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Optimization of Activated Carbon Fiber Preparation from Hemp Fiber through Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate for Application of Thermal Storage System

Optimization of Activated Carbon Fiber Preparation from Hemp Fiber through Dipotassium Hydrogen... Hindawi Adsorption Science & Technology Volume 2023, Article ID 7228408, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7228408 Research Article Optimization of Activated Carbon Fiber Preparation from Hemp Fiber through Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate for Application of Thermal Storage System 1 2 3 4 L. Natrayan , S. Kaliappan , S. Chinnasamy Subramanian, Pravin P. Patil, 5 6 7 S. D. Sekar, Y. Sesha Rao, and Melkamu Beyene Bayu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602 105, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Chennai, 601204 Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai, 66 Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Bell Road, Clement Town, 248002 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India R. M. K. Engineering College, R. S. M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai 601206, Gummidipoondi Taluk, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS College of Engineering and Technology, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ambo Institute of Technology-19, Ambo University, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Melkamu Beyene Bayu; melkamu.beyene@ambou.edu.et Received 13 October 2022; Revised 22 March 2023; Accepted 4 April 2023; Published 21 April 2023 Academic Editor: Debabrata Barik Copyright © 2023 L. Natrayan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. With significant benefits over many other commercialised thermal storage methods, activated carbon fiber (ACF) is believed to be among the finest biosorbents for adsorbent purposes. If correctly made, it is an outstanding mesoporous lightweight material with micropores and, in most cases, no micropores. ACF’s higher bulk densities and great dynamic capacity demonstrate its value and are used in adsorbent technologies. The present study’s primary goal is to create active carbon fiber from organic hemp fiber. The following parameters were selected: (i) activating temperatures, (ii) activating timing, (iii) carbonization temperature, (iv) activating ingredient %ages, and (v) speed of activation temperature, all with four levels to achieve the goal. Taguchi optimization techniques were used to optimize the adsorbent characteristics. The current study used an L16 orthogonal array to accomplish that improvement. According to the previous Taguchi, ° ° the optimal conditions were 300 C combustions, insemination with 22.5% w/v K HPO solution, and activating at 800 C for 3 hours at 2 4 20 C/min. The greatest contribution is 54.75%, followed by the rate of temperature activation at 23.35%, carbonated temperature at 10.14%, duration of stimulation at 8.82%, and H PO concentrations at 2.94%. The results show that the activation temperature and 3 4 rate of the temperature of activations are the essential elements in the current study’s accomplishment of the best adsorption capacities. 1. Introduction effective for sophisticated wastewater purification. Further- more, the above procedures have certain limitations, Environmental contamination is a severe adverse effect of including complexity, high price, and limited purifying the modern country’s fast economic expansion. Industrial effectiveness [3, 4]. Apart from the strategies mentioned pre- effluent, in particular, poses significant problems, if not a viously, the physiological adsorption process has received catastrophe, due to its massive flow, increased nutrient con- increasing attention in the use of dyeing for sewage decon- centration, intense hue, and complex breakdown [1, 2]. As a tamination due to its high sorption performance and low result, eliminating dye effluent is a critical challenge for technological hurdles. Because of their rich porous structure, industrialization. Membrane filtration, electrodynamics, high surface area, and diversity of established groups, active carbon fibers (ACFs) are regarded as effective adsorbents [5]. and photocatalyst innovation have all been shown to be 2 Adsorption Science & Technology As a result, various ACFs were documented to be used in the physical activating approach combines physiochemical acti- filtration of printed and dyed effluent. In earlier studies, syn- vating methods. The Taguchi optimization approach could thetic fibers such as PAN (polyacrylonitrile) and cellulosic be used to optimize active carbon generation. Taguchi, a were used as precursor materials to produce active carbon simple and effective statistical and analytical strategy, con- fibers with outstanding adsorption efficiency for metal ions ducts continuous testing to identify near-optimal choices and specific molecular pigments. Furthermore, undesired for compensation and efficiency. A high number of parame- deterioration has hampered the progress of such chemically ters may be explored with a minimal number of experimen- bonded ACFs [6, 7]. tal runs in this manner [3, 4]. Biocomposite substances have lately gained popularity as The synthesis of active carbon fiber utilising natural a response to the disposal site crisis, the depletion of oil sup- hemp materials employing a chemical activation technique plies and worries about emissions produced by their use. was studied in this work. It determined the optimal quantity These comprise sustainable agricultural production fuel of every variable in manufacturing activated carbon fiber. sources such as timber, agricultural residues, and plant- The Taguchi design analysis was used to measure the impact origin fibers [8, 9]. Hence, the need to create activated of process variables like carbonization temperature, dipotas- carbon adsorbent materials with low-cost, high-efficiency sium hydrogen phosphate composition in the authentication alternative antecedents. As a result of their minimal price, solvent, activation temperature, and activation process on recyclability, and willingness to contract, natural fabrics are the adsorption capacities of rehearsed adsorbent fiber. among the different scenarios [10]. Activated carbons were The properties and adsorption capabilities of activated prepared using natural materials like hemp fiber, oil palm carbon fiber produced under optimal circumstances were fiber, linen, and kenaf. Natural materials are divided into also studied. three groups based on their source within the tree: the thick- est, leaves, and germ fibers. Bast fibers include cotton, jute, 2. Experimental Works wheat, and flax. Bast fibers are widely used in the production of cables and monumental manufacturing textiles [11, 12]. 