Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution on Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review on the Safety and Quality of Vegetable Crops

Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution on Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review on the Safety and Quality of... Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2023, Article ID 1457498, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1457498 Review Article Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution on Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review on the Safety and Quality of Vegetable Crops Yohannes Gelaye and Sintayehu Musie Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Yohannes Gelaye; yohanes_gelaye@dmu.edu.et Received 16 October 2022; Revised 15 January 2023; Accepted 24 April 2023; Published 3 May 2023 Academic Editor: Xinqing Xiao Copyright © 2023 Yohannes Gelaye and Sintayehu Musie. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Lack of nutritive and consumption of polluted food sources are the main health implications in African countries. Vegetable production is an optional balanced food source easily grown in the urban and rural areas. However, the levels of contaminant heavy metals in cultivated vegetables have not yet been identifed. Tis review scrutinizes the contamination route, sources, health efects, environmental problems, food safety complications, and remedial activities of vegetable production in Ethiopian ag- riculture. Informal settlement, the rapid rate of urbanization, and the lack of community-based industrial expansion lead to massive increases in toxic heavy metals in ecosystems. Tey are supplied with food source diets unrestrictedly, mainly for vegetable consumption. Among the assessed metals, Zn (112.7 mg/kg), Cr (47.7 mg/kg), Pb (17.76 mg/kg), and Cd (0.25 mg/kg) existed in vegetables, with the highest concentrations in Ethiopia. Tey have negative efects on public safety, environmental security, and nutrient levels in horticultural crops. Hence, Ethiopia has no permissible standards for vegetable consumption and hazard analysis, critical control point, or food safety system. Additionally, physical, biological, and natural remedial strategies such as phytoremediation, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofltration, bioremediation, and phytovolatilization are not applied to curtail deadly substance contents in Ethiopia. Despite this, some mitigation strategies, such as industrial waste treatment activities, are underway in Ethiopia’s universities and beer and sugar factories. Tis review found that the use of integrated remedial strategies could help to improve the efciency of strategies in a sustainable manner, solid safety control for heavy metal management in Ethiopia, and management should begin with local solutions. Poland is a highly polluted country, and the lead emissions 1. Introduction from Poland account about 20%. In addition, heavy metal Heavy metal pollution and contamination have been in- contamination has created signifcant challenges for China. creasing since the late 1960s to early 1970s, and to date, they According to a study on the African continent [4], toxic afect hundreds of thousands of people’s wellbeing across the metal exposure has become a major public concern and has world with severe daily health risks [1]. Lack of wastewater attracted attention from domestic as well as international treatment from industries, the use of agrochemicals, un- ecologists and the efuence of dangerous compounds has controlled industrial discharges, sewerage wastes, and nu- escalated to remarkable levels in recent decades. Recently, merous other disposals result in heavy metal contamination a study on sediments from streams in the Awatu watershed and pollution of the surrounding environment [2]. Te found toxic element adulteration, such as arsenic, with spread of toxic substances to environments contaminates the varying amounts with nutrient contents decreasing in the soil where vegetables are grown, and environmental pol- sequence of Pb> As> Hg [5]. Due to an increase in residue lution due to heavy metal contamination has high health liquidation on industrial successes such as pulp industries, risks to people everywhere, as well as a high fatality ratio [3]. textile factories, and hide and skin working zones as well as According to the European Environment Agency report, the use of unprocessed wastewater intended for farm 2 Advances in Agriculture health efects, environmental problems, vegetable source, decisions, Ethiopian food and water may continue to include the highest level of harmful elements [6]. Te most prevalent food safety complications, and remedial activities. and dangerous heavy metals identifed in Ethiopia are As, Cd, Pb, and Hg, and no one intentionally consumes them 2. Vegetable Production in Ethiopia from leafy green vegetables [7]. Tese vegetable crops absorb elements from the soil and water as they grow. Te study 2.1. Contaminants in Soil and Vegetables. Vegetable crops reported on the Pb level of tomato and cabbage crops in are highly contaminated with heavy metallic elements due Mojo, central Ethiopia, found that they contain 38 and to the practice of growing vegetables on contaminated 36 milligrams per kilogram, respectively [7]. Additionally, land (moistening with wastewater) [12]. Toxic substances other vegetables have been reported for heavy metals due to have emerged principally by metal excavation, melting, their detrimental afuences, such as cadmium, copper, and discharge of substances from various roots, re- manganese, lead, and zinc [8]. Increased agro-chemical use sembling discarded junkyards, defecation, and chemical in Ethiopia often entails better use of agricultural inputs to fertilizers [20]. Other sources comprise quarrying, boost production, which concerns environmental and nat- manufacturing trashes, farming overfow, main acid sets, ural risks such as pollution and the eutrophication of aquatic old sources of water schemes, work-related contact, dyes, environments [9]. Accordingly, harmful elements are stored and preserved wood [21]. However, burning procedures inside vegetable yields, infowing into their sustenance se- are the greatest imperative causes of metallic elements, ries, and posing public risks. specifcally the production of energy, melting, ignition, In addition, the environment has been severely harmed and the inner fring engine in various countries around by population growth, agricultural change, fast urbanization, the world [22]. General farming, as well as fast devel- mechanization, and sewage pollution, which have increased opment, is possible foundations of dense metal contam- to alarming levels [10]. Currently, migration from rural to ination [23]. Unprocessed wastes after agrochemicals, large cities causing rapid expansion of urban towns, informal insecticides, vehicle reparation, washes, steel coating, settlements, and imbalance of infrastructure cause con- workrooms, waste discharges, and other sources are liq- tamination of surroundings and key health problems in uidated into the surrounding streams, which are primarily Ethiopia [11]. Accordingly, unplanned urbanization and used for vegetable production via irrigation [24]. Metallic industrialization in Ethiopia have had a negative impact on chemical roots in Ethiopia’s farmlands are moistened by aquatic and deposit classes, diversity of fora, and wildlife means of watercourses loaded through manufacturing [10]. Vegetables are important defensive food items that discharges and fertilizer and pesticide usage. Pesticides remain valuables intended for general wellbeing as well as and chemical fertilizers contain varying amounts of Zn, as deterrence and management for a wide range of diseases in well as other heavy metals, depending on their source, and Ethiopia [12]. However, they are reported to comprehend the repeated use of phosphate fertilizers continuously harmful substances called toxic elements in diferent enriches agricultural soils with heavy metals [7]. Te quantities and contamination as well as adulterations [13]. streams described by researchers focus on comprehending Heavy elements are indeed initiated on earth and contribute high absorption of micronutrients [25], and identifying to topsoil formation and growth of vegetables, particularly pollution sources of minute constituents as well as their Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co, which are microsustenances es- quantities is still very challenging [26]. Most studies on sential for vegetal progression, whereas Cd, Pb, and Ag need stream contamination concentrate on common heavy unidentifed biotic roles [14]. However, heavy metals/ele- metals, omitting data on the longitudinal distribution of ments such as Ag and Cd are lethal and threats to public minor nutrients and the order of the urban environment health and welfare with little absorption and air contami- [27]. Despite extensive ecological degradation in many nants, but common dating embraces As, Cr, Cu, and others African countries, identifying pollution sources remains [15]. Tey are less decomposable and persistent in nature, a major challenge [28]. build up in the environment, creating efuence, and buildup Metal contaminants in farmed soils can impair plant close to the top users of vegetables [16]. Te topsoil’s growth, cause functional issues, and even endanger human properties, along with the measurements of vegetable yields, health, and heavy metal-induced soil toxicity may endanger predispose the amount of constituents on plants to favorably urban horticulture systems and pose serious health risks [2]. accumulate certain afuences [17]. Since there are now no Heavy metals, including Pb, Cd, and Hg, which are all other options available and awareness-raising is the only present in water, are substances of signifcant public health solution that can be implemented to address this issue, the concern and increased unused cleared-on-once business situation may also take longer than anticipated [18]. Te ventures such as pulp mills, cloth mills, and hide-skin recommendations for handling the situation are insufcient, productions could result from higher levels of toxic con- the negative economic and environmental efects of heavy stituents in Ethiopia’s rivers [29]. Te long-term use of metals are immediate, and they are likely to worsen as untreated sewage liquid is linked to an increase in toxic a result of issues that continue to disrupt vegetable pro- metal accumulation in vegetables, which has serious health duction, occupation, source stock, and speculation all over consequences [30]. Studies on African leafy and root veg- the world [19]. Te key question on everyone’s mind right etables have revealed that cadmium and lead levels con- now is “What is the solution? Terefore, this review aimed to siderably increase when more contaminated liquid is used to analyze past studies on the heavy metal contamination route, water the plants [31]. Advances in Agriculture 3 adverse efects such abdominal pain, dizziness, abortion, and Heavy metal contamination in vegetables is classifed diferently depending on meteorological situations and the even mortality [39]. Heavy metals alter our decisions in life and confound us, and they produce a deep sadness that kind of metallic components [20]. According to a study of metallic levels in plants in Addis Ababa [32], lettuce had the makes society forlorn [40]. maximum Cd level, while head cabbage had the lowest Cd. Te presumed tolerable weekly intake (PWTI) could be Man-made activities such as mining, manufacturing, fab- used to suggest consumer usage and associated potential ricating, and internal and agricultural use of steel produce dangers, and humans may improve food security by min- the most ecological adulteration and anthropological dis- imizing contaminants and teaching others about vegetable closure [21]. On the other hand, this could remain on the farming [41]. Excessive levels of Pb and Cd metals in veg- loam and be engrossed via vegetation and the toxic elements etables have been associated with a number of health issues, released via production can settle on plant exteriors through including cardiac and musculoskeletal diseases [42]. Also, Pb afects fetal and neurocognitive functioning as well as dispensation, dissemination, and marketing. Metal-loaded aerosols pollute the air in farming areas near highways, as distresses the function of heart. well as near agricultural areas, and most sources of heavy metals have been synthesized from various publications (Figure 1). 