey are Arithmetic mean, variance and standard deviation was kept in the Austrian State Archives (https://www.state- calculated for the area of the quarries interpreted from archives.gv.at), the Third Military Survey is housed in the the (i) high resolution ALS data (2006 – 2010), (ii) maps of Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (http://www. the First Military Suryey (1773–1781, 1784, 1785), (iii) maps bev.gv.at). Access to maps is extremely facilitated by Ar- of the Second Military Suryey (1809–1818, 1845–1846) canum Adatbázis Kiadó in Budapest https://www.arca- and (iv) Third Military Survey (1872–1873, 1880). The de- num.hu/en/about), which scanned thousands of histori- tailed Walter Map (1754–1756) covers only the Hundsheim cal maps, published many of them on DVDs and provides Mountains, Leitha Mountains and the northern part of online access via the websites MAPIRE (https://mapire.eu/ the Rust Hills, therefore this map and other – detailed but en) and HUNGARICANA (https://hungaricana.hu/en). De- local – maps have not been used for the analysis (Tab. 4). pending on the rectification methods, the maps of the The arithmetic mean was calculated from the sum of the First Military Survey may have errors up to 500 to 2000 quarry areas divided by their number. m (Timár et al., 2010). Using improved georeferencing methods, errors can be reduced to 100 – 200 m (Molnár et al., 2014). The maps of the Second Military Survey and 6. Results especially the Third Military Survey can be georeferenced For space reasons, we kept the number of figures and with much smaller errors (Timár et al., 2006). Most of the tables to an absolute minimum and included additional maps used in this study originate from the scans of Ar- data into online supplements: Supplement A – Additional canum Adatbázis Kiadó. They were originally scanned figures (Figs. A1 to A7), Supplement B – Additional tables at 600 dots per inch (dpi) as lossless tagged image file (Tabs. B1 to B4) and Supplement C – ArcGis shape files format (tiff ). Unfortunately, maps are made available only (including all GIS data of this geoarchaeological survey). at lower resolution and a compressed format (Timár and In total, 1109 quarries, possible quarries, shallow quarries Biszak, 2010). and inactive quarries have been mapped in the ALS data All available historical maps, including the large-scale and the historical maps by Walter (1754–56) and the three maps by Brequin de Demenge (1755), Streffleur (ca. 1840), military surveys (Tabs. 1–4, B1–B4, Figs. 3–5, A1–A6). Ad- Burgerstein (1882) and Groller (1900), have been evaluat- ditionally, 134 possible burial mounds have been docu- ed for information concerning quarries. However, only mented in the ALS data and maps. Additional 21 quarries 46 Erich Draganits et al. have been mapped in large-scale maps by Brequin de Survey of Austria, most of them in the western Vienna Demenge (1755), Streffleur (ca. 1840), Burgerstein (1882) Basin. Of the 108 possible quarries, 89 (83 %) are not doc- and Groller (1900). The large number of quarries, the ca. umented in the quarry data base (Tab. 2). Furthermore, 60 km by 60 km large study area as well as limitation of of the 71 shallow quarries, 56 (79 %) are not listed in paper size and number of figures makes the presentation the quarry data base (Tab. 3). Finally, 30 probable burial of the results challenging. Figure 5 shows an overview of mounds have been interpreted in the ALS data. all quarries in the entire study area; Figure A1 to Figure A6 Of the 479 quarries documented in the ALS data, 295 show quarries of the six different quarry regions. These (62 %) are not indicated in any of the historical maps, or map representations are supplemented by the content they are at least 100 m away of any of them. Of the 108 of Tables 1–5 and Tables B1–B4. Figures 3 and 4 show two possible quarries outlined in the ALS data, 92 (87 %) are selected areas in more detail. not shown in any of the historical maps, or they are at To ease access to the data, we used a consistent col- least 100 m away of any of them and finally, of the 71 or scheme throughout the GIS data set, figures and ta- shallow quarries documented in the ALS, 71 (100 %) are bles: ALS quarries: red, ALS possible quarries: light red, not indicated in any of the historical maps, or they are ALS shallow quarries: very light red, Third Military Survey at least 100 m away of any of them. Figures A1f, A2f, A3f, quarries: blue, Third Military Survey inactive quarries: blue A4f, A5d and A6e show the location of the three different with red outline, Second Military Survey quarries: green, quarry types in the six quarry regions (Fig. 2) and Table Second Military Survey inactive quarries: light green with 4 summarizes their respective numbers, as well as their red outline, Streffleur: turquoise, First Military Survey minimum, maximum, mean and total areas for each quar- quarries: brown, Walter Map quarries: pink, Walter Map ry region (Fig. 2). inactive quarries: light pink with red outline (for more detailed color information see the online Supplement C). In figures showing different generations of quarries, they 6.2 Quarries documented in the Walter Map are usually drawn from older to younger, to increase vi- (1754–1756) sual clarity (e.g. Figs 4d, 5, A6f). Abbreviations of the ID_1 In the whole study area (Figs. 1, 5), 34 quarries and field are used from the shape file attribute tables (see one inactive quarry (“alter Steinbruch”) have been re- online Supplement C) for different types of quarries in corded in Miocene sedimentary rocks using the Walter the historical maps and the ALS data: WMQ- quarries of Map (1754–1756) (Tabs. 4, 5, B1). Figure 4d shows some the Walter Maps, WMIQ- inactive quarries of the Walter of these quarries in context with quarries from other his- maps, 1MSQ- quarries of the First Military Survey, 2MSQ- toric maps and the ALS data. Additionally, 6 probable quarries of the Second Military Survey, 2MSIQ- inactive burial mounds were documented. Figures A1b, A2b, A3b quarries of the Second Military Survey, 3MSQ- quarries of and A4b show the location of the quarries and inactive the Third Military Survey, 3MSIQ- inactive quarries of the quarry; Table 4 summarizes their respective numbers, as Third Military Survey, ALSQ- quarries in ALS data, A LSPQ- well as their minimum, maximum, mean and total areas possible quarries in ALS data and ALSSQ- shallow quar- for each quarry regions (Fig. 2). ries in ALS data. 6.3 Quarries documented in the First Military Survey 6.1 Quarries documented in ALS data (1773–1785) In the whole study area (Figs. 1, 5), 479 quarries, 108 In the whole study area (Figs. 1, 5), 23 quarries are in- possible quarries and 71 shallow quarries (in total 658) dicated in the First Military Survey (1773–1785) (Tabs. 4, 5, have been recorded in Miocene sedimentary rocks using B2). Figure 4d gives an example of these quarries in con- ALS and ortho photo data (Tabs. 1–5). The three differ- text with quarries from other historic maps and the ALS ent types of quarries have been distinguished based on data. Additionally, 61 probable burial mounds were doc- the insight and experience gained during data interpre- umented. Figures A1c, A2c, A3c, A4c and A6b show the tation: (i) Quarries are excavated depressions in exposed location of the quarries and Table 4 summarizes their re- rock, > 4 m deep and with at least one steep quarry face. spective numbers, as well as their minimum, maximum, (ii) Possible quarries are similar to quarries, but with less mean and total areas for each quarry regions (Fig. 2). certainty. Finally, (iii) shallow quarries are < 4 m deep, usu- ally with quite irregular shapes and boundaries (Figs. 3b, d, 4b, d). Inactive quarries are a type of quarries that has been interpreted only from historical maps, in which they are sometimes explicitly labeled “old”. These three types of quarries are also characterized by different sizes, es- 2 2 pecially concerning their mean areas, 10 175 m , 1 887 m and 1 584 m , respectively (Tab. 5). Table 1 shows that of the 479 quarries 198 (41 %) are not recorded in the quarry data base of the Geological 47 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 1 – Quarries located in the ALS terrain models Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-0 060/187 Leithakalk Badenian yes yes? no yes 7927 635356 5319672 ALSQ-1 060/185, 060/213 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5001 634647 5319627 ALSQ-2 060/186 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5127 634860 5319565 ALSQ-3 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2095 632932 5319402 ALSQ-4 060/212 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 10896 633020 5319409 ALSQ-5 060/177B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 995 632831 5319255 ALSQ-6 060/177B (12 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2713 632861 5319252 ALSQ-7 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1004 632909 5319298 ALSQ-8 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 461 632856 5319318 ALSQ-9 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 287 632866 5319357 ALSQ-10 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 489 632887 5319329 ALSQ-11 060/177A Leithakalk Badenian yes ? ? yes 28491 632573 5319084 ALSQ-12 078/159 Sandstone Sarmatian yes ? yes yes 19701 635212 5314193 ALSQ-13 078/330 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1470 631025 5314041 ALSQ-14 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 299 630978 5314079 ALSQ-15 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 341 630839 5314094 ALSQ-16 060/182B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 6675 631546 5318158 ALSQ-17 060/183 Leithakalk Badenian yes no ? yes 73344 631900 5317897 ALSQ-18 078/288 (9 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 9805 631157 5317736 ALSQ-19 078/288 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7914 631159 5317636 ALSQ-20 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 13587 631124 5317421 ALSQ-21 078/288 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1461 631137 5317545 ALSQ-22 078/283 Leithakalk Badenian no yes no yes 27598 630065 5317022 ALSQ-23 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4934 629795 5316929 ALSQ-24 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1897 629827 5317038 ALSQ-25 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1838 629869 5317066 ALSQ-26 078/283 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3266 629911 5316959 ALSQ-27 078/284 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2141 628994 5315970 ALSQ-28 078/082 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 9847 628577 5316375 Calcareous ALSQ-29 078/331 Sarmatian no no no no 2920 634390 5315225 sandstone ALSQ-30 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 271 633837 5315698 ALSQ-31 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 108 633887 5315692 ALSQ-32 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 463 633902 5315643 ALSQ-33 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 421 633953 5315651 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 265 633722 5315583 ALSQ-34 ALSQ-35 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 96 633774 5315629 ALSQ-36 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 110 633758 5315634 ALSQ-37 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 374 633867 5315653 Calcareous ALSQ-38 078/295 (28 m) Sarmatian yes? no no yes 3315 634030 5315739 sandstone ALSQ-39 078/052A,052B,052C Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 50992 633336 5316538 Calcareous ALSQ-40 078/292 Sarmatian no no no yes 4666 632934 5315947 sandstone ALSQ-41 078/334 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3530 630604 5314881 ALSQ-42 078/333 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3620 630659 5315059 48 Erich Draganits et al. ALSQ-43 078/238_M Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5013 630765 5315082 ALSQ-44 078/287 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7030 630753 5315193 ALSQ-45 078/287 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 787 630812 5315262 ALSQ-46 078/332 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1386 630802 5315378 ALSQ-47 078/286 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 5050 630735 5315544 ALSQ-48 078/053 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2287 630189 5313376 ALSQ-49 078/289C Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 36693 631187 5316093 ALSQ-50 078/289B (11 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 618 631376 5316041 ALSQ-51 078/053 (19 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 1077 631227 5315867 ALSQ-52 078/053 (16 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4597 631025 5316007 ALSQ-53 078/280 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7836 627622 5316505 ALSQ-54 078/280 (9 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 370 627557 5316432 ALSQ-55 078/056 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 13025 627490 5316101 ALSQ-56 078/305 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4845 627118 5315674 ALSQ-57 078/055 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 12282 627325 5315765 Leithakalk, Badenian, ALSQ-58 078/054-M,058A,318 yes no yes yes 48388 627096 5316044 calcareous sandst. Sarmatian ALSQ-59 078/328 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 523 626629 5315771 ALSQ-60 078/306 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2002 626457 5315894 ALSQ-61 078/057 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 20695 626666 5315919 ALSQ-62 078/341A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2175 629092 5313364 ALSQ-63 078/341B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1848 629155 5313314 ALSQ-64 078/351 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1226 629419 5313014 ALSQ-65 078/201-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 17435 629405 5313175 ALSQ-66 078/285 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 101059 629846 5313477 ALSQ-67 078/352 (28 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1748 629123 5312995 ALSQ-68 078/352 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2191 629182 5312976 ALSQ-69 078/353 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2448 629089 5312809 ALSQ-70 078/353 (99 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 417 629007 5312744 ALSQ-71 078/025 (59 m) Leithakalk Badenian yes no no near 4166 628698 5312627 ALSQ-72 078/025,025B,025C Leithakalk Badenian near no no yes 38643 628844 5312564 Calcareous ALSQ-73 078/114 ? no no no no 923 626112 5309199 sandstone ALSQ-74 078/113 (67 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4439 626118 5309585 ALSQ-75 078/113 (25 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 809 626156 5309536 ALSQ-76 078/113 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1256 626155 5309483 Calcareous ALSQ-77 ? no no no no 797 626283 5309467 sandstone ALSQ-78 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no