2.1. Materials. Rithu Natural Fiber Industry in Vellore, Hemp fiber is commonly used for membranifaciens, special- Tamil Nadu, India, supplied the hemp fiber. Naga Chemical ised textile materials like mainsail and napkins, and special- Industry in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, supplied the dipo- ised printing like tea paper and Starbucks filtration. Leaf tassium hydrogen phosphate. Other compounds have been fibers include jute, bananas, coconut, and pineapple [13, 14]. of analytical quality. All needed formulations were prepared Due to its cost-effectiveness, limited technological obsta- using double-filtered water. cles, and long-term benefits, considerable effort has been made to manufacture active carbon fibers from biomasses, 2.2. Activated Carbon Preparations. The primary material particularly biological residuals like lemon peel, stems, and for producing active carbon fibers is hemp fiber-based fabric. disposal residuals from extraction minerals [15, 16]. Fur- Cannabis was cleaned with double purified water to elimi- thermore, active carbon fibers from renewable sources nate dirt before drying. Dried cannabis specimens weighing opened up a new avenue for the elevated exploitation of bio- 5 g were put in a steel longitudinal tubular furnace. A neutral waste. Moreover, the adsorption rate of activated charcoal nitrogen flow was forced through the combustion chamber fiber biorenewable resources varies greatly, with consterna- at a fluid velocity of 75 cm /min for 30 min. The oven tem- tion carbon fiber exhibiting the highest adsorption capability perature was increased at an average rate of 20 C/min (165210 mg/g for methylene blue), implying that the micro- throughout the combustion process to obtain the different hardness of organic matter fiber has a significant effect on carbonization temperatures indicated by a Taguchi tech- carbon fiber achievement [17, 18]. Moreover, the reaction nique [24]. Hemp specimens were maintained at these tem- mechanism in the production of carbon fiber is an essential peratures for 1 hour. In an N atmosphere, carbonized factor that affects carbon composite sorption capacity; addi- cannabis samples were washed to ambient temperature. In tionally, comprehensive activation, supplementary initiation, addition, many hemp specimens were tested without acti- and surface coating consolidated reaction mechanisms are vated carbon. Activated carbon hemp was immersed in a all helpful for increasing carbon fiber adsorption effi- 50 mL K HPO solution and left overnight to attain maximal 2 4 ciency [19]. immersion during the chemical transformation [25]. The Adsorbents utilising heterogeneous catalysts are a simple Taguchi technique suggested the examined %ages of and effective strategy to remove a wide range of natural and K HPO mixtures with different proportions. The soaking 2 4 artificial contaminants from sewage. There are three tech- carbonized hemp was then dried in a hot air oven at 110 C niques for producing activated charcoal. The catalytic crack- before being inserted in furnaces. It held for 30 min at room ing of a precursor in an innocuous flow at temperatures up temperature below a nitrogen environment with a fluid from 500 to 1000 degrees Celsius results in char creation velocity of 75 cm /min. Following that, the burner was [20, 21]. The charcoal is then ignited in an oxidising gas like warmed with varying rates of temperature increase and carbon dioxide and vapour at temperatures ranging from maintained at this level for different periods. The Taguchi 700 to 1300 degrees Celsius. Enzymatic hydrolysis entails approach suggested the activating temperatures, activation impregnating a prelude with oxidising reagents like K CO , process, and probability of obtaining the activating temp. 2 3 ZnCl ,H PO , AlCl , and Na HPO4 and burning them in Subsequently, the activated carbon was chilled in an anaero- 2 3 4 3 2 a neutral gas like nitrogen or argon gas [22, 23]. The bio- bic environment before being rinsed using solvent and Adsorption Science & Technology 3 Table 1: Parameters and their levels. Levels Sl. No Parameters Symbols L1 L2 L3 L4 1 Temperature of activation ( C) A 600 700 800 900 2 Rate of temperature activation ( C/min) B 40 30 20 10 3H PO concentration (w/v) C 7.5 15 22.5 30 3 4 4 Carbonization temperature ( C) D Without 200 300 400 5 Time of activation (hrs) E 1 2 3 4 Table 2: Iodine values of different process parameters on the adsorption. Iodine values Sl. No A B C D E S/N values X X Mean values 1 2 1 600 40 7.5 Without 1 42.05 51.59 46.82 33.41 2 600 30 15 200 2 134.68 144.22 139.45 42.89 3 600 20 22.5 300 3 193.91 203.45 198.68 45.96 4 600 10 30 400 4 141.86 151.4 146.63 43.32 5 700 40 15 300 4 133.67 143.27 138.47 42.83 6 700 30 7.5 400 3 101.76 111.3 106.53 40.55 7 700 20 30 Without 2 240.6 238.96 239.78 47.60 8 700 10 22.5 200 1 214.95 225.68 220.315 46.86 9 800 40 22.5 400 2 253.1 262.64 257.87 48.23 10 800 30 30 300 1 260.19 259.14 259.665 48.29 11 800 20 7.5 200 4 294.72 304.26 299.49 49.53 12 800 10 15 Without 3 234.47 244.01 239.24 47.58 13 900 40 30 200 3 229.11 238.65 233.88 47.38 14 900 30 22.5 Without 4 181.19 186.54 183.865 45.29 15 900 20 15 400 1 242.34 245.89 244.115 47.75 16 900 10 7.5 300 2 335.59 331.57 333.58 50.46 Table 3: S/N values of adsorption for storage system. Levels A B C D E 1 41.40 47.06 43.49 43.47 44.08 2 44.46 47.71 45.26 46.66 47.29 3 48.41 44.25 46.59 46.89 45.37 4 47.72 42.96 46.65 44.96 45.24 Delta 7.01 4.72 3.16 3.42 3.22 Rank 1 2 5 3 4 afterwards twice filtered water till the pH of a cleaning dis- Table 1 shows the preparation of 16 distinct ACF speci- charge was achieved. mens using the Taguchi array design concept. The iodine value of every produced ACF specimen was evaluated in double in specified tests as a criterion of the material’s 2.3. Optimization of ACF Preparation Conditions. The adsorption ability. The optimisation criteria were the iodine Taguchi design approach was utilised to optimize the ACF value of