2.4. Potential Pollution of Vegetables with Toxic Metals. Pollutants in combined sewage from factories and perhaps other sources include metal alloys, dissolved solids, viruses, 2.2. Heavy Metal Impacts on the Environment. Toxic nutri- and identifable chemical compounds [43]. Extraction and ents entering in to the recycling system can harm the a number of other sectors are the main contention sources of ecosystem, and similar components disturb the convert- pollution that lead to heavy element contamination in water ibility of common contaminants and produce less change- [44], and Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd were all found at the highest able toxins and therefore contaminating the environment concentrations in study samples taken in vegetable felds twice. Water contamination by composites has emerged as (Figure 4). According to the synthesized data presented one of the most serious ecological issues, and toxic elements below, Zn (112.7 mg/kg), Cr (47.7 mg/kg), Pb (17.76 mg/kg), continue to be the primary contaminants of external plus and Cd (0.25 mg/kg) were all found at the highest con- subversive rainwaters [22]. Because the maximum harmful centrations in croplands (vegetable gardens) of Ziway, substances stay combined with residues when they enter in Burayu, and Addis Ababa, whereas plants are frequently to the aquatic setting, the deposits are measured as a basis of grown employing efuents. constituents as well as a record of anthropogenic impacts Heavy metal accumulations in vegetables are caused by [33] and the diagram produced (Figure 2) shows that the sewage watering, which generates levels of heavy metals and efects of metals are not limited to vegetable crops. thrash metal accumulation in soils [45]. According to the Te most lethal elements can afect the environment, study report [46], practically all locations having quantities including soil and plants, water bodies, and people, and of Cd, Pb, and Ni that are excessive and should not be used heavy metals, are persistent pollutants that build up in the for vegetable production and the heavy metal contents which environment and damage biodiversity structures. are found in rivers used for irrigation are presented in Cd is highly noxious at low levels, and long-standing Figure 5. exposure can afect renal dysfunction, lung disease, osteo- Tere is no danger to users from determining the ac- malacia, osteoporosis, myocardial dysfunction, pulmonary cumulation of heavy metals in onion specimens, and a lack edema, and death [34]. Elevated Pb levels in the environ- of knowledge on onion heavy metal content inquiry may ment can reduce plant and animal growth and reproduction efect on the entire system, ultimately harming the pro- and have neurological efects in vertebrates [35]. Mercury is duction process [47]. a highly hazardous element that occurs in the environment Te minimum net weight value for tomato is 0.100 mg/ both naturally and as an added contaminant, and the main kg for cadmium and lead, and several studies in various human-related sources of mercury include coal combustion, tomato-producing areas of Ethiopia must be conducted. waste incineration, industrial usage, and mining [36]. Te Additionally, the most lethal metal, Pb, was found in the highest levels of Ag in the air cause breathing problems, roots and stalks of tomatoes [48]. stomach and esophageal irritation, and pain in the lungs, Spinach, parsley, and Jews mallow have the highest and Ag chloride molecules might harm the organs, kidneys, metallic concentrations [49], and various parts of Ethiopia eyesight, epidermis, and respiratory system [37]. Arsenic is have revealed the levels of lead and cadmium chemicals in a natural mineral found inside the subsurface, and it is also lettuce, cabbage, and Ethiopian kale (Figure 6). Africa spread widely in the surroundings and is exceedingly haz- could establish its own guidelines for acceptable and ardous in its elemental state [38]. Highly lethal heavy metals allowed levels for all agricultural goods, not just have a variety of acute and chronic toxic efects on the vegetables [50]. environment, as shown in Figure 3. Ethiopian potato grown with wastewater had the highest Co level (Figure 7), followed by green vegetables, such as 2.3. Health Concerns of Polluted Vegetables. Cd and Pb are lettuce and Swiss chard, and Ethiopian kale from Akaki and the two most common heavy metals in the ecosystem, and Kera locations had the highest Cu, Ni, and Zn consuming crops deemed dangerous has been related to concentrations [46]. 4 Advances in Agriculture Agriculture and forestry Mining Smelting Fossil fuel combustion Metallurgical industries Waste disposal Sources Corrosion Fertilizer and pesticide application Aged water supply Soil erosion systems Figure 1: Summary of heavy metal sources. Toxicological efects of heavy metals in vegetable crops Persistence-have long residual and half life in most of the vegetables Acute toxicity-Vegetables and Soil & water residence time microorganisms ~1000years Efects of heavy metals Synergistic efects Bioaccumulation and biomagnifcation- food chain Chronic and sub-lethal efects at Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties low concentration Figure 2: Toxicological impacts of metallic elements in vegetable plants. Stem vegetables (170.91 mg/kg), leafy vegetables vegetables has a signifcant impact on the substance load in (134.94 mg/kg), and root and tuber crops (115.17 mg/kg) crops [52]. Research conducted by [53, 54] in three loca- had the highest heavy metal loads in comparison to the tions of Ethiopia (Kuskuam, Burayu, and Ziway (Ethio- World Health Organization’s permitted standards (Fig- fora)) reported that lettuce had 41, 42, and 30% of Cd, ure 7) and the average values of all vegetable crops reported respectively, and takes the maximum percentage of infuxes by diferent researchers [51]. However, fower vegetable of toxic substances, followed by 47, 42, and 11% of Ethi- crops have the lowest load of toxic substances and the level opian Kale while Swiss chard has the lowest with 2 and 36% of heavy metal entry (infuxes) from soil into various infux (Table 1). Advances in Agriculture 5 Major types of heavy metals pertinent to environmental impacts Macro-nutrient elements: Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, and Iron Precious elements: Platinum, Silver, and Highly toxic elements: Types of heavy metals Gold Cadmium, Lead, Silver, and Mercury Micro-nutrient elements: Copper, Nickel, Chromium, and Iron Figure 3: Summary of heavy metals based on their impact classifcation. Mean heavy metal contents of vegetable producing felds in Ethiopia 100 100 88.47 68.42 112.7 47.78 17.66 8.44 7.12 0.14 0.22 3 16.38 0.25 31.24 Cd Cr Pb Zn Ziway Addis Ababa Burayu Recommended Level in soil Figure 4: Synthesized amount of the mean heavy metal content in vegetable felds of Ethiopian soils. can greatly lower the likelihood of contracting a foodborne 2.5. Food Safety Levels of Ethiopian Vegetable Crops. Food safety is the practice of handling, processing, and preserving illness [58], and Ethiopia’s food safety system is less orga- food in a way that prevents foodborne illness and injury and nized and developed than that of other developed countries. contamination resulting from subpar food standards, which Te proportion of people who know about food safety ranges endanger the food business and hurt people all around the from 24.5% in Godey Town, East Ethiopia [59], to 75.9% in world [56]. Foodstufs may come into contact with a variety Debarq Town, Northwest Ethiopia [60]. of health impacts when they enter the system, and nutrition security helps protect consumers from the risks of foodborne diseases and allergies. By ensuring that procedures are 2.6. Mitigation Strategies of Heavy Metals from the successfully in place, vegetable producers can help improve Environment. Most developing nations’ urban areas lack food safety compliance [57]. Understanding the risks as- adequate waste management systems and urban develop- sociated with each of the four types of food safety hazards ment with sufcient infrastructure leading to daily outdoor 6 Advances in Agriculture Certain heavy metals content reported in the Bulbula and Kera rivers of Ethiopia 550 500 50 65 0 7.4 8.9 33 0 0 0.08 As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Se Zn BR RIW KR RV (mg/kg) Figure 5: Heavy metal contents of some Ethiopian rivers used for irrigation compared to the World Health Organization standard, where BR � Bulbula river, KR � Kera river, RIW � recommended irrigation water, and RV � recommended heavy metal content in vegetables. Estimated contents of Pb and Cd in vegetables of Addis Ababa & Gondar areas comparative to other countries Pb Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Pb Cd Pb Cd Cd Pb Cd Cd Cd Pb Nigeria Tanzania Greek Egypt Pakistan Addis Ababa Gondar India Spinach Cabbage Onion Lady’s fnger Tomato Carrot Lettuce Kale Caulifower Figure 6: Synthesis of the Pb and Cd contents of some garden crops grown in Ethiopia’s capital city and Gondar region in comparison to other countries. garbage disposal and unregulated efuent [61]. Moreover, environmental pollution needs intervention. Terefore, agricultural practices are led by political motivations rather among the biologically accepted mechanisms that are rec- than skilled manpower which commence the rural com- ommended including bioaugmentation, biosorption, and munities to use tremendously contaminating chemicals for biosparging are the aforementioned strategies as microbial agricultural activities. As a result, recently superb level management options stated by many researchers [62, 63]. Advances in Agriculture 7 Synthesized average heavy metal load on vegetable crops pertinent to permissible values (WHO) Average heavy Permissible level African permissible metal load (mg/kg) value (mg/kg) (mg/kg-ppm) Leafy vegetables Flower