near 2319 635726 5314291 ALSQ-79 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no near 10959 634687 5314101 ALSQ-80 078/122 Sandstone ? no no no no 4448 628249 5310877 ALSQ-81 078/122 (84 m) Sandstone ? no no no no 709 628329 5310832 Calcareous ALSQ-82 078/218-M (59 m) ? no no no yes 14689 628287 5311323 sandstone ALSQ-83 ? ? no no no no 130 627834 5311148 ALSQ-84 078/302 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 6552 622690 5306429 ALSQ-97 060/177B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1037 632905 5319232 ALSQ-98 060/177B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 140 632925 5319274 ALSQ-99 078/329 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1002 628279 5316323 ALSQ-100 ? ? no no no yes 2042 628282 5311181 ALSQ-157 078/040 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2838 621504 5315259 49 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-158 078/079-M Sandstone ? no no no yes 37916 621737 5315545 ALSQ-159 078/080-M Sandstone ? no no no no 2332 622044 5315608 Calcareous ALSQ-160 078/324 Sarmatian no no no no 988 622077 5315543 sandstone ALSQ-161 078/273 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no yes 1114 622355 5315377 ALSQ-162 078/273 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 287 622305 5315359 ALSQ-163 078/273 (31 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1733 622251 5315322 Calcareous ALSQ-164 Sarmatian no no no no 195 623479 5315452 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-165 Sarmatian no no no no 732 623496 5315472 sandstone ALSQ-166 078/325A Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 6480 623250 5315771 ALSQ-167 078/325B Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1573 623218 5315880 ALSQ-168 078/325B Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1199 623197 5315934 ALSQ-169 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 492 623163 5316000 Calcareous ALSQ-170 078/081A, 078/081B Sarmatian no no no no 2140 622757 5315879 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-171 078/081 Sarmatian yes no no yes 4963 622833 5315800 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-172 078/081A 26 m) Sarmatian no no no yes 2337 622730 5315823 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-173 Sarmatian no no no no 731 622713 5315763 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-174 078/037 Sarmatian no no no yes 2805 623267 5316034 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-175 078/037 (36 m) Sarmatian no no no yes 6625 623347 5316076 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-176 078/038 Sarmatian no no no yes 10425 623484 5316118 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-177 078/039 Sarmatian yes no yes yes 11946 623817 5316172 sandstone ALSQ-178 ? ? no no no no 1037 623892 5316029 ALSQ-179 078/327 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1986 624312 5316162 ALSQ-180 078/327 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 669 624382 5316178 Calcareous ALSQ-181 078/326A Sarmatian no no no near 5511 624475 5316393 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-182 078/326B (58 m) Sarmatian no no no near 535 624596 5316398 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-183 078/326B Sarmatian no no no no 7098 624658 5316431 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-184 078/326C Sarmatian no no no no 3167 624859 5316544 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-185 Sarmatian no no no no 3575 624715 5316513 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-186 Sarmatian no no no no 878 624596 5316515 sandstone ALSQ-187 078/277 Sandstone ? no no no near 2338 625312 5316692 Sarmatian/Panno- ALSQ-188 078/232 Conglomerate no no no yes 7714 624864 5316646 nian ALSQ-189 078/110 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 575 625208 5316594 ALSQ-190 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 191 624925 5316105 ALSQ-191 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 262 625057 5316192 Calcareous ALSQ-192 078/200 (64 m) Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 1379 625797 5316666 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-193 078/200 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 8334 625899 5316614 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-429 078/052B (59 m) Sarmatian no no no no 1730 633383 5316830 sandstone ALSQ-430 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 822 632295 5316461 ALSQ-432 ? Sarmatian no no no no 3908 628816 5312174 50 Erich Draganits et al. ALSQ-449 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 853 634705 5314508 ALSQ-450 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 225 624839 5308713 ALSQ-451 078/320 (46 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 879 630879 5314105 ALSQ-452 078/320 (28 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 361 630917 5314105 ALSQ-481 078/279 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 896 627460 5316312 Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-85 078/028A-C/M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1358 621670 5305183 ALSQ-86 078/349 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4138 620941 5304862 Calcareous ALSQ-87 078/347 Sarmatian no no no no 3546 619601 5303928 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-88 078/348 Sarmatian yes no no no 5674 619747 5304043 sandstone ALSQ-89 ? Sarmatian? no no no no 723 618513 5303280 ALSQ-90 ? Sarmatian? no no no no 361 618537 5303266 Calcareous ALSQ-91 Badenian no no no no 962 618393 5303411 sandstone? ALSQ-92 077/240A Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4551 616069 5302565 Calcareous ALSQ-93 077/051, 077/240B ? no no no no 15705 616215 5302420 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-94 077/240C ? no no no no 2214 616423 5302355 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-95 ? no no no no 394 616363 5302279 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-96 077/051 (67 m) ? no no no no 986 616309 5302329 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-101 078/088 Sarmatian no no no no 3892 619802 5303661 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-102 078/088 (57 m) Sarmatian no no no no 1005 619871 5303600 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-127 077/105A-M (24 m) ? no no no no 1598 617640 5303203 sandstone ALSQ-128 078/086 Leithakalk Badenian no yes no yes 3197 618231 5311060 ALSQ-129 078/086 (25 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no near 1412 618236 5310968 ALSQ-130 078/075-M (81 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no yes yes 6003 618388 5312098 ALSQ-131 078/075-M (78 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no yes near 1250 618411 5311918 ALSQ-132 078/342 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1606 618534 5312307 ALSQ-133 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 960 618661 5312632 ALSQ-134 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 160 618572 5312579 ALSQ-135 078/261 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 689 618808 5312584 ALSQ-136 078/029 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3269 618728 5312803 ALSQ-137 078/335, 078/350 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 12318 618593 5312899 ALSQ-138 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5967 618572 5312801 ALSQ-139 078/336 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2821 618798 5312906 ALSQ-140 078/337 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 693 618883 5312954 ALSQ-141 078/339 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 806 619099 5312764 ALSQ-142 078/076E Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 28172 619486 5312863 ALSQ-143 078/338 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7793 619104 5312915 ALSQ-144 078/010 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 13455 619264 5313330 ALSQ-145 078/011,/076A-M,076B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 76531 619321 5313089 ALSQ-146 078/001 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 45953 619039 5313339 ALSQ-147 078/076D Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3078 618908 5313201 51 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-148 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 277 618858 5313045 ALSQ-149 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 7722 619193 5313436 ALSQ-150 078/001A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2992 619423 5313612 078/014,033- ALSQ-151 035,262- Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 790552 620143 5313761 263,265,267–270 ALSQ-152 078/266 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 15447 619882 5314113 ALSQ-153 078/264 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4286 620173 5314315 ALSQ-154 078/076F (76 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2669 619989 5312904 ALSQ-155 078/076F Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 393 619908 5312839 ALSQ-156 078/078-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 10261 621040 5314802 ALSQ-194 077/020 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes yes 6504 613054 5303579 Calcareous ALSQ-195 077/104 Badenian no no no no 2841 613614 5302215 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-196 077/239 Badenian no no no yes 1126 613757 5302164 sandstone ALSQ-197 077/236 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2679 614322 5302034 ALSQ-198 077/237 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 12383 614317 5301909 ALSQ-199 977/235 Limestone Badenian no no no no 4878 614866 5302330 ALSQ-200 077/052-M Sandstone Badenian yes no no yes 21158 615161 5301720 ALSQ-201 Sandstone Badenian no no no yes 3655 614231 5302003 ALSQ-202 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2192 613365 5301613 ALSQ-203 077/214 Sandstone Badenian no no no no 6090 614177 5301427 ALSQ-204 077/224 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4177 614975 5301568 ALSQ-205 077/241 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1613 612848 5300826 ALSQ-206 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 30212 612794 5300500 ALSQ-207 077/053 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3371 612034 5300216 ALSQ-208 077/243 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3569 611837 5300095 ALSQ-209 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 916 611026 5300577 ALSQ-210 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1879 610617 5300304 ALSQ-211 077/005 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 51530 610432 5300205 ALSQ-212 077/056 Leithakalk Badenian yes no yes yes 18060 611504 5299542 ALSQ-213 077/027 (38 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 20642 610778 5299343 ALSQ-214 077/242 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 7004 609844 5299693 ALSQ-215 077/202-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 4768 610191 5299667 ALSQ-216 077/006-M (55 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5899 610210 5299892 ALSQ-217 077/071-M Sandstone Pannonian no no no no 32984 608902 5296579 ALSQ-218 077/071-M Sandstone Pannonian no no no no 57560 608848 5296793 ALSQ-219 077/021 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 14889 608183 5301619 ALSQ-220 077/022-024 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 218574 608640 5301510 Calcareous ALSQ-221 077/060B-M Sarmatian no no no no 9121 607367 5301727 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-222 077/081A Sarmatian no no yes yes 6063 608020 5306132 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-223 077/081A (91 m) Sarmatian no no no yes 720 607925 5306134 sandstone ALSQ-224 077/230 Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 11222 609718 5307340 ALSQ-225 077/044B Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 4430 613232 5306452 ALSQ-226 077/044A Sandstone Sarmatian yes no no yes 8930 613339 5306354 ALSQ-227 077/044C Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1300 613408 5306233 ALSQ-228 077/044C (54 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 761 613462 5306245 ALSQ-229 077/044C (38 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1633 613449 5306186 ALSQ-230 077/044C (42 m) Sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1543 613351 5306183 52 Erich Draganits et al. ALSQ-231 Sandstone Badenian/Sarmatian no no yes yes 625 613712 5306084 ALSQ-232 077/068-M Sandstone Badenian/Sarmatian no no yes yes 2222 613691 5305987 ALSQ-233 ? Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 289 613658 5305756 Calcareous ALSQ-234 077/042 Badenian/Sarmatian no yes yes yes 20795 613191 5305979 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-235 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 869 613635 5305689 sandstone ALSQ-236 077/233 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4698 614321 5305904 ALSQ-237 077/050 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5022 615055 5306663 Calcareous ALSQ-238 077/017 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 31531 613649 5307154 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-239 077/018-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 8187 613854 5307779 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-240 077/018-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 5651 613946 5307771 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-241 077/066-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 3361 614195 5307933 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-242 077/066-M (39 m) Badenian/Sarmatian no no no no 2985 614298 5307948 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-243 077/049-M Badenian/Sarmatian yes yes yes yes 72978 614833 5308011 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-244 077/065-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no yes yes 17395 615484 5308364 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-245 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 912 615616 5308323 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-246 077/064-M Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 3263 616224 5308461 sandstone ALSQ-247 078/356 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1199 619377 5312176 ALSQ-431 Sandstone Pannonian no yes no yes 4103 609380 5297292 ALSQ-455 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 176 618773 5312461 Quarry Region Rust Hills (RH) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-103 ? Badenian no no no no 1155 622839 5299864 ALSQ-104 ? Badenian no no no no 101 622878 5299825 ALSQ-105 078/065-M (32 m) ? Badenian no no no yes 2768 624482 5300631 ALSQ-106 078/065-M (68 m) ? Badenian no no no near 179 624498 5300499 ALSQ-107 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4510 622338 5298714 ALSQ-108 078/067 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 11190 622468 5298077 ALSQ-109 078/067 (84 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2306 622390 5298044 ALSQ-110 078/067 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 