the specimens. To study the effect of operating set- processibility. An L16 factorial design containing five pro- tings on the adsorption capacities of the produced ACF, the cess variables in four stages was employed to determine the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N ratios) of recorded iodine con- best frequencies. The four stages of every studied operation centrations were studied using the variance test (ANOVA) variable would be as follows: Table 1 displays the different approach. Because the improved circumstances correspond parameters and respective ranges. to the adsorbent’s higher adsorption capabilities, the 4 Adsorption Science & Technology Table 4: ANOVA analysis of adsorptions of iodine in phenolic acid. Source DF SOS Contribution (%) Adj SS Adj MS A 3 45743 54.75 45743 15247.7 B 3 19514 23.35 19514 6504.7 C 3 2453 2.94 2453 817.7 D 3 8472 10.14 8472 2824.1 E 3 7372 8.82 7372 2457.5 Error 0 0 0 0 0 Total 15 83555 100 —— Main effects plot for SN ratios B CD E Signal-to-noise: Larger is better Figure 1: The iodine values of adsorptions based on various input factors. “bigger-is-better” approach for calculating the S/N ratios 60 54.75 was used [3, 8]. The S/N ratio is determined as follows: 1 1 S/Nratio = −10 log 〠 , ð1Þ 10 30 e X 23.35 a=i 10.14 8.82 where e represents the size of replicas and x is the iodine i 2.94 value of created ACF specimen in every replicate. Due to 0 ABCDE the obvious “larger is good” approach, raising the S/N ratio corresponds to raising the adsorption properties of the Parameters ACF samples produced. ASTM D4607-94 was used to esti- mate the iodine value of ACF specimens. Figure 2: Error plots of percent contributions of various influencing parameters of iodine adsorptions. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Regression-Based Analysis. Based on the different combi- capability of ACF samples generated. Figure 1 shows the nations, 16 distinct ACF specimens were generated using the iodine values of adsorptions based on various input factors. Taguchi technique’s L16 array, and the iodine value of every specimen was calculated. Table 2 displays the iodine values 3.2. Analysis of Variance. An ANOVA was used to deter- and their accompanying S/N combinations. Table 3 shows mine the significance of interrupted processing elements. the delta rank and its accompanying values. Table 4 displays Table 4 provides the %age of contribution for each process- the results of the F-test for S/N proportions. Improving the ing parameter. The process parameter known as the F-test is S/N proportion corresponds to enhancing the adsorption hypothesised to affect adsorption characteristics. Figure 2 Mean of SN ratios 7.5 15.0 % of contributions 22.5 30.0 Without 4 E: Time of activation (hrs) C: H PO concentration 3 4 (w/v) Adsorption Science & Technology 5 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual Iodine values 46.82 333.58 Factor coding: actual 300 300 X1 = A Iodine values X2 = D Actual factors 46.82 333.58 200 B = 10 X1 = C C = 7.5 X2 = E E = 4 Actual factors A = 900 100 B = 10 D = 132 3.4 25.5 2.8 21 600 660 720 780 840 900 2.2 16.5 1.6 12 A: Temperature of activation (°C) 7.5 Figure 3: Surface and contour plots of activation temperature based on input parameters. 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual 400 Iodine values Factor coding: actual 25.5 46.82 333.58 Iodine values X1 = B X2 = C Design points Actual factors 46.82 333.58 A = 600 X1 = B 100 D = 0 X2 = C 16.5 E = 3.04 Actual factors A = 900 D = 0 E = 1 25.5 34 7.5 16.5 10 16 22 28 34 40 7.5 B: Rate of temperature activation (°C/min) Figure 4: Surface and contour plots of rate of activation temperature based on input parameters. depicts the %age contribution of each ingredient. The con- Figure 2 depicts the contribution of processing parame- tributory %age is the fraction of the sentencing hearing total ters to adsorption characteristics. Table 4’s percent contribu- variance that considers each meaningful impact [4]. The tion is a controlling factor to attain the highest iodine. The P regressions of current adsorption characteristics are value specifies the probability of recurrent factors. The most expressed by equation (2). significant contribution is 54.75%, followed by the rate of temperature activation at 23.35%, carbonated temperature at 10.14%, duration of stimulation at 8.82%, and H PO con- 3 4 centrations at 2.94%. The results show that the activation Iodine values = 205:5 − 72:63A1 − 29:25A2 + 58:54A3 temperature and rate of the temperature of activations are +43:34A4 + 29:42B1 + 39:99B2 the essential elements in the current study’s accomplishment − 33:15B3 − 36:26B4 − 8:919C1 of the best adsorption capacities. − 15:21C2 + 9:659C3 + 14:47C4 ð2Þ 4. Impact of Processing Parameters − 28:10D1 + 17:76D2 + 27:07 D3 − 16:74D4 − 12:80E1 + 37:15E2 4.1. Result of Activation Temperature. Raising the activating − 10:94E3 − 1:41E4: temperatures to 800 C improves the S/N ratio, implying that B: Rate of temperature activation (°C/min) C: H PO concentration 3 4 (w/v) Iodine values Iodine values C: H PO concentration (w/v) 3 4 D: Carbonization temperature (°C) E: Time of activation (hrs) E: Time of activation (hrs) 6 Adsorption Science & Technology Iodine values 3D surface Factor coding: actual Iodine values Factor coding: actual 3.4 46.82 333.58 X1 = C Iodine values X2 = E 46.82 333.58 2.8 Actual factors X1 = C A = 795 X2 = E B = 24.4 Actual factors D = 0 2.2 A = 900 B = 10 D = 132 1.6 3.4 25.5 2.8 21 7.5 12 16.5 21 25.5 30 2.2 16.5 1.6 12 C: H PO concentration (w/v) 3 4 7.5 Figure 5: Surface and contour plots of effect of K HPO concentration based on input parameters. 2 4 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual Iodine values 3.4 46.82 333.58 Factor coding: actual X1 = D Iodine values X2 = E 2.8 46.82 333.58 Actual factors A = 621 X1 = D B = 18.7 X2 = E 2.2 C = 7.5 Actual factors A = 717 B = 10 1.6 C = 30 3.4 2.8 0 100 200 300 400 2.2 1.6 1 0 D: Carbonization temperature (°C) Figure 6: Surface and contour plots of the effect of carbonation temperature based on input parameters. the adsorption efficiency of ACF specimens improves as the the S/N ratio of the generated ACF specimens. This leads activating temperature increases. This might be attributed to to a rise in ACF adsorption, which may be due to decreased increased activation and small pore creation throughout the degradation of ACF molecules. The ACF structure is most processed ACF. Several studies have found similar findings. likely destroyed and transformed at excessive temperature An elevation in reaction temperature up to 900 C reduces increase levels to charcoal [27, 28]. the ACF’s adsorption capability. This is most likely due to the loss of the porous structure and the formation of bigger 4.3. Effect of K HPO Concentration. As shown in Figure 5, 2 4 pores that limit the adsorption capability [24, 26]. Figure 3 increasing the phosphorus potassium dihydrogen level from demonstrates the above findings. 