vegetables Root & tuber crops Stem vegetables Figure 7: Synthesis of the average heavy metal load on various vegetable crops in relation to allowable values. Table 1: Maximum amount of soil-derived metal infuxes in vegetable tissues. Farmlands Leafy crops Metallic elements Kuskuam (Gondar) (%) Burayu (%) Ziway (Ethiofora) (%) Cd 28 36 14 Cr 3 2 9 Lettuce crop Pb 7 7 7 Zn 41 42 30 Cd 47 42 11 Cr 2 2 19 Ethiopian kale Pb 3 4 9 Zn 44 37 35 Cd 26.1 2 — Cr 1.09 39 — Swiss chard Pb 36.02 1 — Zn 2.08 36 — Source: reference [55]. Tis method has not yet been implemented as advanced crops, transformed into unstable substances, and sub- technologies are needed to incubate the microorganisms sequently discharged into the air [70]. It also encompasses [64]. Removing metals from polluted soil and accruing them the removal and release of pollutants from soils, and through in the root system, stems, and branches of plants is also transpiration, crops draw contaminants from the soil and a promising technology for cleaning polluted sites [65], and release them into the atmosphere, and growing plants absorb some plants have the innate ability to collect, breakdown, or water and soilborne organic contaminants [71]. Normally speaking, the main outlines are listed in Figure 8. render air, liquid, or soil toxins harmless [66]. Plants are harvested after dangerous metals accumulate in their tissues and are grown on contaminated soil in situ, 3. Review Gaps and phytoextraction is a long-term solution for the removal of heavy metals from polluted soils [67]. Phytostabilization It is necessary to investigate heavy metal consumption regu- involves crops temporarily posing health risks so that these lations for Ethiopia and the continent of Africa. It is indeed toxic substances remain below ground [68]. Rhizofltration important to examine how heavy metal accumulation is im- is the desorption, precipitation, or absorption of dissolved pacted by climate change. Currently, there is no sufcient substances from or into vegetable roots, and it involves research on food safety, environmental balance, ethical ques- purifying polluted groundwater, rainwater and sewage tions, or sociopolitical considerations. It is also necessary to through a dense network of roots to eliminate toxins or extra research the management strategies that are fexible regarding resources, and microbial bioremediation of toxic substances to the environment mainly from emerging industries that use is also developing as an advanced tool [69]. Transpiration is heavy metals and chemicals in processing industries. Machine the process by which soil contaminants are absorbed by technologies that should be used to identify the level of heavy 8 Advances in Agriculture Phytovolatilization Phytovolatilization Phyto-remediation Phyto-extraction Bioremediation Remediation strategies Photo-stabilization Photodegradation Rhizodegradation Rhizofiltration Summary of heavy metal removal strategies Figure 8: Heavy metal removal strategies of vegetable crops. metals in agriculture land, vegetable crops, and other aspects References should be developed. Artifcial intelligence and predictive and [1] J. M. Githiria and M. Onifade, “Te impact of mining on systematic agronomy technologies should be researched. sustainable practices and the traditional culture of developing countries,” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4. Conclusions and Recommendations vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 394–410, 2020. [2] S. Rajendran, T. Priya, K. S. Khoo et al., “A critical review on Multiple problems are having an increasing impact on Ethi- various remediation approaches for heavy metal contami- opian agriculture. Trash metal precipitation or fow pollutes nants removal from contaminated soils,” Chemosphere, agricultural soils on the outskirts of cities, increasing the vol. 287, Article ID 132369, 2022. quantity of hazardous compounds in food products, notably [3] R. Nag, S. M. O’Rourke, and E. Cummins, “Risk factors and vegetables. One of the primary routes for heavy metals to enter assessment strategies for the evaluation of human or envi- the body is through contaminated vegetables, which can result ronmental risk from metal (loid) s–A focus on Ireland,” in a variety of diseases. Ethiopia can employ phytoremediation, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 802, Article ID 149839, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofltration, bio- remediation, and phytovolatilization through an integrated [4] M. Adeel, J. Y. Lee, M. Zain et al., “Cryptic footprints of rare approach to improve the efciency of strategies in a sustainable earth elements on natural resources and living organisms,” manner, together with local solutions. Environment International, vol. 127, pp. 785–800, 2019. [5] H. Astatkie, A. Ambelu, and E. Mengistie, “Contamination of Data Availability stream sediment with heavy metals in the Awetu watershed of southwestern Ethiopia,” Frontiers of Earth Science, vol. 9, Te data used to write this review came from previously p. 609, 2021. reported studies and datasets. [6] D. A. Mengistu, “Public health implications of heavy metals in foods and drinking water in Ethiopia (2016 to 2020): sys- Conflicts of Interest tematic review,” BMC Public Health, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 2114–2118, 2021. Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest. [7] H. R. Gebeyehu and L. D. Bayissa, “Levels of heavy metals in soil and vegetables and associated health risks in Mojo area, Ethiopia,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 1, p. e0227883, 2020. Authors’ Contributions [8] S. Hembrom, B. Singh, S. K. Gupta, and A. K. Nema, “A Yohannes Gelaye developed the idea and designed the comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination in structure and both authors approved the draft of the foodstuf and associated human health risk: a global per- manuscript. spective,” in Contemporary Environmental Issues and Chal- lenges in Era of Climate ChangeSpringer, Berlin, Germany, Acknowledgments [9] M. Mng’ong’o, L. K. Munishi, P. A. Ndakidemi, W. Blake, Te authors acknowledge potential academic editors and S. Comber, and T. H. Hutchinson, “Toxic metals in East reviewers for their respected eforts for the script. African agro-ecosystems: key risks for sustainable food Advances in Agriculture 9 production,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 294, [24] D. M. Mekuria, A. B. Kassegne, and S. L. Asfaw, “Assessing Article ID 112973, 2021. pollution profles along Little Akaki River receiving municipal [10] F. Ahmad, Q. Saeed, S. M. U. Shah, M. A. Gondal, and and industrial wastewaters, Central Ethiopia: implications for S. Mumtaz, “Environmental sustainability: challenges and environmental and public health safety,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 7, approaches,” Natural Resources Conservation and Advances Article ID e07526, 2021. for Sustainability, pp. 243–270, 2022. [25] J. Ahmed, “Trace elements geochemistry in high-incidence [11] M. Carley and I. Christie, Managing Sustainable Development, areas of liver-related diseases, northwestern Ethiopia,” En- Routledge, England, UK, 2017. vironmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 42, no. 5, [12] H. M. Tauqeer, V. Turan, and M. Iqbal, “Production of safer pp. 1235–1254, 2020. vegetables from heavy metals contaminated soils: the current [26] G. Lamichhane, A. Acharya, R. Marahatha et al., “Micro- situation, concerns associated with human health and novel plastics in environment: global concern, challenges, and management strategies,” in Advances in Bioremediation and controlling measures,” International journal of Environmental Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management, pp. 301– Science and Technology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 4673–4694, 2022. 312, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. [27] B. N. Rocha, F. C. Bellato, C. C. Arantes, and T. A. de Jesus, [13] F. Elbehiry, T. Alshaal, N. Elhawat, and H. Elbasiouny, En- “Four-month assessment of water quality in a channeled vironmental-Friendly and Cost-Efective Agricultural Wastes urban stream in são paulo state, Brazil,” Water, Air, & Soil for Heavy Metals and Toxicants Removal from Wastewater, Pollution, vol. 233, no. 3, pp. 73–16, 2022. [28] L. K. Chu and N. T. M. Le, “Environmental quality and the Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2021. [14] D. Podar and F. J. Maathuis, “Te role of roots and rhizo- role of economic policy uncertainty, economic complexity, sphere in providing tolerance to toxic metals and metalloids,” renewable energy, and energy intensity: the case of G7 Plant, Cell and Environment, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 719–736, 2022. countries,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, [15] D. Raj and S. K. Maiti, “Sources, bioaccumulation, health risks vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 2866–2882, 2022. and remediation of potentially toxic metal (loid) s (As, Cd, Cr, [29] M. Nigam, M. Puranjan, and K. Pradeep, “Comprehensive Pb and Hg): an epitomised review,” Environmental Moni- technological assessment for diferent treatment methods of toring and Assessment, vol. 192, no. 2, pp. 108–120, 2020. leather tannery wastewater,” Environmental Science and [16] M. Sarker, A. U. Polash, M. Islam, N. N. Rima, and T. Farhana, Pollution Research, vol. 29, pp. 1–18, 2022. “Heavy metals concentration in native edible fsh at upper [30] H. Younas and F. Younas, “Wastewater application in Meghna River and its associated tributaries in Bangladesh: agriculture-A review,” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol. 233, a prospective human health concern,” SN Applied Sciences, no. 8, p. 329, 2022. vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 1–13, 2020. [31] Y. Huang, S. Mubeen, Z. Yang, and J. Wang, “Cadmium [17] K. Khaskhoussy, B. Kahlaoui, E. Misle, and M. Hachicha, contamination in agricultural soils and crops,” in Teories and “Impact of irrigation with treated wastewater on physical- Methods for Minimizing Cadmium Pollution in Crops, chemical properties of two soil types and corn plant (Zea pp. 1–30, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. mays),” Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 22, [32] X. Chen, X. Zhang, H. Chen, and X. Xu, “Physiology and no. 2, pp. 1377–1393, 2022. proteomics reveal Fulvic acid mitigates Cadmium adverse [18] R. Zhamiyeva, G. Sultanbekova, G. Balgimbekova, K. Mussin, efects on growth and photosynthetic properties of lettuce,” M. Abzalbekova, and M. Kozhanov, “Problems of the efec- Plant Science, vol. 323, Article ID 111418, 2022. tiveness of the implementation of international agreements in [33] M. Varsha, P. Senthil Kumar, and B. Senthil Rathi, “A review the feld of waste management: the study of the experience of on recent trends in the removal of emerging contaminants Kazakhstan in the context of the applicability of European from aquatic environment using low-cost adsorbents,” Che- legal practices,” International Environmental Agreements: mosphere, vol. 287, Article ID 132270, 2022. Politics, Law and Economics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 177–199, 2022. [34] R. M. Trueb, ¨ Nutrition for Healthy Hair: Guide to Un- [19] R. Egbe and D. Tompson, “Environmental challenges of oil derstanding and Proper Practice, Springer, Berlin, Germany, spillage for families in oil producing communities of the Niger 2020. [35] S. Arya, R. Kumar, O. Prakash, A. Rawat, and A. Pant, “Impact Delta region,” Journal of Home Economics Research, vol. 13, pp. 24–34, 2010. of insecticides on soil and environment and their manage- ment strategies,” in Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment, [20] A. Durand, P. Leglize, S. Lopez, T. Sterckeman, and E. Benizri, “Noccaea caerulescens seed endosphere: a habitat for an pp. 213–230, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. endophytic bacterial community preserved through genera- [36] S. Ali, M. Mansha, N. Baig, and S. A. Khan, “Recent trends and tions and protected from soil infuence,” Plant and Soil, future perspectives of emergent analytical techniques for vol. 472, no. 1-2, pp. 257–278, 2022. mercury sensing in aquatic environments,” Te Chemical [21] P. Rathinam, S. Antony, R. Reshmy, R. Sindhu, P. Binod, and Record, vol. 22, Article ID e202100327, 2022. A. Pandey, “Consumer nanoproducts for food,” in Handbook [37] M. Kamruzzaman, A. Hossain, and E. Kabir, “Smoker’s of Consumer Nanoproducts, pp. 717–733, Springer, Berlin, characteristics, general health and their perception of Germany, 2022. smoking in the social environment: a study of smokers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh,” Journal of Public Health, vol. 30, [22] G. S. Murthy, E. Gnansounou, S. K. Khanal, and A. Pandey, Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Green-Economy: Systems no. 6, pp. 1501–1512, 2022. Analysis For Sustainability, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Nether- [38] H. Baboo, T. Patel, R. Faldu, M. Shah, and H. Shah, “A lands, 2021. comprehensive and systematic study of fuoride and arsenic [23] L. Chen, Q. Wei, G. Xu, M. Wei, and H. Chen, “Contami- contamination and its impacts in India,” Sustainable Water nation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Resources Management, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 122, 2022. surface sediments of huangshui river, northwest China,” [39] P. de Almeida Rodrigues, R. G. Ferrari, L. S. Kato, Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2022, Article ID 4282992, 9 pages, R. A. Hauser-Davis, and C. A. Conte-Junior, “A systematic 2022. review on metal dynamics and marine toxicity risk assessment 10 Advances in Agriculture using crustaceans as bioindicators,” Biological Trace Element [54] D. Bekele Bahiru, “Assessment of some heavy metals con- Research, vol. 200, no. 2, pp. 881–903, 2022. tamination in some vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce and [40] T. De Porras-Carrique, M. A. Gonzalez-Moles, ´ onion) in Ethiopia: a review,” American Journal of Environ- S. Warnakulasuriya, and P. Ramos-Garcia, “Depression, mental Protection, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 53–58, 2021. anxiety, and stress in oral lichen planus: a systematic review [55] N. Tarannum and N. Chaudhary, “Heavy metal contamina- and meta-analysis,” Clinical Oral Investigations, vol. 26, no. 2, tion in crop plants,” in Heavy Metals in Plants Physiological to pp. 1391–1408, 2022. Molecular Approach, pp. 76–91, CRC Press, Boca Raton, [41] K. Barry, Long-term-survival Phase Salmonella enterica: Life Florida, USA, 2022. Cycle Comparison with a High Persister Mutant, and Tolerance [56] N. van Vliet, J. Muhindo, J. Nyumu et al., “Understanding to Atmospheric Cold Plasma, Iowa state university, Ames, IA factors that shape exposure to zoonotic and food-borne 50011, USA, 2022. diseases across wild meat trade chains,” Human Ecology, [42] T. Li, L. Yu, Z. Yang et al., “Associations of diet quality and vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 983–995, 2022. heavy metals with obesity in adults: a cross-sectional study [57] T. F. Guerin, “Roles of company directors and the implica- from national health and nutrition examination survey tions for governing for the emerging impacts of climate risks (nhanes),” Nutrients, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 4038, 2022. in the fresh food sector: a review,” Food Control, vol. 133, [43] N. Singh, T. Poonia, S. S. Siwal, A. L. Srivastav, H. K. Sharma, Article ID 108600, 2022. and S. K. Mittal, “Challenges of water contamination in urban [58] L. D. A. Zanetta, M. P. Hakim, E. Stedefeldt et al., “Consumer areas,” Current directions in water scarcity research, vol. 6, risk perceptions concerning diferent consequences of food- pp. 173–202, 2022. borne disease acquired from food consumed away from home: [44] J. Abdi, A. J. Sisi, M. Hadipoor, and A. Khataee, “State of the a case study in Brazil,” Food Control, vol. 133, Article ID art on the ultrasonic-assisted removal of environmental 108602, 2022. pollutants using metal-organic frameworks,” Journal of [59] T. Alemayehu, Z. Aderaw, M. Giza, and G. Diress, “Food Hazardous Materials, vol. 424, Article ID 127558, 2022. safety knowledge, handling practices and associated factors [45] M. A. Khaliq, M. T. Javed, S. Hussain et al., “Assessment of among food handlers working in food establishments in heavy metal accumulation and health risks in okra (Abel- Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: institution- moschus Esculentus L.) and spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) based cross-sectional study,” Risk Management and Health- fertigated with wastwater,” International Journal of Flow care Policy, vol. 14, pp. 1155–1163, 2021. Control, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 11, 2022. [60] H. Dagne, R. Raju, Z. Andualem, T. Hagos, and K. Addis, [46] A. Giri, V. K. Bharti, S. Kalia, S. Acharya, B. Kumar, and “Food safety practice and its associated factors among O. Chaurasia, “Health risk assessment of heavy metals due to mothers in Debarq town, northwest Ethiopia: community- wheat, cabbage, and spinach consumption at cold-arid high based cross-sectional study,” BioMed Research International, altitude region,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 200, vol. 2019, Article ID 1549131, 8 pages, 2019. no. 9, pp. 4186–4198, 2022. [61] G. Di Fiore, K. Specht, O. J. Rover, and C. Zanasi, “Stake- [47] V. I. Ryabushko, A. M. Toichkin, and S. V. Kapranov, “Heavy holders’ social acceptance of a new organic waste manage- metals and arsenic in soft tissues of the gastropod Rapana ment policy in the city of Florianopolis ´ (Brazil),” Journal of venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) collected on a mollusk farm of Cleaner Production, vol. 379, Article ID 134756, 2022. Sevastopol (Southwestern Crimea, Black Sea): assessing hu- [62] P. Sharma, S. K. Parakh, and S. P. Singh, “A critical review on man health risk and locating regional contamination areas,” microbes-based treatment strategies for mitigation of toxic Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, pollutants,” Science of Te Total Environment, vol. 834, Article vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 1039–1045, 2022. ID 155444, 2022. [48] M. Naeem, K. Shahzad, S. Saqib et al., “Te Solanum mel- [63] P. Yaashikaa, P. S. Kumar, A. Saravanan, and D.-V. N. Vo, ongena COP1LIKE manipulates fruit ripening and fowering “Advances in biosorbents for removal of environmental time in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum),” Plant Growth pollutants: a review on pretreatment, removal mechanism and Regulation, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 369–382, 2022. future outlook,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 420, [49] A. S. Ali, A. Ambelu, and S. Robele, “Public health risks of lead Article ID 126596, 2021. accumulation in wastewater, irrigated soil, and crops,” [64] S. S. Chan, K. S. Khoo, K. W. Chew, T. C. Ling, and P. L. Show, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, p. 3723, 2022. “Recent advances biodegradation and biosorption of organic [50] K. Strecker, V. Bitzer, and F. Kruijssen, “Critical stages for compounds from wastewater: microalgae-bacteria post-harvest losses and nutrition outcomes in the value chains consortium-A review,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 344, of bush beans and nightshade in Uganda,” Food Security, Article ID 126159, 2022. vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 411–426, 2022. [65] I. Hussain, S. Afzal, M. A. Ashraf et al., “Efect of metals or [51] H. Demissie, A. Gedebo, and G. Agegnehu, “Agronomic trace elements on wheat growth and its remediation in potential of avocado-seed biochar in comparison with other contaminated soil,” Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, locally available biochar types: a frst-hand report from vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 2258–2282, 2022. Ethiopia,” Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol. 2023, [66] M. Gavrilescu, “Enhancing phytoremediation of soils polluted Article ID 7531228, 15 pages, 2023. with heavy metals,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 74, [52] P. Kumar, E. L. Goud, P. Devi, S. R. Dey, and P. Dwivedi, pp. 21–31, 2022. “Heavy metals: transport in plants and their physiological and [67] P. O. Oladoye, O. M. Olowe, and M. D. Asemoloye, “Phy- toxicological efects,” in Plant Metal and Metalloid Trans- toremediation technology and food security impacts of heavy porters, pp. 23–54, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. [53] D. Bekele Bahiru and L. Yegrem, “Levels of heavy metal in metal contaminated soils: a review of literature,” Chemo- vegetable, fruits and cereals crops in Ethiopia: a review,” sphere, vol. 288, Article ID 132555, 2022. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and [68] A. O. Adeoye, I. A. Adebayo, A. M. Afodun, and Analysis, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 96, 2021. K. A. Ajijolakewu, “Benefts and limitations of Advances in Agriculture 11 phytoremediation: heavy metal remediation review,” in Phytoremediation, pp. 227–238, Elsevier, London, UK, 2022. [69] S. Mondal, S. P. Singh, and Y. K. Lahir, Emerging Trends in Environmental Biotechnology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Flor- ida, USA, 2022. [70] A. Kushwaha, L. Goswami, J. Lee, C. Sonne, R. J. Brown, and K.-H. Kim, “Selenium in soil-microbe-plant systems: sources, distribution, toxicity, tolerance, and detoxifcation,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 13, pp. 2383–2420, 2022. [71] D. Schwarz, Y. Rouphael, G. Colla, and J. H. Venema, “Grafting as a tool to improve tolerance of vegetables to abiotic stresses: thermal stress, water stress and organic pollutants,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 162– 171, 2010. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Advances in Agriculture Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution on Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review on the Safety and Quality of Vegetable Crops

Loading next page...
 
/lp/hindawi-publishing-corporation/impacts-of-heavy-metal-pollution-on-ethiopian-agriculture-a-review-on-2KSEzi5Hfd

References

References for this paper are not available at this time. We will be adding them shortly, thank you for your patience.