483 622425 5297996 ALSQ-111 078/048A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 954 622489 5297558 ALSQ-112 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 590 622335 5297513 ALSQ-113 078/048 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 13995 622426 5297578 ALSQ-114 078/229-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3141 623809 5297203 ALSQ-115 078/068 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 16117 623801 5297007 ALSQ-116 078/068 (50 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 262 623779 5296899 ALSQ-117 078/003B Leithakalk Badenian no no yes yes 15072 622478 5295938 ALSQ-118 078/003 Leithakalk Badenian yes yes yes yes 77444 622285 5295721 ALSQ-119 078/063 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no yes 27393 622282 5295429 ALSQ-120 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 428 622164 5295987 ALSQ-121 078/003A-M (16 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 440 623078 5295587 ALSQ-122 078/044-M (20 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2242 622917 5294737 53 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-123 078/202 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 6132 624214 5296181 ALSQ-124 Leithakalk Badenian near no no no 328 622454 5295409 ALSQ-125 Leithakalk Badenian near no no no 425 622537 5295330 ALSQ-126 Leithakalk Badenian near no no no 134 622653 5295312 ALSQ-456 Leithakalk Badenian - yes yes yes 12071 623222 5287154 Quarry Region Hundsheim Mountains (HM) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-248 ? Badenian no no no no 204 648873 5333954 ALSQ-249 ? Badenian no no no no 200 648804 5333999 ALSQ-250 061/259 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 570 646694 5331728 Limestone, oolite, ALSQ-251 061/004 Sarmatian yes no no no 10931 648215 5332650 lumach. Calcareous sand- ALSQ-252 061/173 Sarmatian no no no no 2005 648496 5332221 stone ALSQ-253 061/185 (69 m) Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 5157 645392 5329203 ALSQ-254 061/185 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 9788 645505 5329111 ALSQ-255 061/186 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 9008 645603 5329025 Limestone, lumach., ALSQ-256 061/251 Sarmatian no no no yes 3639 645120 5332267 congl. Calcareous ALSQ-257 061/172 Sarmatian no no no no 1136 645680 5332585 sandstone ALSQ-258 061/020 Limestone Badenian no no no no 4444 644569 5333779 Dolomit, calcareous ALSQ-259 061/001 Mesozoic, Badenian no no no no 572869 642584 5332869 sandst. ALSQ-260 061/010A Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 15198 643036 5332420 ALSQ-261 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 5998 643188 5332397 ALSQ-262 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 1024 643281 5332377 Calcareous ALSQ-263 Sarmatian no no no no 719 643849 5332274 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-264 Sarmatian no no no no 328 643831 5332249 sandstone ALSQ-265 Limestone Badenian no no no no 558 642600 5333490 ALSQ-266 Limestone Badenian no no no no 1794 642980 5333380 ALSQ-267 Limestone Badenian no no no no 9985 642168 5333607 ALSQ-268 ? Sarmatian no no no no 15330 641936 5332904 ALSQ-269 061/168 Limestone Badenian no no no yes 2482 641822 5333131 ALSQ-270 061/167 Limestone Badenian no no no yes 2152 641793 5333182 Sandstone, ALSQ-271 061/016B Pannonian no no no yes 8742 647361 5328796 limestone ALSQ-272 061/017 Quartz sandstone Pannonian no no no yes 6459 647333 5328624 Calcareous ALSQ-421 061/008B Badenian no near no near 24996 643627 5332387 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-422 061/008 Badenian no yes no yes 14229 643662 5332516 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-423 Badenian no no no no 339 643741 5332416 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-424 Badenian no no no no 365 643785 5332244 sandstone ALSQ-425 061/250 Limestone Sarmatian no no no yes 887 642799 5332175 ALSQ-426 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3916 643257 5332316 Calcareous sandst., ALSQ-428 061/158 Badenian, Triassic? no no no yes 9759 641752 5333348 dolo. marble ALSQ-433 ? Badenian no no no no 1807 643175 5333917 54 Erich Draganits et al. Calcareous ALSQ-434 Badenian no no no no 3254 643793 5332299 sandstone Calcareous sandst., ALSQ-435 Badenian, Triassic? no no no no 18524 641985 5333165 dolo. marble Calcareous ALSQ-436 Badenian no no no no 17205 642031 5333025 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-437 061/170 Badenian/Sarmatian no no no yes 12319 643181 5332220 sandstone Calcareous ALSQ-438 Badenian no no no yes 3078 643171 5332328 sandstone ALSQ-439 061/246 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2761 643352 5332434 ALSQ-440 061/246 (22 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 731 643433 5332459 ALSQ-441 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 160 643468 5332429 ALSQ-442 061/010B Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 10257 643275 5332505 ALSQ-443 Leithakalk Badenian no no yes no 49 643206 5332472 ALSQ-444 061/247 Leithakalk Badenian no yes no no 769 643347 5332605 ALSQ-445 061/248 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1430 643244 5332876 ALSQ-446 061/167 (39 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 741 641765 5333227 ALSQ-447 061/158 (20 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 4201 641737 5333447 ALSQ-454 061/005 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 3403 647883 5332606 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Northwest (VB-NW) (Danube to Atzgersdorf) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSQ-317 058/437 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 870 593185 5332407 Breccia, ALSQ-318 058/012B Badenian - no no no 1131 593277 5332546 conglomerate Atzgersdorf ALSQ-457 058/313B Sarmatian - no yes yes 26779 595653 5333568 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-458 058/410 Sarmatian - no yes yes 15067 595461 5333702 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-459 058/409 (52 m) Sarmatian - no yes yes 10460 595319 5333683 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-460 058/413 (33 m) Sarmatian - no no yes 11939 595618 5333400 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-461 Sarmatian - no no no 4334 595457 5333306 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-462 Sarmatian - no no no 6808 595426 5333184 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-463 058/313C (54 m) Sarmatian - no no no 2780 595469 5332790 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-464 058/313C Sarmatian - no no no 2540 595435 5332727 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-465 058/313C (51 m) Sarmatian - no no no 2336 595376 5332815 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-466 058/411, 058/412 Sarmatian - no no yes 6237 595191 5333301 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-467 058/313A-M (63 m) Sarmatian - no no yes 779 595313 5333201 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-468 058/313A-M (85 m) Sarmatian - no no yes 548 595347 5333183 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-469 058/415 Sarmatian - no no yes 2056 595441 5332401 Calcareous Sandst. Atzgersdorf ALSQ-470 Sarmatian? - no no no 1153 595496 5332544 Calcareous Sandst.? ALSQ-471 058/436 Breccia Badenian - no no no 176 592771 5332460 ALSQ-472 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1304 592804 5332470 ALSQ-473 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1363 592840 5332518 ALSQ-474 Breccia Badenian - no no no 875 592944 5332516 55 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSQ-475 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1274 592902 5332528 ALSQ-476 058/437 Breccia Badenian - no no no 4389 593243 5332417 ALSQ-477 Breccia Badenian - no no no 4163 593355 5332636 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW) ( Perchtoldsdorf to Bad Fischau) st nd rd Wal- 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age x-coord. y-coord. ter Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) (Gainfarn-) Dolomite ALSQ-273 076/012C Badenian - no no yes 18123 589338 5315663 breccia (Vöslau-) ALSQ-274 Badenian - no no no 9389 589418 5315991 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-275 Badenian - no no no 1333 589545 5315995 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-276 Badenian - no no no 8518 589552 5315907 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-277 076/009A Badenian - no no no 18814 589421 5316861 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-278 076/009B Badenian - no no no 12949 589701 5316881 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-279 Badenian - no no no 5752 589739 5316545 Conglomerate ALSQ-280 058/075B Breccia Badenian - no no no 4864 589892 5317160 ALSQ-281 Breccia Badenian - no no no 499 587754 5320149 ALSQ-282 Breccia Badenian - no no no 6812 587799 5320436 ALSQ-283 058/088 Leithakalk Badenian - no no no 3121 586294 5321604 ALSQ-284 058/220 Breccia Badenian - no no no 963 585880 5321595 ALSQ-285 058/223 Breccia Badenian - no no no 2178 582235 5322305 ALSQ-286 Conglomerate Badenian - no no no 270 587487 5321632 ALSQ-287 Conglomerate Badenian - no no no 868 587519 5321649 ALSQ-288 Breccia Badenian - no no no 725 589326 5320537 ALSQ-289 Breccia Badenian - no no no 615 589281 5320475 ALSQ-290 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1679 589408 5320371 ALSQ-291 Breccia Badenian - no no no 6156 589140 5320414 ALSQ-292 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 6199 590690 5318650 ALSQ-293 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 2769 590656 5318475 ALSQ-294 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 3926 590868 5318460 ALSQ-295 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 1472 590445 5318354 ALSQ-296 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 7205 590446 5318241 ALSQ-297 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 4803 590553 5318234 ALSQ-298 Breccia Badenian - no no no 2279 590596 5318493 ALSQ-299 ? ? - no no no 877 585781 5322408 ALSQ-300 Breccia Badenian - no no no 172 585679 5321664 ALSQ-301 Breccia Badenian - no no no 189 585724 5321684 ALSQ-302 Breccia Badenian - no no no 199 593617 5325354 ALSQ-303 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 7355 593515 5320783 ALSQ-304 Conglomerate Badenian - no no yes 1871 594633 5321931 Calcareous ALSQ-305 058/321 Badenian - no no no 4393 595281 5322876 sandstone, congl. ALSQ-306 058/318B Conglomerate Badenian - no no yes 5096 595313 5323484 ALSQ-307 Leithakalk Badenian - no yes near 3062 594962 5328249 ALSQ-308 Leithakalk Badenian - no yes no 3739 595105 5328112 ALSQ-309 Leithakalk Badenian - no no no 2442 594879 5328808 56 Erich Draganits et al. Calcareous sandst., ALSQ-310 058/320 Badenian - no no no 10686 594919 5329109 oolite, lumach. ALSQ-311 058/017 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no yes 3873 593046 5330530 ALSQ-312 058/430 (33 m) Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 4798 592691 5330420 ALSQ-313 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no yes 3245 593018 5330460 ALSQ-314 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 1264 593097 5330587 ALSQ-315 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 630 592970 5330653 ALSQ-316 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no no 377 592780 5330878 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-319 Badenian - no no no 1076 590031 5314109 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-320 Badenian - no no no 2219 589932 5314175 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-321 Badenian - no no no 4714 590070 5313983 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-322 Badenian - no no no 2193 590080 5313679 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-323 Badenian - no no no 36487 590393 5313313 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-324 Badenian - no no no 9145 589877 5313386 Conglomerate ALSQ-325 076/251 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 4906 589239 5313347 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-326 Badenian - no no no 1025 589746 5313454 Conglomerate ALSQ-327 076/133 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 11927 589280 5313650 ALSQ-328 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 289 589041 5313412 ALSQ-329 Breccia Badenian - no no no 851 589150 5313327 ALSQ-330 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1108 589010 5313171 ALSQ-331 076/013C Breccia Badenian - no no no 8579 588703 5313141 ALSQ-332 076/013B Breccia Badenian - no no no 5067 588587 5313177 ALSQ-333 076/013A Breccia Badenian - no no no 1810 588503 5313265 ALSQ-334 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 20845 588281 5313109 ALSQ-335 Breccia Badenian - no no no 10750 589873 5313057 ALSQ-336 Breccia Badenian - no no no 1713 585143 5314677 ALSQ-337 Breccia? Badenian? - no no no 1099 584078 5315906 ALSQ-338 Breccia Badenian - no no no 340 585464 5314274 ALSQ-339 Breccia Badenian - no no no 743 585328 5314229 ALSQ-340 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 1434 581351 5315053 ALSQ-341 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 398 581450 5315361 ALSQ-342 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 354 581480 5315335 ALSQ-343 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2661 587465 5308928 ALSQ-344 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no near 3064 587377 5308676 ALSQ-345 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 985 587322 5308623 ALSQ-346 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2040 587373 5308537 ALSQ-347 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 1378 585895 5307778 ALSQ-348 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 794 585723 5307946 ALSQ-349 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 258 585672 5307905 Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-350 Badenian - no no no 504 586653 5307344 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-351 Badenian - no no no 903 586801 5307376 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-352 Badenian - no no no 1458 586774 5307406 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-353 076/005 Badenian - no no yes 34286 586729 5307529 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-354 076/005C Badenian - no no no 6683 587128 5307551 Conglomerate 57 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-355 Badenian - no no yes 14754 587079 5307355 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-356 076/005A Badenian - no no yes 2123 587344 5307473 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-357 076/005A Badenian - no no yes 19166 587224 5307449 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-358 Badenian - no no yes 11812 587381 5307768 Conglomerate ALSQ-359 Conglomerate Badenian/Pannonian - no no no 2187 587339 5308297 ALSQ-360 Conglomerate Badenian/Pannonian - no no no 342 587393 5308311 ALSQ-361 Conglomerate Badenian/Pannonian - no no no 3645 587406 5308371 Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-362 