7.5 to 22.5% w/v increases the S/N ratio of the iodine values in the activated carbon fiber specimens produced. This 4.2. Consequence of the Level of Attaining the Activation might be attributed to a rise in the creation of small pores, Temperature. Figure 4 indicates that increasing the activat- as in ACF, that are more efficient in the adsorption mecha- ing temperature level between 10 and 20 C/min improves nism and boost absorbent adsorption properties. Surpassing C: H PO concentration 3 4 (w/v) D: Carbonization temperature (°C) Iodine values Iodine values E: Time of activation (hrs) E: Time of activation (hrs) f acti E: Time o vation (hrs) Adsorption Science & Technology 7 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual Iodine values 3.4 400 46.82 333.58 X1 = A Factor coding: actual 300 X2 = E 2.8 Iodine values Actual factors Design points 200 B = 26.5 46.82 333.58 C = 30 2.2 D = 0 X1 = A X2 = E Actual factors 1.6 B = 10 C = 30 D = 0 4 1 3.4 600 660 720 780 840 900 2.8 2.2 A: Temperature of activation (°C) 1.6 1 600 Figure 7: Surface and contour plots of the effect of pulse duration based on input parameters. the phosphorus-potassium dihydrogen level by up to 30% w/v reduces or maintains the S/N proportion [25, 29]. Increased activating agents may cause increased drying and the dissolution of activated carbon fiber small pores, result- ing in bigger pores with lower adsorption effectiveness. Sim- ilar findings have been reported in the research. 30 4.4. Effect of Carbonization Temperature. Figure 6 shows that more of the activated carbon fiber obtained by carbon- izing hemp at 300 C is greater than that of activated carbon fiber generated without such a phase. Dissociating volatile 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 substances from hemp structures could allow additional P/P0 places for the activating chemical to deposit and provide more activation spots on the particle surface, enhancing Figure 8: Nitrogen adsorption at -196 C on the activated carbon activated carbon fiber adsorption [17, 30]. Carbonization at ° fiber prepared at optimal conditions. 400 C reduces the adsorption properties of activated carbon fiber, most likely owing to the shrinking of the carbonized charred molecule. Several investigators achieved consistent depicts the nitrogen adsorbent equilibrium adsorption outcomes. curves obtained at -196 C under optimum circumstances. As per the IUPAC, the resulting equilibrium adsorption 4.5. Effect of Activation Time. The findings of such an anal- curves support a category I adsorbent where most activated ysis of variance for the influence of pulse duration on the carbon fiber’s permeability seems to be in microporous sizes S/N proportions of the iodide values are shown in [20, 33]. The MP techniques yielded the following outcomes: Figure 7. The experimental findings show that ACF’s an appropriate surface region of 469 m /g, a small pore sur- adsorption rate steadily rises after increasing pulse duration 2 2 face of 461 m /g, a micropore surface of 10.7 m /g, small up to 3 h. A rise in pulse duration of up to 4 h reduces pore volumes of 0.15 m /g, and a microporous volume of adsorption ability. Processing for 3 hours undoubtedly 1:24 × 10 m /g. When specific surface area volume data enhances the development of small pores that are more effi- were compared, it was discovered that the majority of the cient in the adsorption mechanism. However, with longer permeability of a produced surface would be in the micropo- activating durations, the walls of the small pores may break, rous range, indicating that activated carbon fiber created and they become shiny and porous [31, 32]. under optimal conditions has a very high porosity structure and is composed of small pores [34]. 4.6. Description of the Augmented Settings. According to the Figure 9 shows the microstructural images of pure and previous segment, the optimal conditions were 300 C com- activated hemp fibers. A comparison of SEM micrographs bustions, insemination with 22.5% w/v K HPO solution, 2 4 ° ° of the ACF surface generated under optimal circumstances and activating at 800 C for 3 hours at 20 C/min. Figure 8 A: Temperature of activation (°C) Iodine values Va (cm /g) E: Time of activation (hrs) 8 Adsorption Science & Technology (a) (b) SE 13:12 WD35.2 mm 20.0 kV ×45 1 mm SE 13:12 WD35.2 mm 20.0 kV ×45 1 mm Figure 9: Microstructural images of (a) pure hemp and (b) activated carbon-based hemp. with pure hemp shows that a significant amount of perme- tion up to 3 h. A rise in pulse duration of up to 4 h ability is formed throughout the carbonization phases. The reduces adsorption ability. Processing for 3 hours ACF’s uneven porosity suggests a much greater surface area undoubtedly enhances the development of small than created under optimum ACF processing conditions. pores that are more efficient in the adsorption mechanism 5. Conclusion Data Availability The activated carbon from hemp-based natural fibers was The data used to support the findings of this study are successfully formed using dipotassium hydrogen phos- included within the article. phate’s chemical solvent, and the results were optimized through the Taguchi optimization tool. The following results Conflicts of Interest were obtained. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest (i) According to the previous Taguchi, the optimal regarding the publication of this paper. conditions were 300 C combustions, insemination with 22.5% w/v K HPO solution, and activating 2 4 ° ° Acknowledgments at 800 C for 3 hours at a rate of 20 C/min We thank and acknowledge the management of Saveetha (ii) The most significant contribution is 54.75%, followed by the rate of temperature activation at School of Engineering, Chennai, for their support to carry out this research work. 23.35%, carbonated temperature at 10.14%, dura- tion of stimulation at 8.82%, and H PO concentra- 3 4 tions at 2.94%. The results show that the activation References temperature and rate of the temperature of activa- [1] S. Ouajai and R. A. 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Optimization of Activated Carbon Fiber Preparation from Hemp Fiber through Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate for Application of Thermal Storage System