Publisher
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
ISSN
2356-654X
eISSN
2314-7539
DOI
10.1155/2023/1457498
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2023, Article ID 1457498, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1457498 Review Article Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution on Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review on the Safety and Quality of Vegetable Crops Yohannes Gelaye and Sintayehu Musie Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Yohannes Gelaye; yohanes_gelaye@dmu.edu.et Received 16 October 2022; Revised 15 January 2023; Accepted 24 April 2023; Published 3 May 2023 Academic Editor: Xinqing Xiao Copyright © 2023 Yohannes Gelaye and Sintayehu Musie. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Lack of nutritive and consumption of polluted food sources are the main health implications in African countries. Vegetable production is an optional balanced food source easily grown in the urban and rural areas. However, the levels of contaminant heavy metals in cultivated vegetables have not yet been identifed. Tis review scrutinizes the contamination route, sources, health efects, environmental problems, food safety complications, and remedial activities of vegetable production in Ethiopian ag- riculture. Informal settlement, the rapid rate of urbanization, and the lack of community-based industrial expansion lead to massive increases in toxic heavy metals in ecosystems. Tey are supplied with food source diets unrestrictedly, mainly for vegetable consumption. Among the assessed metals, Zn (112.7 mg/kg), Cr (47.7 mg/kg), Pb (17.76 mg/kg), and Cd (0.25 mg/kg) existed in vegetables, with the highest concentrations in Ethiopia. Tey have negative efects on public safety, environmental security, and nutrient levels in horticultural crops. Hence, Ethiopia has no permissible standards for vegetable consumption and hazard analysis, critical control point, or food safety system. Additionally, physical, biological, and natural remedial strategies such as phytoremediation, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofltration, bioremediation, and phytovolatilization are not applied to curtail deadly substance contents in Ethiopia. Despite this, some mitigation strategies, such as industrial waste treatment activities, are underway in Ethiopia’s universities and beer and sugar factories. Tis review found that the use of integrated remedial strategies could help to improve the efciency of strategies in a sustainable manner, solid safety control for heavy metal management in Ethiopia, and management should begin with local solutions. Poland is a highly polluted country, and the lead emissions 1. Introduction from Poland account about 20%. In addition, heavy metal Heavy metal pollution and contamination have been in- contamination has created signifcant challenges for China. creasing since the late 1960s to early 1970s, and to date, they According to a study on the African continent [4], toxic afect hundreds of thousands of people’s wellbeing across the metal exposure has become a major public concern and has world with severe daily health risks [1]. Lack of wastewater attracted attention from domestic as well as international treatment from industries, the use of agrochemicals, un- ecologists and the efuence of dangerous compounds has controlled industrial discharges, sewerage wastes, and nu- escalated to remarkable levels in recent decades. Recently, merous other disposals result in heavy metal contamination a study on sediments from streams in the Awatu watershed and pollution of the surrounding environment [2]. Te found toxic element adulteration, such as arsenic, with spread of toxic substances to environments contaminates the varying amounts with nutrient contents decreasing in the soil where vegetables are grown, and environmental pol- sequence of Pb> As> Hg [5]. Due to an increase in residue lution due to heavy metal contamination has high health liquidation on industrial successes such as pulp industries, risks to people everywhere, as well as a high fatality ratio [3]. textile factories, and hide and skin working zones as well as According to the European Environment Agency report, the use of unprocessed wastewater intended for farm 2 Advances in Agriculture health efects, environmental problems, vegetable source, decisions, Ethiopian food and water may continue to include the highest level of harmful elements [6]. Te most prevalent food safety complications, and remedial activities. and dangerous heavy metals identifed in Ethiopia are As, Cd, Pb, and Hg, and no one intentionally consumes them 2. Vegetable Production in Ethiopia from leafy green vegetables [7]. Tese vegetable crops absorb elements from the soil and water as they grow. Te study 2.1. Contaminants in Soil and Vegetables. Vegetable crops reported on the Pb level of tomato and cabbage crops in are highly contaminated with heavy metallic elements due Mojo, central Ethiopia, found that they contain 38 and to the practice of growing vegetables on contaminated 36 milligrams per kilogram, respectively [7]. Additionally, land (moistening with wastewater) [12]. Toxic substances other vegetables have been reported for heavy metals due to have emerged principally by metal excavation, melting, their detrimental afuences, such as cadmium, copper, and discharge of substances from various roots, re- manganese, lead, and zinc [8]. Increased agro-chemical use sembling discarded junkyards, defecation, and chemical in Ethiopia often entails better use of agricultural inputs to fertilizers [20]. Other sources comprise quarrying, boost production, which concerns environmental and nat- manufacturing trashes, farming overfow, main acid sets, ural risks such as pollution and the eutrophication of aquatic old sources of water schemes, work-related contact, dyes, environments [9]. Accordingly, harmful elements are stored and preserved wood [21]. However, burning procedures inside vegetable yields, infowing into their sustenance se- are the greatest imperative causes of metallic elements, ries, and posing public risks. specifcally the production of energy, melting, ignition, In addition, the environment has been severely harmed and the inner fring engine in various countries around by population growth, agricultural change, fast urbanization, the world [22]. General farming, as well as fast devel- mechanization, and sewage pollution, which have increased opment, is possible foundations of dense metal contam- to alarming levels [10]. Currently, migration from rural to ination [23]. Unprocessed wastes after agrochemicals, large cities causing rapid expansion of urban towns, informal insecticides, vehicle reparation, washes, steel coating, settlements, and imbalance of infrastructure cause con- workrooms, waste discharges, and other sources are liq- tamination of surroundings and key health problems in uidated into the surrounding streams, which are primarily Ethiopia [11]. Accordingly, unplanned urbanization and used for vegetable production via irrigation [24]. Metallic industrialization in Ethiopia have had a negative impact on chemical roots in Ethiopia’s farmlands are moistened by aquatic and deposit classes, diversity of fora, and wildlife means of watercourses loaded through manufacturing [10]. Vegetables are important defensive food items that discharges and fertilizer and pesticide usage. Pesticides remain valuables intended for general wellbeing as well as and chemical fertilizers contain varying amounts of Zn, as deterrence and management for a wide range of diseases in well as other heavy metals, depending on their source, and Ethiopia [12]. However, they are reported to comprehend the repeated use of phosphate fertilizers continuously harmful substances called toxic elements in diferent enriches agricultural soils with heavy metals [7]. Te quantities and contamination as well as adulterations [13]. streams described by researchers focus on comprehending Heavy elements are indeed initiated on earth and contribute high absorption of micronutrients [25], and identifying to topsoil formation and growth of vegetables, particularly pollution sources of minute constituents as well as their Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co, which are microsustenances es- quantities is still very challenging [26]. Most studies on sential for vegetal progression, whereas Cd, Pb, and Ag need stream contamination concentrate on common heavy unidentifed biotic roles [14]. However, heavy metals/ele- metals, omitting data on the longitudinal distribution of ments such as Ag and Cd are lethal and threats to public minor nutrients and the order of the urban environment health and welfare with little absorption and air contami- [27]. Despite extensive ecological degradation in many nants, but common dating embraces As, Cr, Cu, and others African countries, identifying pollution sources remains [15]. Tey are less decomposable and persistent in nature, a major challenge [28]. build up in the environment, creating efuence, and buildup Metal contaminants in farmed soils can impair plant close to the top users of vegetables [16]. Te topsoil’s growth, cause functional issues, and even endanger human properties, along with the measurements of vegetable yields, health, and heavy metal-induced soil toxicity may endanger predispose the amount of constituents on plants to favorably urban horticulture systems and pose serious health risks [2]. accumulate certain afuences [17]. Since there are now no Heavy metals, including Pb, Cd, and Hg, which are all other options available and awareness-raising is the only present in water, are substances of signifcant public health solution that can be implemented to address this issue, the concern and increased unused cleared-on-once business situation may also take longer than anticipated [18]. Te ventures such as pulp mills, cloth mills, and hide-skin recommendations for handling the situation are insufcient, productions could result from higher levels of toxic con- the negative economic and environmental efects of heavy stituents in Ethiopia’s rivers [29]. Te long-term use of metals are immediate, and they are likely to worsen as untreated sewage liquid is linked to an increase in toxic a result of issues that continue to disrupt vegetable pro- metal accumulation in vegetables, which has serious health duction, occupation, source stock, and speculation all over consequences [30]. Studies on African leafy and root veg- the world [19]. Te key question on everyone’s mind right etables have revealed that cadmium and lead levels con- now is “What is the solution? Terefore, this review aimed to siderably increase when more contaminated liquid is used to analyze past studies on the heavy metal contamination route, water the plants [31]. Advances in Agriculture 3 adverse efects such abdominal pain, dizziness, abortion, and Heavy metal contamination in vegetables is classifed diferently depending on meteorological situations and the even mortality [39]. Heavy metals alter our decisions in life and confound us, and they produce a deep sadness that kind of metallic components [20]. According to a study of metallic levels in plants in Addis Ababa [32], lettuce had the makes society forlorn [40]. maximum Cd level, while head cabbage had the lowest Cd. Te presumed tolerable weekly intake (PWTI) could be Man-made activities such as mining, manufacturing, fab- used to suggest consumer usage and associated potential ricating, and internal and agricultural use of steel produce dangers, and humans may improve food security by min- the most ecological adulteration and anthropological dis- imizing contaminants and teaching others about vegetable closure [21]. On the other hand, this could remain on the farming [41]. Excessive levels of Pb and Cd metals in veg- loam and be engrossed via vegetation and the toxic elements etables have been associated with a number of health issues, released via production can settle on plant exteriors through including cardiac and musculoskeletal diseases [42]. Also, Pb afects fetal and neurocognitive functioning as well as dispensation, dissemination, and marketing. Metal-loaded aerosols pollute the air in farming areas near highways, as distresses the function of heart. well as near agricultural areas, and most sources of heavy metals have been synthesized from various publications (Figure 1). 