Badenian - no no no 676 587743 5307374 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-363 076/006B Badenian - no no no 1012 587079 5307170 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-364 076/006A-M Badenian - no no no 3378 587308 5307037 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-365 Badenian - no no yes 5361 587738 5306872 Conglomerate Sndstein, ALSQ-366 Sarmatian - no no no 1780 588253 5306683 conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-367 Badenian - no no yes 9013 588152 5306286 Conglomerate Lindabrunn-) ALSQ-368 Badenian - no no no 499 588206 5306151 Conglomerate Sandstone, ALSQ-369 076/281 Badenian/Sarmatian - no yes yes 8152 589168 5305400 conglomerate ALSQ-370 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 1936 589456 5303535 ALSQ-371 076/022A Leithakalk Badenian - yes yes yes 30353 587767 5302291 ALSQ-372 076/033 Leithakalk Badenian - no no yes 17638 586833 5302939 ALSQ-373 Leithakalk Badenian - no no no 2215 586356 5303185 ALSQ-374 076/266 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 4476 583440 5303116 ALSQ-375 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no yes 2874 588814 5303836 ALSQ-376 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2130 585373 5305963 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-377 076/022B (78 m) Badenian - no no no 19410 587470 5301524 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) 076/022B-C,023A,023D ALSQ-378 Badenian - no yes yes 123941 587562 5301258 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-379 Badenian - no no no 482 587475 5301402 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-380 Badenian - no no no 681 587273 5301124 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-381 Badenian - no no no 418 587249 5301070 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-382 Badenian - no no no 5487 587245 5300968 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) Conglom- ALSQ-383 Badenian - no no no 371 587359 5300791 erate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-384 076/023E Badenian - no no no 5953 587379 5300381 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-385 076/023B Badenian - no no no 4652 587510 5300886 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-386 076/023C Badenian - no no no 5758 587684 5300885 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-387 Badenian - no no no 2033 587572 5300931 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-388 Badenian - no no no 1434 587484 5300679 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-389 Badenian - no no no 449 587470 5300516 Conglomerate ALSQ-390 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 766 587865 5300808 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-391 Badenian - no no no 751 587093 5299632 Conglomerate 58 Erich Draganits et al. (Vöslau-) ALSQ-392 Badenian - no no no 197 586816 5299577 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-393 Badenian - no no no 1239 586832 5299506 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-394 076/020 Badenian - no no yes 10038 585872 5299106 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-395 076/021 Badenian - no no yes 10602 586164 5298977 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-396 Badenian - no no no 3958 585842 5298565 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-397 Badenian - no no no 1119 585732 5298377 Conglomerate ALSQ-398 076/018 Conglomerate Badenian/Sarmatian - no no no 5650 586012 5298378 ALSQ-399 076/016B Conglomerate Badenian/Sarmatian - no no no 3946 585889 5298052 ALSQ-400 076/016A Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no yes 16209 585981 5297918 ALSQ-401 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 19890 586204 5298159 ALSQ-402 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 3283 586241 5298312 ALSQ-403 076/031 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no near 4107 586360 5298610 ALSQ-404 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no near 6425 586422 5298399 ALSQ-405 076/17 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no yes 19323 587068 5298630 ALSQ-406 Conglomerate Pannonian - no no no 2193 587167 5298361 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-407 Badenian - no no no 5379 586286 5298946 Conglomerate ALSQ-408 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 995 586320 5298865 ALSQ-409 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 1148 586288 5298818 ALSQ-410 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 1620 586440 5298920 ALSQ-411 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 320 586542 5298939 ALSQ-412 Conglomerate Sarmatian - no no no 1331 586232 5298737 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-413 Badenian - no no yes 2688 585294 5297595 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-414 Badenian - no no no 672 585337 5297653 Conglomerate ALSQ-415 076/019 (48 m) Limestone, breccia Triassic, Badenian - no no yes 10836 585549 5298219 ALSQ-416 076/019 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 1974 585578 5298098 ALSQ-417 Breccia Badenian - no no yes 2667 585655 5298159 (Vöslau-) ALSQ-418 Badenian - no no no 10870 584327 5297115 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-419 Badenian - no no no 4508 584404 5297230 Conglomerate (Vöslau-) ALSQ-420 Badenian - no no no 1356 584492 5297257 Conglomerate ALSQ-427 076/001 Dolomite breccia Badenian - no no yes 73733 588903 5313572 Sarmatian, Panno- ALSQ-448 Conglomerate - no no yes 42650 586524 5298415 nian ALSQ-453 Leithakalk Badenian - no yes no 4318 595086 5327996 Table 1: Quarries interpreted from the ALS data (2006 – 2010), arranged into the six quarry regions. Quarries not exactly marked with GBA mining archive points, but within 100 m have been connected with those and the distance is written next to the GBA number. Lithologies and stratigraphic age have been taken from the geological map as well as GBA mining archive and the ages from the geological map. Uncertain entries are marked with a question mark. In some cases, quarries cover more than one lithology or age. While the 1:12 500 maps of the Third military survey are very accurate, the coordinate uncertainties increase with higher ages, therefore in some cases the connection of quarries mapped in the DTM visualization with quarries in the historic maps is not always straight forwards. To increase clarity, quarries mapped in the DTM, which have been mapped in historical maps are colored in the same colors also used in the GIS project. Concerning the Walter Map, “-” field entry means that this area is outside of the map and “no” means that no quarry is indicated in the map. The coordinates in the last two columns represent the location of the shape´s centroid in UTM 33N and WGS 84 coordinate system. 59 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 2 – Possible quarries located in the ALS terrain models Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-0 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3230 631767 5312925 ALSPQ-1 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5077 628371 5313876 ALSPQ-2 ? ? no no yes no 756 630362 5315080 ALSPQ-3 ? Badenian no no no no 130 626135 5309285 ALSPQ-4 ? Badenian? no no no yes 1013 630182 5313375 ALSPQ-5 ? ? no no no no 124 628617 5312777 ALSPQ-6 ? ? no no no no 108 628624 5312748 ALSPQ-7 ? Badenian no no no no 128 628535 5312626 ALSPQ-8 ? Badenian no no no no 187 628517 5312646 ALSPQ-9 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 196 626832 5315414 ALSPQ-85 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 5650 631611 5316055 ALSPQ-86 ? ? no no no no 78 625409 5308897 ALSPQ-91 ? ? no no no no 576 625383 5308967 ALSPQ-92 ? Sarmatian no no no no 134 625613 5308945 ALSPQ-93 ? Sarmatian no no no no 226 625592 5308961 ALSPQ-94 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 765 632469 5313546 ALSPQ-95 078/084-M Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1269 632385 5313477 ALSPQ-96 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 3939 632119 5313321 Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-10 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 783 620908 5305031 ALSPQ-11 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 165 620125 5304330 ALSPQ-12 ? Sarmatian no no no no 541 619893 5304219 ALSPQ-13 ? Sarmatian no no no no 166 619893 5304307 ALSPQ-14 ? ? no no no no 538 620741 5304930 Badenian/ ALSPQ-33 ? no no no no 524 617543 5303437 Sarmatian ALSPQ-34 ? Badenian no no no no 9815 617279 5309424 ALSPQ-35 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 224 617529 5309791 ALSPQ-36 ? Badenian no no no no 329 618305 5310855 ALSPQ-37 ? Badenian no no no no 282 618387 5310734 ALSPQ-38 ? Badenian? no no no no 1944 620361 5313020 ALSPQ-39 ? Badenian no no no no 5428 611375 5299263 ALSPQ-40 ? Badenian no no no no 4221 610810 5299181 Badenian/ ALSPQ-41 077/063-M (39 m) Calcareous sandstone no no no yes 6516 616777 5309329 Sarmatian ALSPQ-42 ? Badenian? no no no no 3652 617055 5309342 ALSPQ-87 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 116 619056 5312706 ALSPQ-88 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 48 619065 5312698 ALSPQ-89 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 571 619112 5312681 ALSPQ-90 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 126 619155 5312674 60 Erich Draganits et al. Quarry Region Rust Hills (RH) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-15 078/065A Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 1324 623746 5300665 ALSPQ-16 078/065-M (48 m) ? Badenian no no no no 50 624492 5300518 ALSPQ-17 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2876 624186 5298952 ALSPQ-18 ? ? no no no no 3271 624088 5298950 ALSPQ-19 ? ? no no no no 1107 624053 5298797 ALSPQ-20 ? Badenian no no no no 449 623454 5298041 ALSPQ-21 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 9749 622298 5297943 ALSPQ-22 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 401 622170 5296030 ALSPQ-23 Leithakalk Badenian yes no no no 10912 622742 5295625 ALSPQ-24 078/004-M (41 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 509 622862 5294743 ALSPQ-25 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 673 622558 5291648 ALSPQ-26 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 737 622587 5291606 ALSPQ-27 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 343 622674 5292072 ALSPQ-28 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 122 622614 5292014 ALSPQ-29 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 50 622223 5296158 ALSPQ-30 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 117 622242 5296152 ALSPQ-31 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 65 622258 5296135 ALSPQ-32 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 102 622268 5296127 Quarry Region Hundsheim Mountains (HM) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-43 ? Badenian no no no no 2092 646587 5335079 ALSPQ-44 061/136 ? Badenian? no no no no 2224 647015 5334509 ALSPQ-45 061/138-M ? Badenian? no no no no 12802 647337 5334320 ALSPQ-46 061/178-M (50 m) ? Badenian? no no no no 673 647511 5334226 ALSPQ-47 061/080 ? Badenian? no no no no 2765 648285 5334045 ALSPQ-48 ? Sarmatian no no no no 420 647539 5332828 ALSPQ-49 ? Sarmatian no no no no 262 647580 5332824 ALSPQ-50 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1965 648354 5332582 ALSPQ-51 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 1182 648412 5332603 ALSPQ-52 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 759 648350 5332657 ALSPQ-53 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 915 648432 5332639 ALSPQ-54 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 110 648537 5332613 ALSPQ-55 Calcareous sandstone Sarmatian no no no no 224 648453 5332474 ALSPQ-56 061/176 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 163 644857 5332259 ALSPQ-57 Limestone Badenian no no no no 607 643180 5333022 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Northwest (VB-NW) (Danube to Atzgersdorf) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-97 058/337 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no near 3138 598633 5343344 ALSPQ-98 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no yes yes 10101 599246 5343821 ALSPQ-99 059/525 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no yes yes 5168 599122 5343793 61 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona inac- ALSPQ-100 058/328 (43 m) Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no 2872 598495 5343885 tive ALSPQ-101 058/341 (34 m) Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no near 7603 598804 5342895 ALSPQ-102 059/525 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 4593 599038 5343767 ALSPQ-103 058/332 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 20994 598666 5343463 ALSPQ-104 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no no 2639 598915 5342782 ALSPQ-105 058/335 Sandstone? Sarmatian no no no yes 967 598530 5343383 ALSPQ-106 041/276 Leithakalk Badenian no no no yes 2504 600181 5346269 ALSPQ-107 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1883 599881 5346380 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW) ( Perchtoldsdorf to Bad Fischau) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSPQ-58 Dolomite breccia Badenian no no no no 392 589196 5315641 ALSPQ-59 Breccia Badenian no no no yes 1014 589270 5315535 ALSPQ-60 Breccia Badenian no no no no 247 589225 5315533 ALSPQ-61 Breccia Badenian no no no no 161 589199 5315510 ALSPQ-62 Breccia Badenian no no no no 841 589939 5317080 ALSPQ-63 Breccia Badenian no no no no 91 588148 5319203 ALSPQ-64 Breccia Badenian no no no no 172 588155 5319181 ALSPQ-65 Breccia Badenian no no no no 1460 585748 5321641 ALSPQ-66 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 1597 593586 5320562 ALSPQ-67 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 403 594689 5322033 ALSPQ-68 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 1330 595396 5323061 ALSPQ-69 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 307 595182 5323707 ALSPQ-70 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 181 595263 5323764 ALSPQ-71 Breccia Badenian no no no no 1902 595153 5327341 ALSPQ-72 Breccia Badenian no no no no 116 592720 5331040 ALSPQ-73 Breccia Badenian no no no no 138 592751 5330989 ALSPQ-74 Breccia Badenian no no no no 3418 589034 5312956 ALSPQ-75 Vöslau Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 2497 590736 5312943 ALSPQ-76 Breccia Badenian no no no yes 358 588001 5313173 ALSPQ-77 Breccia Badenian no no no no 431 587946 5313190 ALSPQ-78 Breccia Badenian no no no yes 169 588035 5313132 ALSPQ-79 Breccia Badenian no no no no 133 587929 5313137 ALSPQ-80 Breccia Badenian no no no no 3353 586434 5313796 ALSPQ-81 Breccia Badenian no no no no 562 584596 5314946 ALSPQ-82 ? ? no no no no 736 584386 5314892 ALSPQ-83 ? ? no no no no 223 584487 5314817 ALSPQ-84 ? ? no no no no 128 584468 5314786 Table 2: Possible quarries interpreted from the ALS data (2006 – 2010), arranged into the six quarry regions. Quarries not exactly marked with GBA mining archive points, but within 100 m have been connected with those and the distance is written next to the GBA number. Lithologies and strati- graphic age have been taken from the geological map as well as GBA mining archive and the ages from the geological map. Uncertain entries are marked with a question mark. In some cases, quarries cover more than one lithology or age. While the 1:12 500 maps of the Third military survey are very accurate, the coordinate uncertainties increase with higher ages, therefore in some cases the connection of quarries mapped in the DTM visual- ization with quarries in the historic maps is not always straight forwards. To increase clarity, quarries mapped in the DTM, which have been mapped in historical maps are colored in the same colors also used in the GIS project. The coordinates in the last two columns represent the location of the shape´s centroid in UTM 33N and WGS 84 coordinate system. 