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2048-4038
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0263-6174
DOI
10.1155/2023/7228408
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Abstract

Hindawi Adsorption Science & Technology Volume 2023, Article ID 7228408, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7228408 Research Article Optimization of Activated Carbon Fiber Preparation from Hemp Fiber through Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate for Application of Thermal Storage System 1 2 3 4 L. Natrayan , S. Kaliappan , S. Chinnasamy Subramanian, Pravin P. Patil, 5 6 7 S. D. Sekar, Y. Sesha Rao, and Melkamu Beyene Bayu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602 105, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Chennai, 601204 Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai, 66 Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Bell Road, Clement Town, 248002 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India R. M. K. Engineering College, R. S. M. Nagar, Kavaraipettai 601206, Gummidipoondi Taluk, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS College of Engineering and Technology, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ambo Institute of Technology-19, Ambo University, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Melkamu Beyene Bayu; melkamu.beyene@ambou.edu.et Received 13 October 2022; Revised 22 March 2023; Accepted 4 April 2023; Published 21 April 2023 Academic Editor: Debabrata Barik Copyright © 2023 L. Natrayan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. With significant benefits over many other commercialised thermal storage methods, activated carbon fiber (ACF) is believed to be among the finest biosorbents for adsorbent purposes. If correctly made, it is an outstanding mesoporous lightweight material with micropores and, in most cases, no micropores. ACF’s higher bulk densities and great dynamic capacity demonstrate its value and are used in adsorbent technologies. The present study’s primary goal is to create active carbon fiber from organic hemp fiber. The following parameters were selected: (i) activating temperatures, (ii) activating timing, (iii) carbonization temperature, (iv) activating ingredient %ages, and (v) speed of activation temperature, all with four levels to achieve the goal. Taguchi optimization techniques were used to optimize the adsorbent characteristics. The current study used an L16 orthogonal array to accomplish that improvement. According to the previous Taguchi, ° ° the optimal conditions were 300 C combustions, insemination with 22.5% w/v K HPO solution, and activating at 800 C for 3 hours at 2 4 20 C/min. The greatest contribution is 54.75%, followed by the rate of temperature activation at 23.35%, carbonated temperature at 10.14%, duration of stimulation at 8.82%, and H PO concentrations at 2.94%. The results show that the activation temperature and 3 4 rate of the temperature of activations are the essential elements in the current study’s accomplishment of the best adsorption capacities. 1. Introduction effective for sophisticated wastewater purification. Further- more, the above procedures have certain limitations, Environmental contamination is a severe adverse effect of including complexity, high price, and limited purifying the modern country’s fast economic expansion. Industrial effectiveness [3, 4]. Apart from the strategies mentioned pre- effluent, in particular, poses significant problems, if not a viously, the physiological adsorption process has received catastrophe, due to its massive flow, increased nutrient con- increasing attention in the use of dyeing for sewage decon- centration, intense hue, and complex breakdown [1, 2]. As a tamination due to its high sorption performance and low result, eliminating dye effluent is a critical challenge for technological hurdles. Because of their rich porous structure, industrialization. Membrane filtration, electrodynamics, high surface area, and diversity of established groups, active carbon fibers (ACFs) are regarded as effective adsorbents [5]. and photocatalyst innovation have all been shown to be 2 Adsorption Science & Technology As a result, various ACFs were documented to be used in the physical activating approach combines physiochemical acti- filtration of printed and dyed effluent. In earlier studies, syn- vating methods. The Taguchi optimization approach could thetic fibers such as PAN (polyacrylonitrile) and cellulosic be used to optimize active carbon generation. Taguchi, a were used as precursor materials to produce active carbon simple and effective statistical and analytical strategy, con- fibers with outstanding adsorption efficiency for metal ions ducts continuous testing to identify near-optimal choices and specific molecular pigments. Furthermore, undesired for compensation and efficiency. A high number of parame- deterioration has hampered the progress of such chemically ters may be explored with a minimal number of experimen- bonded ACFs [6, 7]. tal runs in this manner [3, 4]. Biocomposite substances have lately gained popularity as The synthesis of active carbon fiber utilising natural a response to the disposal site crisis, the depletion of oil sup- hemp materials employing a chemical activation technique plies and worries about emissions produced by their use. was studied in this work. It determined the optimal quantity These comprise sustainable agricultural production fuel of every variable in manufacturing activated carbon fiber. sources such as timber, agricultural residues, and plant- The Taguchi design analysis was used to measure the impact origin fibers [8, 9]. Hence, the need to create activated of process variables like carbonization temperature, dipotas- carbon adsorbent materials with low-cost, high-efficiency sium hydrogen phosphate composition in the authentication alternative antecedents. As a result of their minimal price, solvent, activation temperature, and activation process on recyclability, and willingness to contract, natural fabrics are the adsorption capacities of rehearsed adsorbent fiber. among the different scenarios [10]. Activated carbons were The properties and adsorption capabilities of activated prepared using natural materials like hemp fiber, oil palm carbon fiber produced under optimal circumstances were fiber, linen, and kenaf. Natural materials are divided into also studied. three groups based on their source within the tree: the thick- est, leaves, and germ fibers. Bast fibers include cotton, jute, 2. Experimental Works wheat, and flax. Bast fibers are widely used in the production of cables and monumental manufacturing textiles [11, 12]. 