2.4. Potential Pollution of Vegetables with Toxic Metals. Pollutants in combined sewage from factories and perhaps other sources include metal alloys, dissolved solids, viruses, 2.2. Heavy Metal Impacts on the Environment. Toxic nutri- and identifable chemical compounds [43]. Extraction and ents entering in to the recycling system can harm the a number of other sectors are the main contention sources of ecosystem, and similar components disturb the convert- pollution that lead to heavy element contamination in water ibility of common contaminants and produce less change- [44], and Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd were all found at the highest able toxins and therefore contaminating the environment concentrations in study samples taken in vegetable felds twice. Water contamination by composites has emerged as (Figure 4). According to the synthesized data presented one of the most serious ecological issues, and toxic elements below, Zn (112.7 mg/kg), Cr (47.7 mg/kg), Pb (17.76 mg/kg), continue to be the primary contaminants of external plus and Cd (0.25 mg/kg) were all found at the highest con- subversive rainwaters [22]. Because the maximum harmful centrations in croplands (vegetable gardens) of Ziway, substances stay combined with residues when they enter in Burayu, and Addis Ababa, whereas plants are frequently to the aquatic setting, the deposits are measured as a basis of grown employing efuents. constituents as well as a record of anthropogenic impacts Heavy metal accumulations in vegetables are caused by [33] and the diagram produced (Figure 2) shows that the sewage watering, which generates levels of heavy metals and efects of metals are not limited to vegetable crops. thrash metal accumulation in soils [45]. According to the Te most lethal elements can afect the environment, study report [46], practically all locations having quantities including soil and plants, water bodies, and people, and of Cd, Pb, and Ni that are excessive and should not be used heavy metals, are persistent pollutants that build up in the for vegetable production and the heavy metal contents which environment and damage biodiversity structures. are found in rivers used for irrigation are presented in Cd is highly noxious at low levels, and long-standing Figure 5. exposure can afect renal dysfunction, lung disease, osteo- Tere is no danger to users from determining the ac- malacia, osteoporosis, myocardial dysfunction, pulmonary cumulation of heavy metals in onion specimens, and a lack edema, and death [34]. Elevated Pb levels in the environ- of knowledge on onion heavy metal content inquiry may ment can reduce plant and animal growth and reproduction efect on the entire system, ultimately harming the pro- and have neurological efects in vertebrates [35]. Mercury is duction process [47]. a highly hazardous element that occurs in the environment Te minimum net weight value for tomato is 0.100 mg/ both naturally and as an added contaminant, and the main kg for cadmium and lead, and several studies in various human-related sources of mercury include coal combustion, tomato-producing areas of Ethiopia must be conducted. waste incineration, industrial usage, and mining [36]. Te Additionally, the most lethal metal, Pb, was found in the highest levels of Ag in the air cause breathing problems, roots and stalks of tomatoes [48]. stomach and esophageal irritation, and pain in the lungs, Spinach, parsley, and Jews mallow have the highest and Ag chloride molecules might harm the organs, kidneys, metallic concentrations [49], and various parts of Ethiopia eyesight, epidermis, and respiratory system [37]. Arsenic is have revealed the levels of lead and cadmium chemicals in a natural mineral found inside the subsurface, and it is also lettuce, cabbage, and Ethiopian kale (Figure 6). Africa spread widely in the surroundings and is exceedingly haz- could establish its own guidelines for acceptable and ardous in its elemental state [38]. Highly lethal heavy metals allowed levels for all agricultural goods, not just have a variety of acute and chronic toxic efects on the vegetables [50]. environment, as shown in Figure 3. Ethiopian potato grown with wastewater had the highest Co level (Figure 7), followed by green vegetables, such as 2.3. Health Concerns of Polluted Vegetables. Cd and Pb are lettuce and Swiss chard, and Ethiopian kale from Akaki and the two most common heavy metals in the ecosystem, and Kera locations had the highest Cu, Ni, and Zn consuming crops deemed dangerous has been related to concentrations [46]. 4 Advances in Agriculture Agriculture and forestry Mining Smelting Fossil fuel combustion Metallurgical industries Waste disposal Sources Corrosion Fertilizer and pesticide application Aged water supply Soil erosion systems Figure 1: Summary of heavy metal sources. Toxicological efects of heavy metals in vegetable crops Persistence-have long residual and half life in most of the vegetables Acute toxicity-Vegetables and Soil & water residence time microorganisms ~1000years Efects of heavy metals Synergistic efects Bioaccumulation and biomagnifcation- food chain Chronic and sub-lethal efects at Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties low concentration Figure 2: Toxicological impacts of metallic elements in vegetable plants. Stem vegetables (170.91 mg/kg), leafy vegetables vegetables has a signifcant impact on the substance load in (134.94 mg/kg), and root and tuber crops (115.17 mg/kg) crops [52]. Research conducted by [53, 54] in three loca- had the highest heavy metal loads in comparison to the tions of Ethiopia (Kuskuam, Burayu, and Ziway (Ethio- World Health Organization’s permitted standards (Fig- fora)) reported that lettuce had 41, 42, and 30% of Cd, ure 7) and the average values of all vegetable crops reported respectively, and takes the maximum percentage of infuxes by diferent researchers [51]. However, fower vegetable of toxic substances, followed by 47, 42, and 11% of Ethi- crops have the lowest load of toxic substances and the level opian Kale while Swiss chard has the lowest with 2 and 36% of heavy metal entry (infuxes) from soil into various infux (Table 1). Advances in Agriculture 5 Major types of heavy metals pertinent to environmental impacts Macro-nutrient elements: Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, and Iron Precious elements: Platinum, Silver, and Highly toxic elements: Types of heavy metals Gold Cadmium, Lead, Silver, and Mercury Micro-nutrient elements: Copper, Nickel, Chromium, and Iron Figure 3: Summary of heavy metals based on their impact classifcation. Mean heavy metal contents of vegetable producing felds in Ethiopia 100 100 88.47 68.42 112.7 47.78 17.66 8.44 7.12 0.14 0.22 3 16.38 0.25 31.24 Cd Cr Pb Zn Ziway Addis Ababa Burayu Recommended Level in soil Figure 4: Synthesized amount of the mean heavy metal content in vegetable felds of Ethiopian soils. can greatly lower the likelihood of contracting a foodborne 2.5. Food Safety Levels of Ethiopian Vegetable Crops. Food safety is the practice of handling, processing, and preserving illness [58], and Ethiopia’s food safety system is less orga- food in a way that prevents foodborne illness and injury and nized and developed than that of other developed countries. contamination resulting from subpar food standards, which Te proportion of people who know about food safety ranges endanger the food business and hurt people all around the from 24.5% in Godey Town, East Ethiopia [59], to 75.9% in world [56]. Foodstufs may come into contact with a variety Debarq Town, Northwest Ethiopia [60]. of health impacts when they enter the system, and nutrition security helps protect consumers from the risks of foodborne diseases and allergies. By ensuring that procedures are 2.6. Mitigation Strategies of Heavy Metals from the successfully in place, vegetable producers can help improve Environment. Most developing nations’ urban areas lack food safety compliance [57]. Understanding the risks as- adequate waste management systems and urban develop- sociated with each of the four types of food safety hazards ment with sufcient infrastructure leading to daily outdoor 6 Advances in Agriculture Certain heavy metals content reported in the Bulbula and Kera rivers of Ethiopia 550 500 50 65 0 7.4 8.9 33 0 0 0.08 As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Se Zn BR RIW KR RV (mg/kg) Figure 5: Heavy metal contents of some Ethiopian rivers used for irrigation compared to the World Health Organization standard, where BR � Bulbula river, KR � Kera river, RIW � recommended irrigation water, and RV � recommended heavy metal content in vegetables. Estimated contents of Pb and Cd in vegetables of Addis Ababa & Gondar areas comparative to other countries Pb Pb Cd Pb Cd Pb Pb Cd Pb Cd Cd Pb Cd Cd Cd Pb Nigeria Tanzania Greek Egypt Pakistan Addis Ababa Gondar India Spinach Cabbage Onion Lady’s fnger Tomato Carrot Lettuce Kale Caulifower Figure 6: Synthesis of the Pb and Cd contents of some garden crops grown in Ethiopia’s capital city and Gondar region in comparison to other countries. garbage disposal and unregulated efuent [61]. Moreover, environmental pollution needs intervention. Terefore, agricultural practices are led by political motivations rather among the biologically accepted mechanisms that are rec- than skilled manpower which commence the rural com- ommended including bioaugmentation, biosorption, and munities to use tremendously contaminating chemicals for biosparging are the aforementioned strategies as microbial agricultural activities. As a result, recently superb level management options stated by many researchers [62, 63]. Advances in Agriculture 7 Synthesized average heavy metal load on vegetable crops pertinent to permissible values (WHO) Average heavy Permissible level African permissible