62 Erich Draganits et al. TABLE 3 – Shallow quarries located in the ALS terrain models Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast (LM-NE) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-0 078/294 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3527 633760 5317728 ALSSQ-1 078/294 (57 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 73 633737 5317686 ALSSQ-2 078/294(65 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 980 633758 5317672 ALSSQ-3 078/294 (49 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 179 633778 5317796 ALSSQ-4 078/322 (32 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 842 633466 5317572 ALSSQ-5 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 433 633304 5317632 ALSSQ-6 078/322 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 25810 633378 5317563 ALSSQ-7 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1190 633700 5317314 ALSSQ-8 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1243 633970 5317432 ALSSQ-9 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 107 633345 5317870 ALSSQ-10 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 2378 633374 5317878 ALSSQ-11 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 37 633416 5317889 ALSSQ-12 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 118 633422 5317884 ALSSQ-13 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 135 633436 5317911 ALSSQ-14 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 270 633454 5317914 ALSSQ-15 060/184 (57 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1556 633498 5317878 ALSSQ-16 060/184 (57 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1490 633517 5317910 ALSSQ-17 060/184 (11 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1409 633577 5317887 ALSSQ-18 060/184 (31 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 294 633579 5317854 ALSSQ-19 060/184 (89 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 712 633476 5317949 ALSSQ-20 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1366 633511 5317989 ALSSQ-21 060/184 (37 m) Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 5359 633574 5317973 ALSSQ-22 Leithakalk Badenian no near no near 110 629581 5316911 ALSSQ-23 Leithakalk Badenian no near no near 440 629644 5316927 ALSSQ-24 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 960 629651 5316914 ALSSQ-25 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 518 629678 5316923 ALSSQ-26 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 2325 629696 5316907 ALSSQ-27 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1890 627886 5316035 ALSSQ-53 ? Badenian no no no no 2667 633452 5317995 ALSSQ-54 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 744 633189 5317570 ALSSQ-55 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 1283 633229 5317541 ALSSQ-56 ? Badenian no no no no 2078 633307 5317976 ALSSQ-57 ? Badenian no no no no 1253 633350 5318113 ALSSQ-58 ? Badenian no no no no 3154 633454 5318131 ALSSQ-59 ? Badenian no no no no 151 633392 5318098 ALSSQ-69 060/184 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 3765 633498 5317825 ALSSQ-70 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 339 633993 5317476 Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Southwest (LM-SW) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-28 ? Sarmatian no no no no 694 619786 5303516 ALSSQ-29 ? Sarmatian no no no no 181 619727 5303543 ALSSQ-30 ? Sarmatian no no no no 318 619738 5303517 63 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona ALSSQ-31 ? Sarmatian no no no no 100 619700 5303503 ALSSQ-32 ? Sarmatian no no no no 86 619753 5303500 ALSSQ-33 ? Sarmatian no no no no 149 619773 5303486 ALSSQ-34 ? Sarmatian no no no no 152 619470 5303738 ALSSQ-35 ? Sarmatian no no no no 86 619495 5303736 ALSSQ-36 ? Sarmatian no no no no 254 619729 5303451 ALSSQ-44 ? Sarmatian no no no no 263 619622 5303733 ALSSQ-45 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 290 613034 5304826 ALSSQ-46 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 103 613062 5304820 ALSSQ-47 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 97 613012 5304875 ALSSQ-60 ? Sarmatian no no no no 52 619748 5303484 ALSSQ-61 ? Sarmatian no no no no 299 619712 5303469 ALSSQ-62 ? Sarmatian no no no no 243 619701 5303520 ALSSQ-63 ? Sarmatian no no no no 36 619719 5303526 ALSSQ-64 ? Sarmatian no no no no 159 619758 5303476 ALSSQ-65 ? Sarmatian no no no no 141 619800 5303495 ALSSQ-66 ? Sarmatian no no no no 440 619716 5303495 ALSSQ-67 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 1083 620156 5304536 ALSSQ-68 Limestone Sarmatian no no no no 278 620201 5304622 Quarry Region Rust Hills (RH) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-37 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 3691 622313 5295980 ALSSQ-38 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 94 622237 5295949 ALSSQ-39 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 115 622248 5295934 ALSSQ-40 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 112 622373 5296020 ALSSQ-41 Leithakalk Badenian no near no no 1353 622260 5295992 ALSSQ-42 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 641 622413 5296053 ALSSQ-43 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 188 622450 5296094 Quarry Region Hundsheim Mountains (HM) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-51 Leithakalk Badenium no near no no 1812 643372 5332512 ALSSQ-52 061/008 (62 m) Leithakalk Badenium no near no near 472 643578 5332511 Quarry Region Vienna Basin Southwest (VB-SW) ( Perchtoldsdorf to Bad Fischau) st nd rd 1 2 3 Area ID_1 GBA_ID Lithology Age Walter x-coord. y-coord. Surv. Surv. Surv. (m ) ALSSQ-48 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 11657 586332,5 5321429,2 ALSSQ-49 Leithakalk Badenian no no no no 586 586327,3 5321564,1 ALSSQ-50 Conglomerate Badenian no no no no 15065 588532,7 5302882,5 Table 3: Shallow quarries interpreted from the ALS data (2006–2010), arranged into the six quarry regions. Quarries not exactly marked with GBA mining archive points, but within 100 m have been connected with those and the distance is written next to the GBA number. Lithologies and strati- graphic age have been taken from the geological map as well as GBA mining archive and the ages from the geological map. Uncertain entries are marked with a question mark. In some cases, quarries cover more than one lithology or age. While the 1:12 500 maps of the Third military survey are very accurate, the inaccuracies increase with higher ages, therefore in some cases the connection of quarries mapped in the DTM visualization with quarries in the historic maps is not always straight forwards. To increase clarity, quarries mapped in the DTM, which have been mapped in historical maps are colored in the same colors also used in the GIS project. The coordinates in the last two columns represent the location of the shape´s centroid in UTM 33N and WGS 84 coordinate system. 64 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 4 – Numbers and sizes of quarries Minimum Maximum Mean Sum of all Period Data Quarry Region Number Type area area area areas 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area 479 Quarries 49 790.552 10.155 4.847.724 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE 134 Quarries 96 101.059 6.550 877.640 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW 100 Quarries 160 790.552 18.710 1.870.976 2006–2010 ALS RH 25 Quarries 101 77.444 7.994 199.860 2006–2010 ALS HM 48 Quarries 49 572.869 17.206 825.900 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW 23 Quarries 176 26.779 4.755 109.361 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW 149 Quarries 172 123.941 6.470 963.987 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area 106 Possible quarries 48 20.994 1.887 200.030 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE 18 Possible quarries 78 5.650 1.310 23.586 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW 19 Possible quarries 48 9.815 1.894 35.989 2006–2010 ALS RH 18 Possible quarries 50 10.912 1.825 32.857 2006–2010 ALS HM 15 Possible quarries 110 12.802 1.811 27.163 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW 11 Possible quarries 967 20.994 6.453 58.075 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW 27 Possible quarries 91 3.418 828 22.360 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area 71 Shallow quarries 36 25.810 1.584 112.475 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE 37 Shallow quarries 37 25.810 1.924 71.185 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW 22 Shallow quarries 36 1.083 250 5.504 2006–2010 ALS RH 7 Shallow quarries 94 3.691 885 6.194 2006–2010 ALS HM 2 Shallow quarries 472 1.812 1.142 2.284 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW - - - - - - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW 3 Shallow quarries 586 15.065 9.103 27.308 Walter Map Maps Whole study area 32 Quarries 4.268 19.154 9.423 301.537 Walter Map Maps LM-NE 13 Quarries 4.279 15.368 8.909 115.814 Walter Map Maps LM-SW 10 Quarries 6.523 19.154 12.574 125.741 Walter Map Maps RH 6 Quarries 4.268 9.573 6.669 40.013 Walter Map Maps HM 3 Quarries 5.206 9.461 6.656 19.969 Walter Map Maps VB-NW - - - - - - Walter Map Maps VB-SW - - - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps Whole study area 23 Quarries 1.418 48.843 12.073 277.681 1st Military Survey Maps LM-NE 9 Quarries 1.418 48.843 17.970 161.731 1st Military Survey Maps LM-SW 5 Quarries 3.219 19.876 8.421 42.103 1st Military Survey Maps RH 3 Quarries 2.161 10.593 5.404 16.212 1st Military Survey Maps HM 2 Quarries 11.727 24.647 18.187 36.374 1st Military Survey Maps VB-NW - - - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps VB-SW 4 Quarries 1.631 11.922 5.315 21.261 2nd Military Survey Maps Whole study area 54 Quarries 553 102.005 9.828 530.714 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-NE 7 Quarries 913 76.256 20.475 143.326 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-SW 14 Quarries 998 22.865 8.113 113.578 2nd Military Survey Maps RH 9 Quarries 553 102.005 15.267 137.399 2nd Military Survey Maps HM 1 Quarries 38.810 38.810 38.810 38.810 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-NW 2 Quarries 650 2.099 1.375 2.749 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-SW 21 Quarries 686 32.315 4.517 94.852 3rd Military Survey Maps Whole study area 327 Quarries 99 264.896 5.974 1.950.914 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-NE 87 Quarries 304 48.705 5.952 517.794 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-SW 83 Quarries 131 60.016 4.511 374.396 3rd Military Survey Maps RH 21 Quarries 609 101.651 8.581 180.199 3rd Military Survey Maps HM 34 Quarries 99 8.908 1.829 62.196 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-NW 22 Quarries 279 70.422 7.769 170.919 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-SW 77 Quarries 138 264.896 8.382 645.410 66 Erich Draganits et al. tion of the quarries and inactive quarries; Table 4 summa- regular terrain with abundant rock fragments and there- rizes their respective numbers, as well as their minimum, fore these areas usually are not useful for agriculture and maximum, mean and total areas for each quarry regions become overgrown by vegetation. As a result, virtually (Fig. 2). all inactive quarries that were outlined using ALS data are situated in forested areas (Figs 1, A1), where these data are extremely useful (see also Doneus et al., 2008; 7. Discussion Doneus and Briese, 2010; Doneus and Kühtreiber, 2013). In a broad sense, quarry areas can be compared with During ALS interpretation, the ALS data were mainly visu- palimpsests of textual studies, because in both cases old- alized in a combination of elevation, overlain by hillshade er remains are erased or partly erased by younger stone (50 % transparency) and slope (50 % transparency), all in extraction (e.g. Fig. 4d). In the case of quarries, older quar- grey shades (Figs. 3b, 4b). ries commonly have been enlarged partly or completely Aerial photography was used to a lesser extent. For by younger ones. Quarries outlined in historical maps of- example, no high-resolution ALS was available for the fer a snapshot on the existence of quarries at the time of southern part of the Rust Mountains in Hungary, and mapping. The significance of maps concerning quarries therefore the interpretation of the quarries depended strongly depends on various factors, including the scale, just on aerial and satellite photography. Consequently, accuracy and specific aim of the different maps, as well hardly any quarries could be detected, although several as the skills, time and motivation of the map maker (Figs. quarries are shown in historical maps (Fig. A3c-f). 4d-h). It seems that historical maps – with a few (poten- Due to large scale surface modifications by building tially very interesting) exceptions – show active quarries. activities in Vienna, former quarries are hardly recogniz- This is a big difference to the geoarchaeological prospec- able in the DTM data within the city. As an example, in tion of quarries in ALS data visualizations, because there, the 18th district of Vienna (Währing), in the area of the any (preserved) unnatural, quarry-like surface depression Türkenschanzpark there have been several sand pits in the targeted rock types was mapped as potential quar- (Schmieger, 1924). Only some areas, for example the Stein­ ry and therefore they include a much larger time range grueb, provided sandstone of good quality. According to than quarries recorded in historical maps. Schmieger (1924) this quarry was located at the place of the St. Josef church, in the so-called Weinhaus area, more precisely between Gentzgasse and the Sternwartepark, 7.1 Visibility of quarries in airborne laser scanning and provided building stones for the fortifications of Vi- data and aerial photography enna and was partly also used for the construction of the Clearly, size matters for the recognition of any struc- Karlskirche in the 4th district of Vienna. Due to large scale ture in remote sensing data. No minimum quarry area modifications by buildings, these former extraction sites was defined at the beginning of our geoarchaeological do not show up well in the ALS data or aerial photogra- remote sensing prospection. Interestingly, the minimum phy. Therefore, historical maps (e.g. Marinoni, ca. 1717) 2 2 2 areas documented 49 m , 48 m and 36 m , for quarries, combined with written sources are a more successful ap- possible quarries and shallow quarries, respectively, is proach in heavily overbuilt areas. surprisingly similar. Probably, these sizes are a reasonable In comparison with other quarry regions, the low num- minimum detection limit, considering the resolution of ber of quarries visible in the ALS data in the Quarry Region the ALS data (1x1 m), these areas represent about 6x6 to Vienna Basin Northwest is conspicuous (Tab. 4, Fig. A5). 