2.1. Materials. Rithu Natural Fiber Industry in Vellore, Hemp fiber is commonly used for membranifaciens, special- Tamil Nadu, India, supplied the hemp fiber. Naga Chemical ised textile materials like mainsail and napkins, and special- Industry in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, supplied the dipo- ised printing like tea paper and Starbucks filtration. Leaf tassium hydrogen phosphate. Other compounds have been fibers include jute, bananas, coconut, and pineapple [13, 14]. of analytical quality. All needed formulations were prepared Due to its cost-effectiveness, limited technological obsta- using double-filtered water. cles, and long-term benefits, considerable effort has been made to manufacture active carbon fibers from biomasses, 2.2. Activated Carbon Preparations. The primary material particularly biological residuals like lemon peel, stems, and for producing active carbon fibers is hemp fiber-based fabric. disposal residuals from extraction minerals [15, 16]. Fur- Cannabis was cleaned with double purified water to elimi- thermore, active carbon fibers from renewable sources nate dirt before drying. Dried cannabis specimens weighing opened up a new avenue for the elevated exploitation of bio- 5 g were put in a steel longitudinal tubular furnace. A neutral waste. Moreover, the adsorption rate of activated charcoal nitrogen flow was forced through the combustion chamber fiber biorenewable resources varies greatly, with consterna- at a fluid velocity of 75 cm /min for 30 min. The oven tem- tion carbon fiber exhibiting the highest adsorption capability perature was increased at an average rate of 20 C/min (165210 mg/g for methylene blue), implying that the micro- throughout the combustion process to obtain the different hardness of organic matter fiber has a significant effect on carbonization temperatures indicated by a Taguchi tech- carbon fiber achievement [17, 18]. Moreover, the reaction nique [24]. Hemp specimens were maintained at these tem- mechanism in the production of carbon fiber is an essential peratures for 1 hour. In an N atmosphere, carbonized factor that affects carbon composite sorption capacity; addi- cannabis samples were washed to ambient temperature. In tionally, comprehensive activation, supplementary initiation, addition, many hemp specimens were tested without acti- and surface coating consolidated reaction mechanisms are vated carbon. Activated carbon hemp was immersed in a all helpful for increasing carbon fiber adsorption effi- 50 mL K HPO solution and left overnight to attain maximal 2 4 ciency [19]. immersion during the chemical transformation [25]. The Adsorbents utilising heterogeneous catalysts are a simple Taguchi technique suggested the examined %ages of and effective strategy to remove a wide range of natural and K HPO mixtures with different proportions. The soaking 2 4 artificial contaminants from sewage. There are three tech- carbonized hemp was then dried in a hot air oven at 110 C niques for producing activated charcoal. The catalytic crack- before being inserted in furnaces. It held for 30 min at room ing of a precursor in an innocuous flow at temperatures up temperature below a nitrogen environment with a fluid from 500 to 1000 degrees Celsius results in char creation velocity of 75 cm /min. Following that, the burner was [20, 21]. The charcoal is then ignited in an oxidising gas like warmed with varying rates of temperature increase and carbon dioxide and vapour at temperatures ranging from maintained at this level for different periods. The Taguchi 700 to 1300 degrees Celsius. Enzymatic hydrolysis entails approach suggested the activating temperatures, activation impregnating a prelude with oxidising reagents like K CO , process, and probability of obtaining the activating temp. 2 3 ZnCl ,H PO , AlCl , and Na HPO4 and burning them in Subsequently, the activated carbon was chilled in an anaero- 2 3 4 3 2 a neutral gas like nitrogen or argon gas [22, 23]. The bio- bic environment before being rinsed using solvent and Adsorption Science & Technology 3 Table 1: Parameters and their levels. Levels Sl. No Parameters Symbols L1 L2 L3 L4 1 Temperature of activation ( C) A 600 700 800 900 2 Rate of temperature activation ( C/min) B 40 30 20 10 3H PO concentration (w/v) C 7.5 15 22.5 30 3 4 4 Carbonization temperature ( C) D Without 200 300 400 5 Time of activation (hrs) E 1 2 3 4 Table 2: Iodine values of different process parameters on the adsorption. Iodine values Sl. No A B C D E S/N values X X Mean values 1 2 1 600 40 7.5 Without 1 42.05 51.59 46.82 33.41 2 600 30 15 200 2 134.68 144.22 139.45 42.89 3 600 20 22.5 300 3 193.91 203.45 198.68 45.96 4 600 10 30 400 4 141.86 151.4 146.63 43.32 5 700 40 15 300 4 133.67 143.27 138.47 42.83 6 700 30 7.5 400 3 101.76 111.3 106.53 40.55 7 700 20 30 Without 2 240.6 238.96 239.78 47.60 8 700 10 22.5 200 1 214.95 225.68 220.315 46.86 9 800 40 22.5 400 2 253.1 262.64 257.87 48.23 10 800 30 30 300 1 260.19 259.14 259.665 48.29 11 800 20 7.5 200 4 294.72 304.26 299.49 49.53 12 800 10 15 Without 3 234.47 244.01 239.24 47.58 13 900 40 30 200 3 229.11 238.65 233.88 47.38 14 900 30 22.5 Without 4 181.19 186.54 183.865 45.29 15 900 20 15 400 1 242.34 245.89 244.115 47.75 16 900 10 7.5 300 2 335.59 331.57 333.58 50.46 Table 3: S/N values of adsorption for storage system. Levels A B C D E 1 41.40 47.06 43.49 43.47 44.08 2 44.46 47.71 45.26 46.66 47.29 3 48.41 44.25 46.59 46.89 45.37 4 47.72 42.96 46.65 44.96 45.24 Delta 7.01 4.72 3.16 3.42 3.22 Rank 1 2 5 3 4 afterwards twice filtered water till the pH of a cleaning dis- Table 1 shows the preparation of 16 distinct ACF speci- charge was achieved. mens using the Taguchi array design concept. The iodine value of every produced