metal load (mg/kg) value (mg/kg) (mg/kg-ppm) Leafy vegetables Flower vegetables Root & tuber crops Stem vegetables Figure 7: Synthesis of the average heavy metal load on various vegetable crops in relation to allowable values. Table 1: Maximum amount of soil-derived metal infuxes in vegetable tissues. Farmlands Leafy crops Metallic elements Kuskuam (Gondar) (%) Burayu (%) Ziway (Ethiofora) (%) Cd 28 36 14 Cr 3 2 9 Lettuce crop Pb 7 7 7 Zn 41 42 30 Cd 47 42 11 Cr 2 2 19 Ethiopian kale Pb 3 4 9 Zn 44 37 35 Cd 26.1 2 — Cr 1.09 39 — Swiss chard Pb 36.02 1 — Zn 2.08 36 — Source: reference [55]. Tis method has not yet been implemented as advanced crops, transformed into unstable substances, and sub- technologies are needed to incubate the microorganisms sequently discharged into the air [70]. It also encompasses [64]. Removing metals from polluted soil and accruing them the removal and release of pollutants from soils, and through in the root system, stems, and branches of plants is also transpiration, crops draw contaminants from the soil and a promising technology for cleaning polluted sites [65], and release them into the atmosphere, and growing plants absorb some plants have the innate ability to collect, breakdown, or water and soilborne organic contaminants [71]. Normally speaking, the main outlines are listed in Figure 8. render air, liquid, or soil toxins harmless [66]. Plants are harvested after dangerous metals accumulate in their tissues and are grown on contaminated soil in situ, 3. Review Gaps and phytoextraction is a long-term solution for the removal of heavy metals from polluted soils [67]. Phytostabilization It is necessary to investigate heavy metal consumption regu- involves crops temporarily posing health risks so that these lations for Ethiopia and the continent of Africa. It is indeed toxic substances remain below ground [68]. Rhizofltration important to examine how heavy metal accumulation is im- is the desorption, precipitation, or absorption of dissolved pacted by climate change. Currently, there is no sufcient substances from or into vegetable roots, and it involves research on food safety, environmental balance, ethical ques- purifying polluted groundwater, rainwater and sewage tions, or sociopolitical considerations. It is also necessary to through a dense network of roots to eliminate toxins or extra research the management strategies that are fexible regarding resources, and microbial bioremediation of toxic substances to the environment mainly from emerging industries that use is also developing as an advanced tool [69]. Transpiration is heavy metals and chemicals in processing industries. Machine the process by which soil contaminants are absorbed by technologies that should be used to identify the level of heavy 8 Advances in Agriculture Phytovolatilization Phytovolatilization Phyto-remediation Phyto-extraction Bioremediation Remediation strategies Photo-stabilization Photodegradation Rhizodegradation Rhizofiltration Summary of heavy metal removal strategies Figure 8: Heavy metal removal strategies of vegetable crops. metals in agriculture land, vegetable crops, and other aspects References should be developed. Artifcial intelligence and predictive and [1] J. M. Githiria and M. Onifade, “Te impact of mining on systematic agronomy technologies should be researched. sustainable practices and the traditional culture of developing countries,” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4. Conclusions and Recommendations vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 394–410, 2020. [2] S. Rajendran, T. Priya, K. S. Khoo et al., “A critical review on Multiple problems are having an increasing impact on Ethi- various remediation approaches for heavy metal contami- opian agriculture. Trash metal precipitation or fow pollutes nants removal from contaminated soils,” Chemosphere, agricultural soils on the outskirts of cities, increasing the vol. 287, Article ID 132369, 2022. quantity of hazardous compounds in food products, notably [3] R. Nag, S. M. O’Rourke, and E. Cummins, “Risk factors and vegetables. One of the primary routes for heavy metals to enter assessment strategies for the evaluation of human or envi- the body is through contaminated vegetables, which can result ronmental risk from metal (loid) s–A focus on Ireland,” in a variety of diseases. Ethiopia can employ phytoremediation, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 802, Article ID 149839, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofltration, bio- remediation, and phytovolatilization through an integrated [4] M. Adeel, J. Y. Lee, M. Zain et al., “Cryptic footprints of rare approach to improve the efciency of strategies in a sustainable earth elements on natural resources and living organisms,” manner, together with local solutions. Environment International, vol. 127, pp. 785–800, 2019. [5] H. Astatkie, A. Ambelu, and E. Mengistie, “Contamination of Data Availability stream sediment with heavy metals in the Awetu watershed of southwestern Ethiopia,” Frontiers of Earth Science, vol. 9, Te data used to write this review came from previously p. 609, 2021. reported studies and datasets. [6] D. A. Mengistu, “Public health implications of heavy metals in foods and drinking water in Ethiopia (2016 to 2020): sys- Conflicts of Interest tematic review,” BMC Public Health, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 2114–2118, 2021. Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest. [7] H. R. Gebeyehu and L. D. Bayissa, “Levels of heavy metals in soil and vegetables and associated health risks in Mojo area, Ethiopia,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 1, p. e0227883, 2020. Authors’ Contributions [8] S. Hembrom, B. Singh, S. K. Gupta, and A. K. Nema, “A Yohannes Gelaye developed the idea and designed the comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination in structure and both authors approved the draft of the foodstuf and associated human health risk: a global per- manuscript. spective,” in Contemporary Environmental Issues and Chal- lenges in Era of Climate ChangeSpringer, Berlin, Germany, Acknowledgments [9] M. Mng’ong’o, L. K. Munishi, P. A. Ndakidemi, W. Blake, Te authors acknowledge potential academic editors and S. Comber, and T. H. Hutchinson, “Toxic metals in East reviewers for their respected eforts for the script. African agro-ecosystems: key risks for sustainable food Advances in Agriculture 9 production,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 294, [24] D. M. Mekuria, A. B. Kassegne, and S. L. Asfaw, “Assessing Article ID 112973, 2021. pollution profles along Little Akaki River receiving municipal [10] F. Ahmad, Q. Saeed, S. M. U. Shah, M. A. Gondal, and and industrial wastewaters, Central Ethiopia: implications for S. Mumtaz, “Environmental sustainability: challenges and environmental and public health safety,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 7, approaches,” Natural Resources Conservation and Advances Article ID e07526, 2021. for Sustainability, pp. 243–270, 2022. [25] J. Ahmed, “Trace elements geochemistry in high-incidence [11] M. Carley and I. Christie, Managing Sustainable Development, areas of liver-related diseases, northwestern Ethiopia,” En- Routledge, England, UK, 2017. vironmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 42, no. 5, [12] H. M. Tauqeer, V. Turan, and M. Iqbal, “Production of safer pp. 1235–1254, 2020. vegetables from heavy metals contaminated soils: the current [26] G. Lamichhane, A. Acharya, R. Marahatha et al., “Micro- situation, concerns associated with human health and novel plastics in environment: global concern, challenges, and management strategies,” in Advances in Bioremediation and controlling measures,” International journal of Environmental Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management, pp. 301– Science and Technology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 4673–4694, 2022. 312, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. [27] B. N. Rocha, F. C. Bellato, C. C. Arantes, and T. A. de Jesus, [13] F. Elbehiry, T. Alshaal, N. Elhawat, and H. Elbasiouny, En- “Four-month assessment of water quality in a channeled vironmental-Friendly and Cost-Efective Agricultural Wastes urban stream in são paulo state, Brazil,” Water, Air, & Soil for Heavy Metals and Toxicants Removal from Wastewater, Pollution, vol. 233, no. 3, pp. 73–16, 2022. [28] L. K. Chu and N. T. M. Le, “Environmental quality and the Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2021. [14] D. Podar and F. J. Maathuis, “Te role of roots and rhizo- role of economic policy uncertainty, economic complexity, sphere in providing tolerance to toxic metals and metalloids,” renewable energy, and energy intensity: the case of G7 Plant, Cell and Environment, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 719–736, 2022. countries,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, [15] D. Raj and S. K. Maiti, “Sources, bioaccumulation, health risks vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 2866–2882, 2022. and remediation of potentially toxic metal (loid) s (As, Cd, Cr, [29] M. Nigam, M. Puranjan, and K. Pradeep, “Comprehensive Pb and Hg): an epitomised review,” Environmental Moni- technological assessment for diferent treatment methods of toring and Assessment, vol. 192, no. 2, pp. 108–120, 2020. leather tannery wastewater,” Environmental Science and [16] M. Sarker, A. U. Polash, M. Islam, N. N. Rima, and T. Farhana, Pollution Research, vol. 29, pp. 1–18, 2022. “Heavy metals concentration in native edible fsh at upper [30] H. Younas and F. Younas, “Wastewater application in Meghna River and its associated tributaries in Bangladesh: agriculture-A review,” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol. 233, a prospective human health concern,” SN Applied Sciences, no. 8, p. 329, 2022. vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 1–13, 2020. [31] Y. Huang, S. Mubeen, Z. Yang, and J. Wang, “Cadmium [17] K. Khaskhoussy, B. Kahlaoui, E. Misle, and M. Hachicha, contamination in agricultural soils and crops,” in Teories and “Impact of irrigation with treated wastewater on physical- Methods for Minimizing Cadmium Pollution in Crops, chemical properties of two soil types and corn plant (Zea pp. 1–30, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. mays),” Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 22, [32] X. Chen, X. Zhang, H. Chen, and X. Xu, “Physiology and no. 2, pp. 1377–1393, 2022. proteomics reveal Fulvic acid mitigates Cadmium adverse [18] R. Zhamiyeva, G. Sultanbekova, G. Balgimbekova, K. Mussin, efects on growth and photosynthetic properties of lettuce,” M. Abzalbekova, and M. Kozhanov, “Problems of the efec- Plant Science, vol. 323, Article ID 111418, 2022. tiveness of the implementation of international agreements in [33] M. Varsha, P. Senthil Kumar, and B. Senthil Rathi, “A review the feld of waste management: the study of the experience of on recent trends in the removal of emerging contaminants Kazakhstan in the context of the applicability of European from aquatic environment using low-cost