7x7 pixels and it is difficult to recognize smaller structures This is surprising, especially because this region is clos- as quarries. Probably, smaller quarries can be recognized est to Vindobona/Vienna, with an expected high building in a targeted survey of smaller study areas, complement- stone demand from the Roman period onwards. The low ed by feedback loops between remote sensing interpre- number of quarries in the ALS data could be explained by tation and outcrop studies. the enormous surface modifications, especially in the last The specific challenge of remote sensing studies of two centuries. However, also the historical maps of this quarries is, that – for practical reasons – younger quar- region show low number of quarries and therefore this ries commonly extend older ones and thus erase them situation may point to additional factors, for example the partly or completely. Additionally, inactive quarries are preference of specific rock types and/or qualities, which frequently used as dumping areas and thus may become were not found in these areas, or the exploitation of oth- hardly visible in ALS data or aerial imagery. The same is er rock types, e.g. sandstone from the Flysch Unit. true for underground quarries, which are just detectable, The west side of the Vienna Basin shows a compara- if their entrance area is large enough and/or indicated by ble higher number of quarries lacking quarry mining spoil heaps. Many former quarries in solid rock leave ir- data points of the Geological Survey of Austria than Table 4 (left page): Comparison of the sizes and numbers of the documented quarries from different quarry regions, based on the ALS interpretation and from historical maps of different ages. Note the dramatic increase in quarry numbers and quarry area between the Second (1809–1846) and Third Military Surveys (1872–1880), probably related to building stone demands related to the building projects in the area of the former glacis and city wall of Vienna, starting in 1857. Additionally, the more detailed mapping scale of the Third Military Survey may also contribute to the higher number of quarries. 67 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona TABLE 5 – Lithostratigraphic content of the quarries Period Data Quarry Region Type Badenian Sarmatian Pannonian 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area Quarries 342 119 27 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE Quarries 80 45 1 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW Quarries 76 30 3 2006–2010 ALS RH Quarries 25 - - 2006–2010 ALS HM Quarries 33 14 2 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW Quarries 9 14 - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW Quarries 119 15 21 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area Possible quarries 71 26 - 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE Possible quarries 10 3 - 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW Possible quarries 15 5 - 2006–2010 ALS RH Possible quarries 16 - - 2006–2010 ALS HM Possible quarries 6 9 - 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW Possible quarries 2 9 - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW Possible quarries 24 - - 2006–2010 ALS Whole study area Shallow quarries 52 19 - 2006–2010 ALS LM-NE Shallow quarries 37 - - 2006–2010 ALS LM-SW Shallow quarries 3 19 - 2006–2010 ALS RH Shallow quarries 7 - - 2006–2010 ALS HM Shallow quarries 2 - - 2006–2010 ALS VB-NW - - - - 2006–2010 ALS VB-SW Shallow quarries 3 - - Walter Map Maps Whole study area Quarries 21 11 - Walter Map Maps LM-NE Quarries 8 6 - Walter Map Maps LM-SW Quarries 6 3 - Walter Map Maps RH Quarries 16 - - Walter Map Maps HM Quarries 1 2 - Walter Map Maps VB-NW - - - - Walter Map Maps VB-SW - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps Whole study area Quarries 17 9 - 1st Military Survey Maps LM-NE Quarries 6 6 - 1st Military Survey Maps LM-SW Quarries 2 3 - 1st Military Survey Maps RH Quarries 3 - - 1st Military Survey Maps HM Quarries 2 - - 1st Military Survey Maps VB-NW - - - - 1st Military Survey Maps VB-SW Quarries 4 - - 2nd Military Survey Maps Whole study area Quarries 33 18 3 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-NE Quarries 3 4 - 2nd Military Survey Maps LM-SW Quarries 6 5 3 2nd Military Survey Maps RH Quarries 9 - - 2nd Military Survey Maps HM Quarries 1 - - 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-NW Quarries - 2 - 2nd Military Survey Maps VB-SW Quarries 14 7 - 3rd Military Survey Maps Whole study area Quarries 187 110 14 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-NE Quarries 44 45 1 3rd Military Survey Maps LM-SW Quarries 46 27 7 3rd Military Survey Maps RH Quarries 21 - - 3rd Military Survey Maps HM Quarries 17 6 - 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-NW Quarries 3 19 1 3rd Military Survey Maps VB-SW Quarries 56 13 5 Table 5: Comparison of the documented quarries concerning their lithostratigraphic contents. The partly slightly higher numbers in comparison to Table 4 result from the fact that some quarries contain more than one lithostratigraphic unit and are therefore counted more than one time. 68 -28% -8% Erich Draganits et al. other quarry regions (Tabs. 1–3). Possible reasons are: Whole study area (a) (i) different properties of the rocks, for example well- cemented conglomerates and breccia versus relatively soft sandstones in the Leitha Mountains and Hundsheim Mountains, affecting the preservation and visibility, (ii) differences in the rock types may cause different natural erosion features influencing ALS (over-)interpretation or (iii) regional bias of the quarry mining documentation, because this part has been less investigated by the GBA quarry projects compared with other areas. The interpretation, importance and age of the shallow quarries is especially difficult. Many of them are found in the Quarry Region Leitha Mountains Northeast in Upper 1700 1800 1900 2000 Badenian and younger Corallinaceae grain- and rud- 10,000,000 stones at a level area in the eastern part of the Spittelberg Whole study area 4,848k (b) (community of Parndorf). As they are situated within the large military practicing ground (“Truppenübungsplatz”), 1,951k it cannot be excluded that they are related to surfaces modified by any kind of military practice. This interpre- 1,000,000 531k tation might be supported by the fact that similar “shal- low quarries” are also found on Schieferberg, about 2 km 302k 278k southwest of Spittelberg, but in Mesozoic dolomite mar- ble. There, it remains unclear if shallow quarries represent 100,000 an early stage of a quarry area, a different quarrying strat- egy or if their appearance has some age implications. However, Figure 3 shows a very nice example of a shal- low quarry (ALSSQ-51) from the saddle between Pfaffen- 10,000 berg and Hundsheimer Berg, which was visited in the 1700 1800 1900 2000 field. According to its appearance in the field it is a shal- low quarry, which is neither indicated in historical maps nor in the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria. This shallow quarry is located in a similar altitude Figure 6: Changes of quarries documented in the Walter Map and and only 700 m southeast of the Jupiter sanctuary, which the three military surveys of the whole study area. Values are based on Table 4 and rounded in this figure. As quarries documented in the was established by the soldiers of the first Roman legion ALS data lack any age information, they were not included into the cal- in Carnuntum, the Legio XV Apollinaris, on the plateau culation of the variations. Colored lines at the horizontal axis denote of the Pfaffenberg (Jobst, 2021) and entirely destroyed the period of the specific mapping campaign, data points have been by 1985 as a result of contemporary quarrying activities drawn at the middle of these periods, (a): Changes of the number of quarries between the different maps, (b): Changes of the sum of quar- (see also Thür, 2000; Gadermayr et al., 2014). This quarry ry areas between the different maps. might have been a very practical stone source in connec- tion with the construction of the different buildings of this temple district. map adds additional biases related to (1) scale of docu- mentation, (2) knowledge and techniques, (3) purpose of 7.2 Documentation of quarries in historical maps map, (4) personal abilities, knowledge, motivation, spe- Remote sensing is able to document Earth´s surface cific interests, etc., (5) time constraints. Hardly any map with easy access from above with constant parameters was originally created for the documentation of quarries, and detail; possible restrictions usually concern weather but commonly served military purposes, the documen- conditions (e.g. Opitz and Cowley, 2013). In contrast, his- tation of property boundaries or the calculation of tax. torical maps were measured and drawn by people from Therefore, compared with an orthophoto or airborne la- the ground, aiming for different purposes (e.g. Cowley et ser scan, a map is a highly biased source and any interpre- al., 2001; Cosgrove, 2008) and therefore there are many tation should consider this fact. possibilities for biases in map surveys e.g. (1) scale of This study documented all quarries from historical documentation, (2) surveying techniques, (3) purpose of maps and ALS data as shape files in a GIS environment surveying, (4) personal abilities, knowledge, motivation, and changes in number and area were calculated (Tab. 4, specific interests, etc., (5) time constraints, (6) weather Figs. 6, 7). Most quarry regions covered by the Walter Map conditions, (7) accessibility and visibility restrictions by (1754–1756) show a slight reduction in the number and topography and/or vegetation. Unfortunately, also the total area of quarries between the Walter Map and the redrawing of the field documentation creating a final First Military Survey (1773–1785) (Tab. 4, Fig. 7). In both +267% +135% +91% +506% Number of quarries Quarry area (m2) Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 -57% -59% -50% -50% -31% -22% -11% Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona 1000 10,000,000 Leitha Mountains NE Leitha Mountains NE (a) (b) 878k 100 1,000,000 518k 13 162k 143k 10 100,000 116k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Leitha Mountains SW Leitha Mountains SW (c) (d) 1,870k 100 1,000,000 374k 126k 10 100,000 114k 42k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Rust Hills Rust Hills (e) (f) 100 1,000,000 25 200k 180k 9 137k 10 100,000 40k 16k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 Figure 7 (p. 70, 71): Changes of quarries documented in the Walter Map and the three military surveys separated into the different quarry areas (Fig. 2). Values are shown in a logarithmic scale and are based on Table 4 and rounded in this figure. As quarries documented in the ALS data lack any age in- formation, they were not included into the calculation of the variations. Colored lines at the horizontal axis denote the period of the specific mapping campaign, data points have been drawn at the middle of these periods. Changes of the number between the different maps are on the left side of the figure, changes of the sum of quarry areas between the different maps on the right side. maps the general numbers are low and the slight differ- The dramatic increase in number and total area of ences could be related by the differences in the mapping recorded quarries from the Second Military Survey scale, 1:14000 and 1:28000, respectively. The differences (1809–1846) to the Third Military Survey (1872–1880) in concerning quarries between the First Military Survey all quarry regions is striking; the quarry number increases and the Second Military Survey are regionally differenti- by 506 % and quarry area by 267 % (Tab. 4, Figs. 5, 6, 7). ated. There is a markedly increase in quarry number and The most important contributing factor is probably the area in the quarry regions Leitha Mountains Southwest, strongly increased building activity in Vienna during the Rust Hills and Vienna Basin Southwest. In contrast the so-called Ringstraßen-Period, when the outdated fortifi- quarry region Leitha Mountains Northeast shows a slight cation wall, trenches and glacis of Vienna were levelled decrease in both, quarry number and area, while the and this large area covered with a large building program quarry region Hundsheim Mountains shows a reduction (Karrer, 1886; Kieslinger, 1972). The demand for building of the number of quarries by 50 % but a slight increase in stone was so large that nearby quarries could not deliv- quarry area by 7 % (Tab. 4, Figs. 5, 7). er enough building stones and a part was brought from +31% +40% +133% +170% +180% +261% +200% +230% +493% +748% +1143% Number of quarries Number of quarries Number of quarries Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 -33% -50% Erich Draganits et al. 1000 10,000,000 Hundheim Mountains Hundheim Mountains 4,848k (g) (h) 826k 100 1,000,000 10 100,000 62k 39k 36k 20k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Vienna Basin - Northwest Vienna Basin - Northwest 4,848k (i) (j) 100 1,000,000 22 23 171k 109k 10 100,000 3k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1000 10,000,000 Vienna Basin - Southwest Vienna Basin - Southwest (k) (l) 964k 100 1,000,000 645k 10 100,000 95k 21k 1 10,000 1700 1800 1900 2000 1700 1800 1900 2000 remote areas, including Aflenz near Leibnitz (Styria, the last group should be prioritized for a ground check in Austria) as well as Mokrice und Ormož (Slovenia) (Hauer, a quest for Roman quarries. 