ACF specimen was evaluated in double in specified tests as a criterion of the material’s 2.3. Optimization of ACF Preparation Conditions. The adsorption ability. The optimisation criteria were the iodine Taguchi design approach was utilised to optimize the ACF value of the specimens. To study the effect of operating set- processibility. An L16 factorial design containing five pro- tings on the adsorption capacities of the produced ACF, the cess variables in four stages was employed to determine the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N ratios) of recorded iodine con- best frequencies. The four stages of every studied operation centrations were studied using the variance test (ANOVA) variable would be as follows: Table 1 displays the different approach. Because the improved circumstances correspond parameters and respective ranges. to the adsorbent’s higher adsorption capabilities, the 4 Adsorption Science & Technology Table 4: ANOVA analysis of adsorptions of iodine in phenolic acid. Source DF SOS Contribution (%) Adj SS Adj MS A 3 45743 54.75 45743 15247.7 B 3 19514 23.35 19514 6504.7 C 3 2453 2.94 2453 817.7 D 3 8472 10.14 8472 2824.1 E 3 7372 8.82 7372 2457.5 Error 0 0 0 0 0 Total 15 83555 100 —— Main effects plot for SN ratios B CD E Signal-to-noise: Larger is better Figure 1: The iodine values of adsorptions based on various input factors. “bigger-is-better” approach for calculating the S/N ratios 60 54.75 was used [3, 8]. The S/N ratio is determined as follows: 1 1 S/Nratio = −10 log 〠 , ð1Þ 10 30 e X 23.35 a=i 10.14 8.82 where e represents the size of replicas and x is the iodine i 2.94 value of created ACF specimen in every replicate. Due to 0 ABCDE the obvious “larger is good” approach, raising the S/N ratio corresponds to raising the adsorption properties of the Parameters ACF samples produced. ASTM D4607-94 was used to esti- mate the iodine value of ACF specimens. Figure 2: Error plots of percent contributions of various influencing parameters of iodine adsorptions. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Regression-Based Analysis. Based on the different combi- capability of ACF samples generated. Figure 1 shows the nations, 16 distinct ACF specimens were generated using the iodine values of adsorptions based on various input factors. Taguchi technique’s L16 array, and the iodine value of every specimen was calculated. Table 2 displays the iodine values 3.2. Analysis of Variance. An ANOVA was used to deter- and their accompanying S/N combinations. Table 3 shows mine the significance of interrupted processing elements. the delta rank and its accompanying values. Table 4 displays Table 4 provides the %age of contribution for each process- the results of the F-test for S/N proportions. Improving the ing parameter. The process parameter known as the F-test is S/N proportion corresponds to enhancing the adsorption hypothesised to affect adsorption characteristics. Figure 2 Mean of SN ratios 7.5 15.0 % of contributions 22.5 30.0 Without 4 E: Time of activation (hrs) C: H PO concentration 3 4 (w/v) Adsorption Science & Technology 5 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual Iodine values 46.82 333.58 Factor coding: actual 300 300 X1 = A Iodine values X2 = D Actual factors 46.82 333.58 200 B = 10 X1 = C C = 7.5 X2 = E E = 4 Actual factors A = 900 100 B = 10 D = 132 3.4 25.5 2.8 21 600 660 720 780 840 900 2.2 16.5 1.6 12 A: Temperature of activation (°C) 7.5 Figure 3: Surface and contour plots of activation temperature based on input parameters. 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual 400 Iodine values Factor coding: actual 25.5 46.82 333.58 Iodine values X1 = B X2 = C Design points Actual factors 46.82 333.58 A = 600 X1 = B 100 D = 0 X2 = C 16.5 E = 3.04 Actual factors A = 900 D = 0 E = 1 25.5 34 7.5 16.5 10 16 22 28 34 40 7.5 B: Rate of temperature activation (°C/min) Figure 4: Surface and contour plots of rate of activation temperature based on input parameters. depicts the %age contribution of each ingredient. The con- Figure 2 depicts the contribution of processing parame- tributory %age is the fraction of the sentencing hearing total ters to adsorption characteristics. Table 4’s percent contribu- variance that considers each meaningful impact [4]. The tion is a controlling factor to attain the highest iodine. The P regressions of current adsorption characteristics are value specifies the probability of recurrent factors. The most expressed by equation (2). significant contribution is 54.75%, followed by the rate of temperature activation at 23.35%, carbonated temperature at 10.14%, duration of stimulation at 8.82%, and H PO con- 3 4 centrations at 2.94%. The results show that the activation Iodine values = 205:5 − 72:63A1 − 29:25A2 + 58:54A3 temperature and rate of the temperature of activations are +43:34A4 + 29:42B1 + 39:99B2 the essential elements in the current study’s accomplishment − 33:15B3 − 36:26B4 − 8:919C1 of the best adsorption capacities. − 15:21C2 + 9:659C3 + 14:47C4 ð2Þ 4. Impact of Processing Parameters − 28:10D1 + 17:76D2 + 27:07 D3 − 16:74D4 − 12:80E1 + 37:15E2 4.1. Result of Activation Temperature. Raising the activating − 10:94E3 − 1:41E4: temperatures to 800 C improves the S/N ratio, implying that B: Rate of temperature activation (°C/min) C: H PO concentration 3 4 (w/v) Iodine values Iodine values C: H PO concentration (w/v) 3 4 D: Carbonization temperature (°C) E: Time of activation (hrs) E: Time of activation (hrs) 6 Adsorption Science & Technology Iodine values 3D surface Factor coding: actual Iodine values Factor coding: actual 3.4 46.82 333.58 X1 = C Iodine values X2 = E 46.82 333.58 2.8 Actual factors X1 = C A = 795 X2 = E B = 24.4 Actual factors D = 0 2.2 A = 900 B = 10 D = 132 1.6 3.4 25.5 2.8 21 7.5 12 16.5 21 25.5 30 2.2 16.5 1.6 12 C: H PO concentration (w/v) 3 4 7.5 Figure 5: Surface and contour plots of effect of K HPO concentration based on input parameters. 