adsorbents,” Che- legal practices,” International Environmental Agreements: mosphere, vol. 287, Article ID 132270, 2022. Politics, Law and Economics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 177–199, 2022. [34] R. M. Trueb, ¨ Nutrition for Healthy Hair: Guide to Un- [19] R. Egbe and D. Tompson, “Environmental challenges of oil derstanding and Proper Practice, Springer, Berlin, Germany, spillage for families in oil producing communities of the Niger 2020. [35] S. Arya, R. Kumar, O. Prakash, A. Rawat, and A. Pant, “Impact Delta region,” Journal of Home Economics Research, vol. 13, pp. 24–34, 2010. of insecticides on soil and environment and their manage- ment strategies,” in Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment, [20] A. Durand, P. Leglize, S. Lopez, T. Sterckeman, and E. Benizri, “Noccaea caerulescens seed endosphere: a habitat for an pp. 213–230, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. endophytic bacterial community preserved through genera- [36] S. Ali, M. Mansha, N. Baig, and S. A. Khan, “Recent trends and tions and protected from soil infuence,” Plant and Soil, future perspectives of emergent analytical techniques for vol. 472, no. 1-2, pp. 257–278, 2022. mercury sensing in aquatic environments,” Te Chemical [21] P. Rathinam, S. Antony, R. Reshmy, R. Sindhu, P. Binod, and Record, vol. 22, Article ID e202100327, 2022. A. Pandey, “Consumer nanoproducts for food,” in Handbook [37] M. Kamruzzaman, A. Hossain, and E. Kabir, “Smoker’s of Consumer Nanoproducts, pp. 717–733, Springer, Berlin, characteristics, general health and their perception of Germany, 2022. smoking in the social environment: a study of smokers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh,” Journal of Public Health, vol. 30, [22] G. S. Murthy, E. Gnansounou, S. K. Khanal, and A. Pandey, Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Green-Economy: Systems no. 6, pp. 1501–1512, 2022. Analysis For Sustainability, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Nether- [38] H. Baboo, T. Patel, R. Faldu, M. Shah, and H. Shah, “A lands, 2021. comprehensive and systematic study of fuoride and arsenic [23] L. Chen, Q. Wei, G. Xu, M. Wei, and H. Chen, “Contami- contamination and its impacts in India,” Sustainable Water nation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Resources Management, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 122, 2022. surface sediments of huangshui river, northwest China,” [39] P. de Almeida Rodrigues, R. G. Ferrari, L. S. Kato, Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2022, Article ID 4282992, 9 pages, R. A. Hauser-Davis, and C. A. Conte-Junior, “A systematic 2022. review on metal dynamics and marine toxicity risk assessment 10 Advances in Agriculture using crustaceans as bioindicators,” Biological Trace Element [54] D. Bekele Bahiru, “Assessment of some heavy metals con- Research, vol. 200, no. 2, pp. 881–903, 2022. tamination in some vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce and [40] T. De Porras-Carrique, M. A. Gonzalez-Moles, ´ onion) in Ethiopia: a review,” American Journal of Environ- S. Warnakulasuriya, and P. Ramos-Garcia, “Depression, mental Protection, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 53–58, 2021. anxiety, and stress in oral lichen planus: a systematic review [55] N. Tarannum and N. Chaudhary, “Heavy metal contamina- and meta-analysis,” Clinical Oral Investigations, vol. 26, no. 2, tion in crop plants,” in Heavy Metals in Plants Physiological to pp. 1391–1408, 2022. Molecular Approach, pp. 76–91, CRC Press, Boca Raton, [41] K. Barry, Long-term-survival Phase Salmonella enterica: Life Florida, USA, 2022. Cycle Comparison with a High Persister Mutant, and Tolerance [56] N. van Vliet, J. Muhindo, J. Nyumu et al., “Understanding to Atmospheric Cold Plasma, Iowa state university, Ames, IA factors that shape exposure to zoonotic and food-borne 50011, USA, 2022. diseases across wild meat trade chains,” Human Ecology, [42] T. Li, L. Yu, Z. Yang et al., “Associations of diet quality and vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 983–995, 2022. heavy metals with obesity in adults: a cross-sectional study [57] T. F. Guerin, “Roles of company directors and the implica- from national health and nutrition examination survey tions for governing for the emerging impacts of climate risks (nhanes),” Nutrients, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 4038, 2022. in the fresh food sector: a review,” Food Control, vol. 133, [43] N. Singh, T. Poonia, S. S. Siwal, A. L. Srivastav, H. K. Sharma, Article ID 108600, 2022. and S. K. Mittal, “Challenges of water contamination in urban [58] L. D. A. Zanetta, M. P. Hakim, E. Stedefeldt et al., “Consumer areas,” Current directions in water scarcity research, vol. 6, risk perceptions concerning diferent consequences of food- pp. 173–202, 2022. borne disease acquired from food consumed away from home: [44] J. Abdi, A. J. Sisi, M. Hadipoor, and A. Khataee, “State of the a case study in Brazil,” Food Control, vol. 133, Article ID art on the ultrasonic-assisted removal of environmental 108602, 2022. pollutants using metal-organic frameworks,” Journal of [59] T. Alemayehu, Z. Aderaw, M. Giza, and G. Diress, “Food Hazardous Materials, vol. 424, Article ID 127558, 2022. safety knowledge, handling practices and associated factors [45] M. A. Khaliq, M. T. Javed, S. Hussain et al., “Assessment of among food handlers working in food establishments in heavy metal accumulation and health risks in okra (Abel- Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: institution- moschus Esculentus L.) and spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) based cross-sectional study,” Risk Management and Health- fertigated with wastwater,” International Journal of Flow care Policy, vol. 14, pp. 1155–1163, 2021. Control, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 11, 2022. [60] H. Dagne, R. Raju, Z. Andualem, T. Hagos, and K. Addis, [46] A. Giri, V. K. Bharti, S. Kalia, S. Acharya, B. Kumar, and “Food safety practice and its associated factors among O. Chaurasia, “Health risk assessment of heavy metals due to mothers in Debarq town, northwest Ethiopia: community- wheat, cabbage, and spinach consumption at cold-arid high based cross-sectional study,” BioMed Research International, altitude region,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 200, vol. 2019, Article ID 1549131, 8 pages, 2019. no. 9, pp. 4186–4198, 2022. [61] G. Di Fiore, K. Specht, O. J. Rover, and C. Zanasi, “Stake- [47] V. I. Ryabushko, A. M. Toichkin, and S. V. Kapranov, “Heavy holders’ social acceptance of a new organic waste manage- metals and arsenic in soft tissues of the gastropod Rapana ment policy in the city of Florianopolis ´ (Brazil),” Journal of venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) collected on a mollusk farm of Cleaner Production, vol. 379, Article ID 134756, 2022. Sevastopol (Southwestern Crimea, Black Sea): assessing hu- [62] P. Sharma, S. K. Parakh, and S. P. Singh, “A critical review on man health risk and locating regional contamination areas,” microbes-based treatment strategies for mitigation of toxic Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, pollutants,” Science of Te Total Environment, vol. 834, Article vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 1039–1045, 2022. ID 155444, 2022. [48] M. Naeem, K. Shahzad, S. Saqib et al., “Te Solanum mel- [63] P. Yaashikaa, P. S. Kumar, A. Saravanan, and D.-V. N. Vo, ongena COP1LIKE manipulates fruit ripening and fowering “Advances in biosorbents for removal of environmental time in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum),” Plant Growth pollutants: a review on pretreatment, removal mechanism and Regulation, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 369–382, 2022. future outlook,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 420, [49] A. S. Ali, A. Ambelu, and S. Robele, “Public health risks of lead Article ID 126596, 2021. accumulation in wastewater, irrigated soil, and crops,” [64] S. S. Chan, K. S. Khoo, K. W. Chew, T. C. Ling, and P. L. Show, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, p. 3723, 2022. “Recent advances biodegradation and biosorption of organic [50] K. Strecker, V. Bitzer, and F. Kruijssen, “Critical stages for compounds from wastewater: microalgae-bacteria post-harvest losses and nutrition outcomes in the value chains consortium-A review,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 344, of bush beans and nightshade in Uganda,” Food Security, Article ID 126159, 2022. vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 411–426, 2022. [65] I. Hussain, S. Afzal, M. A. Ashraf et al., “Efect of metals or [51] H. Demissie, A. Gedebo, and G. Agegnehu, “Agronomic trace elements on wheat growth and its remediation in potential of avocado-seed biochar in comparison with other contaminated soil,” Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, locally available biochar types: a frst-hand report from vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 2258–2282, 2022. Ethiopia,” Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol. 2023, [66] M. Gavrilescu, “Enhancing phytoremediation of soils polluted Article ID 7531228, 15 pages, 2023. with heavy metals,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 74, [52] P. Kumar, E. L. Goud, P. Devi, S. R. Dey, and P. Dwivedi, pp. 21–31, 2022. “Heavy metals: transport in plants and their physiological and [67] P. O. Oladoye, O. M. Olowe, and M. D. Asemoloye, “Phy- toxicological efects,” in Plant Metal and Metalloid Trans- toremediation technology and food security impacts of heavy porters, pp. 23–54, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2022. [53] D. Bekele Bahiru and L. Yegrem, “Levels of heavy metal in metal contaminated soils: a review of literature,” Chemo- vegetable, fruits and cereals crops in Ethiopia: a review,” sphere, vol. 288, Article ID 132555, 2022. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and [68] A. O. Adeoye, I. A. Adebayo, A. M. Afodun, and Analysis, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 96, 2021. K. A. Ajijolakewu, “Benefts and limitations of Advances in Agriculture 11 phytoremediation: heavy metal remediation review,” in Phytoremediation, pp. 227–238, Elsevier, London, UK, 2022. [69] S. Mondal, S. P. Singh, and Y. K. Lahir, Emerging Trends in Environmental Biotechnology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Flor- ida, USA, 2022. [70] A. Kushwaha, L. Goswami, J. Lee, C. Sonne, R. J. Brown, and K.-H. Kim, “Selenium in soil-microbe-plant systems: sources, distribution, toxicity, tolerance, and detoxifcation,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 13, pp. 2383–2420, 2022. [71] D. Schwarz, Y. Rouphael, G. Colla, and J. H. Venema, “Grafting as a tool to improve tolerance of vegetables to abiotic stresses: thermal stress, water stress and organic pollutants,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 162– 171, 2010.

Journal

Advances in AgricultureHindawi Publishing Corporation

Published: May 3, 2023

There are no references for this article.