1873; Karrer, 1886; Seemann and Summesberger, 1999). In this context, quarries indicated as old or inactive Another important factor for the large number of quar- in historical maps deserve further investigation: Wal- ries in the maps of the Third Military Survey is most likely ter Map (1754–1756): WMIQ-0, Breitenbrunn, Badenian; also their larger scale (most areas at 1:12 500) compared Second Military Survey (1809–1818): 2MSIQ-0, between with the Second Military Survey (1:28 800). Brunn am Gebirge und Perchtoldsdorf, Pannonian and Several of the quarries mapped in the ALS data nev- Third Military Survey (1872–1880): 3MSIQ-0, Winden, SW er showed up in the historical maps (Tabs. 1–3, Fig. A7). of Hackelsberg, Badenian; 3MSIQ-1, 3MSIQ-7-9, Winden, There are several possibilities: i) they existed at the time Gruibert, Badenian; 3MSIQ-2, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, of the survey but have not been mapped – for whatever Kirchenberg, Badenian; 3MSIQ-3, Bad Deutsch-Alten- reason, ii) these quarries are younger than the surveys burg, northwest of Pfaffenberg, Badenian; 3MSIQ-4, (i.e. after 1873, younger than the Third Military Survey), iii) Atzgersdorf, Sarmatian; 3MSIQ-5, 3MSIQ-6, Fertőrákos, these quarries are older than the surveys (i.e. before 1754, Badenian; 3MSIQ-10-11, Wien, Döbling, Sarmatian; older than the Walter Map) and were not recognizable as 3MSIQ-12, Stotzing, Badenian. They are indicated in the quarries at the time of the surveys; specifically quarries of maps for example by (i) written description, e.g. “Alter +7% +60% +82% +266% +346% +425% +580% +1000% +3300% +6117% Number of quarries Number of quarries Number of quarries Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Quarry area (m2) Walter Karte 1754-1756 1st Milit. Surv. 1773-1785 2nd Milit. Surv. 1809-1846 3rd Milit. Surv. 1872-1880 ALS data 2006-2010 Steinbruch” (WMIQ-0), (ii) unclear outline, no quarry sym- specific type of lithology was discovered only recently, bol, no road connection (e.g. 3MSIQ-0), (iii) very irregular for example the Badenian stromatolites from the south topography (e.g. 3MSIQ-1, 3MSIQ-3) or (iv) just by a steep side of the Sopron Hills (Harzhauser et al., 2014). face (e.g. 3MSIQ-12). Of the 479 quarries recorded in ALS data, 198 (41 %) are not recorded in the quarry data base of the Geological Survey of Austria (Tab. 1), most of them in the western 7.3 Geological factors Vienna Basin. Of the 108 possible quarries mapped in There are hardly any archaeological prospection and ALS data, 88 (83 %) are not recorded in the quarry data survey projects, which do not use geological information base (Tab. 2) and of the 71 shallow quarries, 56 (79 %) are in one way or another. Usually, there are neither time nor not recorded in the quarry data base (Tab. 3). Finally, 30 financial resources for geological mapping specifically probable burial mounds have been interpreted in the for an archaeological study and consequently existing ALS data. geological maps are used. It is therefore fundamental Interpreted quarries were associated with data points to understand general aspects of geological mapping of the quarry data base of the Geological Survey of – without going into detail concerning technical and Austria, when they were located within 100 m distance methodological considerations. Generally, and especially (Figs. 3d, 4d). Of the three different quarry types mapped in the context of a geoarchaeological study related to the in the ALS data, 59 % of the quarries, but only 17 % of location of quarries, one of the most important parame- the possible quarries and 21 % of the shallow quarries are ters is the particular scale at which geological maps are in the data base of the Geological Survey of Austria. This produced, because it has a tremendous impact on the fact can be explained by the generally smaller and less information available. A scale of 1:50000 is a very com- eye-catching appearance of the latter two types. Addi- mon map scale, which means that 1 mm on the map cor- tionally, the association between mining data base point responds with 50 m in nature. As 1 mm is more or less the and interpreted quarry is not always straight forwards, minimum size of features that can be drawn or printed because data base positions were originally taken from on maps, this means that a geological map at a scale of maps or later measured with hand-held GPS devices, 1:50000 generally does not contain rock occurrences be- which may measure inaccurate positions, especially in low 250 m or layers below apparent 50 m thickness. forested areas, where most of the old quarries are situ- A map is a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimen- ated. sional geological reality and there is a close link between With a few exceptions, showing small areas (e.g. Figs. lithostratigraphy and mapping: “Lithostratigraphic units 3c, 4c, 10c), geological information has not been includ- are bodies of rocks, bedded or unbedded, that are defined ed in the figures of this work to increase the visibility of and characterized on the basis of their lithologic properties the mapped quarries. The GIS data of all documented and their stratigraphic relations. Lithostratigraphic units are quarries of this study have been included into the online the basic units of geologic mapping” (Murphy and Salva- Supplement C and their geological context can easily be dor, 1999). This relationship is crucial because the con- accessed from the Web Map Service (WMS) of the Geo- tent of geological maps is based on formations, defined logical Survey of Austria (https://www.geologie.ac.at/en/ by their lithological properties, and by the ability to map services/web-services). them, which is a combination of the ability to recognize The combination of high-resolution topography them in the field and the minimum size of their occur- from ALS data with geological information, e.g. orienta- rence, which depends – as mentioned above – on the tion of bedding and lithostratigraphy, is commonly im- mapping scale, or in the words of Murphy and Salvador portant for understanding the location of quarries. For (1999): “No formation is considered justifiable and useful example, the Sarmatian sandstones in the area of the that cannot be delineated at the scale of geologic mapping Türkenschanzpark in Vienna show more or less horizon- practiced in the region.” tal bedding and are covered by several meters of loose What can we learn from above discussion for a study sand. Therefore, the large artificial surface modifications on quarries: (i) in prehistory and in many archaeological in the park area are mainly related to 19th century sand periods, rock occurrences below 250 m may have been pits, while most of the quarries are located at lower levels economically important and therefore, possible occur- in the Gentzgasse and Krottenbachstraße, where these rences that might be relevant for archaeological ques- sandstones were cropping out (Fig. A5d). tions, are possibly not indicated in geological maps, (ii) Table 5 shows the chronostratigraphic age of the cal- as geological maps show the geological formations on careous sandstone and limestone of the documented Earth´s surface, exploited rocks might be covered by a quarries. The three types of quarries recorded in the ALS thin cover of other rocks or sediments and might not be data, are clearly dominated by the Badenian stage (465 indicated in geological maps in this area and (iii) in many quarries) compared with the Sarmatian (164 quarries) cases exploited rocks just comprise a couple of meters and Pannonian (27 quarries). The quarries recorded in thick layers or beds, which are commonly not separately the historical maps show a very similar distribution, Bad- indicated in geological maps, (iv) one color in the map enian (258 quarries), Sarmatian (148 quarries) and Pan- summarizes different variations of a lithology, or (v) a nonian (27 quarries). Interestingly, there are no quarries 72 (a) (b) Figure 8: Graffito from the quarry northwest of Breitenbrunn (ALSQ-71, WMIQ-0), written into a slickenside of a subvertical nor- mal fault, (a): Overview showing the southwest part of the normal fault (Fault surface: 100/71, Lineation: 038/59). The position of the graffito is indicated by the arrow; yellow retractable pencil for scale is 14.7 mm long, (b): Close up of the graffito reading “PWS. 1835.” (GPS: UTM33, 628712 E, 5312632 N, 211 m asl). (a) b) c) (b) (c) Figure 9: Quarry face with pick marks and graffiti from the large quarry 1.8 km west-southwest of Au am Leithaberge (1MSQ-0, 2MSQ-18, 3MSQ-125, ALSQ-243, Tabs. 1, B2–B4 and Fig A2), (a): Overview of the quarry face (trending 320–140) with the location of the graffiti indicated. Details of the pick marks and graffiti are unfortunately obscured by sediment washed down the rock face, (b): Several unclear graffiti higher up in the quarry face, (c): Graffito probably reading “Karrer F. 1897” (GPS: UTM 33, 614781 m E, 5308054 m N, 231 m asl). The graffito is most likely related to Felix Karrer (1825–1903), the bustling investigator of the Neo- gene sediments in the Vienna Basin and founder of the important building stone collection of the National History Museum Vienna (Berwerth, 1903). 73 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona documented in Pannonian sandstone in the Walter Map scape there would have been much more difficult. The (1754–1756) and First Military Survey (1773–1785), they drawback of this area, however, are the still ongoing in- only appear on younger maps (Tab. 5). tensive quarrying activities since the 19th century, which destroyed a lot of evidence (Fig. 10). The key study Bad Deutsch-Altenburg measures only < 5 km , or only 0.5 % 7.4 Age information of the whole ca. 950 km large study area, but nicely Age determination of quarries from remote sensing shows the potential of our geoarchaeological prospec- data is obviously challenging and demands observa- tion approach. tions in the field, usually requires intensive surveys and/ Figure 10d shows the interpretation of the quarryscape or excavations (e.g. Mackensen, 2010; Karl, 2021). Age of the Pfaffenberg near Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, based estimates based on quarrying traces usually are doubt- on a combination of different kinds of data, including ful, because quarrying techniques remained almost un- satellite imagery, a high resolution digital elevation mod- changed for centuries. Additionally, work traces are more el, geological map and historical maps. The evolution of intensively studied for marble quarries (e.g. Waelkens et this small quarry area reflects the evolution of the whole al., 1990; Karl, 2021), but to a much less extent in porous study area. Only few quarries (2) are indicated in the First calcareous sandstone, which is much softer and thus al- Military Survey (1773–1781), even fewer (1) in the Second lows for different techniques (e.g. Wurster, 1969; Soles, Military Survey (1809–1818) and a dramatic increase in 1983; Korres, 1988; 2000). Additionally, porous calcarenite quarries (21) in the Third Military Survey (1872–1873). The and sandstone quarry faces are much less weathering re- ALS interpretation shows 33 quarries and a shallow quar- sistant and thus traces are strongly weathered (Fig. 8b) or ry (ALSSQ-51), which was already mentioned above. Of commonly lost. the quarries in the ALS data, many have been mapped in In our study, the use of historical maps, photos and the historical maps, but not all (Fig. 10d), which are po- paintings of quarries turned out to be very useful for tentially interesting. Even more important are two areas, providing some time information of quarries. All of these directly northwest and west of the Pfaffenberg, which sources represent time slices allowing broad age esti- are suspicious by their very irregular, rough, “unnatural” mation. Additionally, historical maps and images may terrain indicated in the map by Streffleur (ca. 1840) and show quarries, that have been destroyed completely by in the Third Military Survey (1872–1873), full of irregular subsequent quarries or which are refilled completely and small hills and depressions (Fig. 10e). For all these rea- therefore are not visible in ALS data. Historical maps also sons, these areas have been interpreted as inactive quar- contain additional information, for example: “Alter Stein- ries (3MSIQ-2, 3MSIQ-3) (Table B4). Both areas have never bruch” (old quarry), or names of former owners (Walter been drawn as quarries, neither in any historical map – 1754–1756). Last but not least historical maps document also including the maps by Anonymous (ca. 1828), Stref- variations in the number of quarries and quarry areas fleur (ca. 1840) and Burgerstein (1882) – nor in the ALS (Tab. 4). Further, rare graffiti found on some quarry faces data (Figs. A4, 10), nor in historical records (Geng-Sesztak (Figs. 8, 9) represent a minimum age indication as well as and Springer, 2000). The area northwest of Pfaffenberg is a control for the map information. For example, the graf- almost completely destroyed by later road building and fito from the ALSQ-71 quarry northwest of Breitenbrunn a railway line and is not further discussed here (Fig. 10). reading “PWS. 1835.”, represents a minimum age limit for The irregular terrain indicated in the Third Military Sur- the quarry. Interestingly, the only map that shows a quar- vey (1872–1873) (3MSIQ-3), is located in the area of the ry there is the map by Walter (1754–1756) (WMIQ-0). present railway station of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, the Hainburgerstraße and northeast of Neustiftgasse (Fig. 10). Groller (1900, Tafel I, Lageplan B) indicates small irreg- 7.5 Key study Bad Deutsch­ Altenburg ular depressions in this area and a railway line, which is The region of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg has been select- neither indicated in the Third Military Survey (1872–1873) ed, because of its proximity to Carnuntum and the exis- nor in the map of Burgerstein (1882). There, the geolog- tence of a plethora of relevant studies relating to quar- ical map indicates Badenian and Sarmatian sediments ries, concerning aspects of topography (Maynzeck, 1717; (Fuchs et al., 1985) (Fig. 10c). As none of the historical Walter, 1754–1756; First, Second and Third Military Sur- maps shows any quarries in this area, any possible quar- vey; Streffleur, ca. 1840), large-scale cadastral maps (Hen- rying activity should be older than the Walter Map (1754– ner, 1819), geology (Burgerstein, 1882; Karrer, 1900; Wes- 1756). There are also no historical accounts of quarries in sely, 1961; Fuchs et al., 1985; Pivko, 2012; Gadermayr et this area (Geng-Sesztag and Springer, 2000). Could it be al., 2014), archaeology (Tragau, 1897; Kandler, 2000; Thür, a Roman quarry? 2000), history (Lachmayer, 1999; Farka, 2000; Geng-Sesz- The area in question is located only ca. 1.5 km northeast tak et al., 2000) as well as historical photographs and of the Roman legionary fortress of Carnuntum, in a similar drawings (Farka, 2000; Geng-Sesztak et al., 2000; Spring- altitude range and directly at the Roman road from Car- er and Sacken, 2000). Without this exceptional amount nuntum along the Danube towards the east (Figs. 5, 10). of existing research data in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, in- Burgerstein (1882) carried out one of the first and most terpretations concerning the evolution of the quarry- detailed geological studies in Bad Deutsch- Altenburg 74 643800 643800 643800 641800 641800 641800 643800 643800 643800 641800 641800 641800 Erich Draganits et al. (a) (b) 5333000 5333000 500 m 500 m (c) (d) 061/007 061/007A 061/158 061/167 061/168 5333000 5333000 061/001 061/248 061/247 061/008 061/010B 061/246 061/002 061/008B 061/010C 500 m 500 m 061/250 (e) (f) 5333000 5333000 500 m 500 m Figure 10: Quarryscape of the Pfaffenberg in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and two possible Roman? quarries in the Quarry Region HM, (a): Satellite image, World Imagery, ESRI. Most quarries are hidden in the forests, (b): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data as combination of the DTM in gray shades, standard deviation stretch, 50 % transparent hillshade, azimuth 315° and 45° illumination angle, standard deviation stretch and 50 % transparent slope map with inverted standard deviation stretch. The red line indicates the position of the Roman road according to Groller (1902), (c): Visualization of 1x1 m ALS data with the geological map by Fuchs et al. (1985), (d): Interpretation of the ALS visualization and historical maps: brown: quarries (First Military Survey); green: quarries (Second Military Survey); turquoise: quarries (Streffleur, c. 1840); blue: quarries (Third Military Survey); red: quarries (ALS data); light red: shallow quarry (ALS data). Bold numbers are points of the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria, (e): Third Military Survey (1872 – 1873) showing very uneven terrain north and northwest of Pfaffenberg, (f): “Römische? Schutthalden vom Nulliporen­ Kalk” (English: Roman? debris of corallinaceae limestone) in the map of Burgerstein (1882). 75 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona Figure 11: Sketch of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and Pfaffenberg towards east-northeast showing the very uneven topography of the area of the possible Roman? quarry (Burgerstein, 1882). Figure 12: Oil painting „Tumulus of Deutsch Altenburg“ in exhibition hall XIII of the Natural History Museum Vi- enna by Robert Russ (c. 1889) (photo: Alice Schumacher, NHM Wien) show- ing yellowish, relatively soft, hori- zontally bedded sedimentary rocks, probably quarried in different levels and towards the left the uneven to- pography, outlined in the Third Mili- tary Survey (Fig. 10). with a geological map at a scale of 1:12 500. Additionally, cutting, which cuts the hilly terrain; according to the in- he presents a landscape sketch of the Pfaffenberg and its sights gained during the road construction, this rubble foot from the west-southwest, giving the best depiction is possibly the (enormous) debris of old-Roman quarries of this relict possible quarry area (Fig. 11). (see Fig. 10f). Burgerstein (1882, 111–112) writes about this area: Robert Russ made an oil painting for the exhibition hall „Von der westlichen kleineren Leithaconglomeratmasse am XIII of the Natural History Museum Vienna, inaugurated in Südwest­ Abhange des Pfaffenberges … zieht sich gegen 1889 (Jovanovic-Kruspel and Schumacher, 2014), showing den Ort zu zerlapptes, sanfthügeliges Terrain, welches aus the northern part of the area under discussion towards einer Anhäufung von losen Nulliporenstücken oder Schutt the north with the tumulus and the church Mariae Him- von Nulliporenkalk besteht und auf der Karte für sich aus­ melfahrt on top of Kirchenberg in Bad Deutsch-Alten- geschieden ist; man sieht dieses Material an dem Chaus­ burg and the Danube in the background. The foreground seéeinschnitt, welcher die Hügelreihe durchschneidet, gut of the painting (Fig. 12) shows yellowish, relatively soft, aufgeschlossen; nach dem Einblick, den man bei Anlage der horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks, probably quar- Chausseé bekam, sind es möglicherweise die (dann colossa­ ried in different levels and towards the left the uneven len) Massen von Abraum aus altrömischen Steinbrüchen.“ topography, outlined in the Third Military Survey. (English: From the western, smaller Leitha conglomerate Another very important information in this context occurrence on the southwest slope of Pfaffenberg … to- is Tragau (1897, 195), writing about the excavation of wards the village, there is an irregular, hilly terrain, which one of the towers in the eastern flank of the legionary consists of an accumulation of loose Corallinaceae pieces fortress wall of Carnuntum: „Zur Verwendung kam das or fragments of Corallinaceae limestone, which was out- beste Gestein der Umgegend, Leithakalk aus den Brüchen lined on the map; the material is well exposed in the road des Hundsheimer­ , Pfaffen­ und Kirchenberges. Tatsäch ­ 76 Erich Draganits et al. lich fanden sich zwischen Deutsch­ Altenburg und dem Fuße Very similar areas, which have been mapped as uneven des Pfaffenberges (Tafel II, Abb. 2a) zahlreiche Abfälle von terrain in the Third Military Survey like the one discussed Steinzurichtung, welche mit dem im Lager und im Castell at the foot of Pfaffenberg include “Gruibert” in Winden am Stein verwendeten Material übereinstimmen“ (English: am See (3MSIQ-1, ALSQ-66) (see also Rohatsch, 2017) and The best rock of the surrounding was used, Leitha Kalk “Hoher Berg” in Stotzing (3MSIQ-12, ALSQ-237) (Tabs. 1, from the quarries of Hundsheimer Berg, Pfaffenberg and B4). Kirchenberg. Actually, between Bad Deutsch-Altenburg and the foot of Pfaffenberg (plate II, Fig. 2a), there is a lot of quarrying waste, which match in material the rocks 8. Outlook used in the camp and fortification am Stein). The present geoarchaeological remote sensing and Felix Karrer, one of the most eminent experts on historical map documentation of quarries in the southern th Neogene sediments in the Vienna Basin in the 19 cen- Vienna Basin, Leitha Mountains and Hundsheim Moun- tury and founder of the building stone collection of tains, the hinterland of the Roman legionary fortresses the Natural History Museum Vienna sampled the Car- and settlements of Vindobona and Carnuntum provides nuntum excavation for this collection. He described the a new, extensive and diachronic data base not only for Badenian limestones south of the railway station of Bad the Roman period, but also for quarrying since at least Deutsch-Altenburg “Nulliporenkalk” (Corallinaceae lime- the Bronze Age (e.g. Willvonseder, 1938; Berg, 1954; Kaus, stone) (Karrer, 1900, p. 4). Figure 13 shows a sample of a 1991), especially the 19th century (Schmid, 1894; Hanisch coralline algae rich rudstone from a house construction and Schmid, 1901; Schafarzik, 1909) and up to the pres- site in the Hainburgerstrasse 29. ent (Lachmayer, 1999; Heinrich et al., 2010). Additionally, As the area of this potential Roman quarry is by far the the documented quarries represent fundamental infor- closest (only 1.5 km distance) and easiest accessible out- mation for the Federal Monuments Authority Austria crop of Neogene calcareous sandstone (directly at the (Bundesdenkmalamt), which is responsible for the defini- Roman road between Carnuntum and Gerulata (Groller, tion of protected areas concerning cultural and industrial 1902) and at almost the same altitude as the city and le- heritage. gionary fortress Carnuntum) it is a prime candidate for Some desirable future research steps are summarized the stone supply for Carnuntum. The area is about 700 m here. Priority should be given to quarries, possible quar- long and 300 m wide, with a surface of 18 ha (Figs. 10, 11). ries and shallow quarries which have not been covered Using just the part, which is mapped as Badenian lime- by the database of the Geological Survey of Austria so far stone in the modern geological map (Fuchs et al., 1985), and those which have never been indicated in any of the the area is still 680 m long and 220 m wide with an area investigated historical maps. of 10 ha and thus ranges among the largest quarries and possible quarries in the study area (Tab. 4). 1) Documentation of bed thicknesses is very impor- tant, because this measurement controls the maximum producible block sizes and thus could be used as one pa- (a) rameter for provenance analyses. 2) The appearance of sediments may show large vari- ations in lateral and vertical directions, especially coastal deposits like the investigated Sarmatian and Badenian sandstone, calcarenites/-rudites and limestone of the present study. Thus, sampling of characteristic beds in quarries would tremendously improve the basis for prov- (b) enance analysis. Meta-data of samples should include precise GPS location and position in a detailed lithostrati- graphic section. Standardized rock samples could be in- cluded in the rock collections of the Geological Survey of Austria or the Natural History Museum. 3) Thin-sections of selected samples allowing for the study of the carbonate micro-facies, detrital clasts and especially the micro-fossil content are highly desirable. 1 cm Figure 13: Rock sample from the possible Roman? quarry in Bad 4) More knowledge about the local archaeological Deutsch-Altenburg (Fig. 10e, f ) from a house construction site at Hain- context of quarries (e.g. settlements, roads, etc.) is very burgerstraße 29, (a): Photography, (b): Scan of a polished section. important, archaeological surveys in quarries and sur- Rudstone, rich in coralline algae, foraminifera, bryozoans and Echi- roundings as well as the detailed comparison of archaeo- noidea fragments (Sample number ED20/BDS/3, GPS: UTM33, 642026 E, 5332929 N, 163 m asl). logical stone objects and rock samples. 77 Geoarchaeological remote sensing prospection of Miocene limestone quarries in the hinterland of Roman Carnuntum and Vindobona 5) The evaluation of historical records like cadastral of Austria so far and those which have never been indi- registers, invoices of building projects (e.g. “Wiener Stadt­ cated in any of the investigated historical maps should be erweiterungsfonds”), tax records, etc. are very much need- investigated in more detail. ed. The prospection of old quarries is very challenging, because most of them have been quarried also in sub- 6) In 2019 the whole Burgenland was covered by new sequent periods, destroying virtually all pre-existing ALS data with 0.5 m resolution and new ortho-photos. traces. Therefore, areas with suspicious uneven terrain, Both are freely accessible under compliance to Creative which have never been outlined as quarries, or have Commons crediting the creator https://geodaten.bgld. been mapped as old quarries, or those which have been gv.at/de/downloads/hoehenmodelle-orthofotos.html. mapped as uneven areas – especially in the Third Military These data could be used to investigate quarry evolution Survey – represent highly interesting targets for more de- in comparison with the ALS data from 2010 used in the tailed studies. Examples represent areas northwest and present study. west of Pfaffenberg in Deutsch-Altenburg, “Gruibert” in Winden am See and “Hoher Berg” in Stotzing. Shallow 7) The calculation of the quarry areas is an important quarries, which neither appear in historical maps nor in progress compared with only point data, but as a next the mining archive of the Geological Survey of Austria, step the estimation of quarried rock volume is tempting. like the one from the saddle between Pfaffenberg and However, many uncertainties concerning post operation- Hunds heimer Berg, deserve more detailed field work as al erosion, filling and of course the extreme difficulties well. concerning age estimation recommend cautiousness. Last but not least, as archaeological prospection com- monly deals with the interpretation of Earth´s surface, 8) Quarry faces with tool traces shown in Figure 8 are which represents a combination of geological and an- still a hardly documented cultural heritage in the re- thropogenic formation processes, every archaeological search area and definitely deserve more attention. Espe- prospection needs at least partly geoarchaeological ex- cially the importance of the graffiti (Figs. 8, 9) concerning pertise. their meaning and chronological implications is hardly explored so far. Their 3-dimensional documentation (e.g. with image-based-modelling) is desirable. Civil drones Acknowledgements with cameras could be used to investigate the quarries This research was funded by the FWF project P 26368 in the proving ground at Bruckneudorf to avoid hazard “Stone monuments and Stone Quarrying in the Carnun- imposed by unexploded ammunition. tum – Vindobona Area”. Many thanks to Benedikt Gram- mer, Christian Gugl, Maria Heinrich, Barbara Hodits, So- phie Insulander, Isabella Kitz, Michaela Kronberger, Martin 9. Conclusions Mosser, Franz Ottner and Andreas Rohatsch for joyful co- Airborne laser scanning data provide a very useful, fast operation, fruitful discussion and support. Gerhard Dra- and cost-efficient method for the prospection and docu- ganits and Konstantina Saliari helped with logistics and mentation of quarries. As quarries are usually compara- their precious time. The kind support and interest in our bly large and well visible archaeological features, 1 x 1 m research by Franz Humer is kindly acknowledged. Many resolution is sufficient for their detection. In our study, thanks to Kathrin Pokorny-Nagel, head of the library of the combination of elevation with hill shade and slope the Museum und Labor für Angewandte Kunst (MAK) in were the preferred visualization during prospection. In Vienna, who kindly provided access to references from some areas a combination of elevation with slope and lo- the 18th century during Corona lockdown. We are very cal relief model as well as elevation with slope and open- grateful to Michael Hüttler from Hollitzer Wissenschafts­ ness improved interpretations. verlag for providing very kind access to the last exhibition There is hardly any age information of quarries in re- copy of the book and CDs by Springer and Sacken (2000). mote sensing data, therefore this documentation is a Michael Wagreich mentioned helpful literature about the diachronic inventory. In this context, the use of histori- Badenian of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg. Many thanks to the cal maps as well as historical photography and paintings Amt der Burgenländischen Landesregierung, Servicestelle turned out to be very useful, because they represent spe- Geodaten, and the Amt der Niederösterreichischen Landes­ cific time slices of their development and change. regierung, Abteilung Hydrologie und Geoinformation, for Documenting the outline of quarries in a GIS environ- access to high-resolution digital terrain data and aerial ment adds very important additional information con- photography. Many thanks to the Geological Survey of cerning extend and area compared with point informa- Austria for the access to the extensive and detailed GIS tion and should become standard in quarry research. quarry data base of their mining archive. 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Journal

Austrian Journal of Earth Sciencesde Gruyter

Published: Jan 1, 2023

Keywords: Neogene building stone; geoarchaeology; airborne laser scanning; historic maps; stone provenance

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