2 4 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual Iodine values 3.4 46.82 333.58 Factor coding: actual X1 = D Iodine values X2 = E 2.8 46.82 333.58 Actual factors A = 621 X1 = D B = 18.7 X2 = E 2.2 C = 7.5 Actual factors A = 717 B = 10 1.6 C = 30 3.4 2.8 0 100 200 300 400 2.2 1.6 1 0 D: Carbonization temperature (°C) Figure 6: Surface and contour plots of the effect of carbonation temperature based on input parameters. the adsorption efficiency of ACF specimens improves as the the S/N ratio of the generated ACF specimens. This leads activating temperature increases. This might be attributed to to a rise in ACF adsorption, which may be due to decreased increased activation and small pore creation throughout the degradation of ACF molecules. The ACF structure is most processed ACF. Several studies have found similar findings. likely destroyed and transformed at excessive temperature An elevation in reaction temperature up to 900 C reduces increase levels to charcoal [27, 28]. the ACF’s adsorption capability. This is most likely due to the loss of the porous structure and the formation of bigger 4.3. Effect of K HPO Concentration. As shown in Figure 5, 2 4 pores that limit the adsorption capability [24, 26]. Figure 3 increasing the phosphorus potassium dihydrogen level from demonstrates the above findings. 7.5 to 22.5% w/v increases the S/N ratio of the iodine values in the activated carbon fiber specimens produced. This 4.2. Consequence of the Level of Attaining the Activation might be attributed to a rise in the creation of small pores, Temperature. Figure 4 indicates that increasing the activat- as in ACF, that are more efficient in the adsorption mecha- ing temperature level between 10 and 20 C/min improves nism and boost absorbent adsorption properties. Surpassing C: H PO concentration 3 4 (w/v) D: Carbonization temperature (°C) Iodine values Iodine values E: Time of activation (hrs) E: Time of activation (hrs) f acti E: Time o vation (hrs) Adsorption Science & Technology 7 3D surface Iodine values Factor coding: actual Iodine values 3.4 400 46.82 333.58 X1 = A Factor coding: actual 300 X2 = E 2.8 Iodine values Actual factors Design points 200 B = 26.5 46.82 333.58 C = 30 2.2 D = 0 X1 = A X2 = E Actual factors 1.6 B = 10 C = 30 D = 0 4 1 3.4 600 660 720 780 840 900 2.8 2.2 A: Temperature of activation (°C) 1.6 1 600 Figure 7: Surface and contour plots of the effect of pulse duration based on input parameters. the phosphorus-potassium dihydrogen level by up to 30% w/v reduces or maintains the S/N proportion [25, 29]. Increased activating agents may cause increased drying and the dissolution of activated carbon fiber small pores, result- ing in bigger pores with lower adsorption effectiveness. Sim- ilar findings have been reported in the research. 30 4.4. Effect of Carbonization Temperature. Figure 6 shows that more of the activated carbon fiber obtained by carbon- izing hemp at 300 C is greater than that of activated carbon fiber generated without such a phase. Dissociating volatile 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 substances from hemp structures could allow additional P/P0 places for the activating chemical to deposit and provide more activation spots on the particle surface, enhancing Figure 8: Nitrogen adsorption at -196 C on the activated carbon activated carbon fiber adsorption [17, 30]. Carbonization at ° fiber prepared at optimal conditions. 400 C reduces the adsorption properties of activated carbon fiber, most likely owing to the shrinking of the carbonized charred molecule. Several investigators achieved consistent depicts the nitrogen adsorbent equilibrium adsorption outcomes. curves obtained at -196 C under optimum circumstances. As per the IUPAC, the resulting equilibrium adsorption 4.5. Effect of Activation Time. The findings of such an anal- curves support a category I adsorbent where most activated ysis of variance for the influence of pulse duration on the carbon fiber’s permeability seems to be in microporous sizes S/N proportions of the iodide values are shown in [20, 33]. The MP techniques yielded the following outcomes: Figure 7. The experimental findings show that ACF’s an appropriate surface region of 469 m /g, a small pore sur- adsorption rate steadily rises after increasing pulse duration 2 2 face of 461 m /g, a micropore surface of 10.7 m /g, small up to 3 h. A rise in pulse duration of up to 4 h reduces pore volumes of 0.15 m /g, and a microporous volume of adsorption ability. Processing for 3 hours undoubtedly 1:24 × 10 m /g. When specific surface area volume data enhances the development of small pores that are more effi- were compared, it was discovered that the majority of the cient in the adsorption mechanism. However, with longer permeability of a produced surface would be in the micropo- activating durations, the walls of the small pores may break, rous range, indicating that activated carbon fiber created and they become shiny and porous [31, 32]. under optimal conditions has a very high porosity structure and is composed of small pores [34]. 4.6. Description of the Augmented Settings. According to the Figure 9 shows the microstructural images of pure and previous segment, the optimal conditions were 300 C com- activated hemp fibers. A comparison of SEM micrographs bustions, insemination with 22.5% w/v K HPO solution, 2 4 ° ° of the ACF surface generated under optimal circumstances and activating at 800 C for 3 hours at 20 C/min. Figure 8 A: Temperature of activation (°C) Iodine values Va (cm /g) E: Time of activation (hrs) 8 Adsorption Science & Technology (a) (b) SE 13:12 WD35.2 mm 20.0 kV ×45 1 mm SE 13:12 WD35.2 mm 20.0 kV ×45 1 mm Figure 9: Microstructural images of (a) pure hemp and (b) activated carbon-based hemp. with pure hemp shows that a significant amount of perme- tion up to 3 h. A rise in pulse duration of up to 4 h ability is formed throughout the carbonization phases. The reduces adsorption ability. Processing for 3 hours ACF’s uneven porosity suggests a much greater surface area undoubtedly enhances the development of small than created under optimum ACF processing conditions. pores that are more efficient in the adsorption mechanism 5. Conclusion Data Availability The activated carbon from hemp-based natural fibers was The data used to support the findings of this study are successfully formed using dipotassium hydrogen phos- included within the article. phate’s chemical solvent, and the results were optimized through the Taguchi optimization tool. The following results Conflicts of Interest were obtained. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest (i) According to the previous Taguchi, the optimal regarding the publication of this paper. conditions were 300 C combustions, insemination with 22.5% w/v K HPO solution, and activating 2 4 ° ° Acknowledgments at 800 C for 3 hours at a rate of 20 C/min We thank and acknowledge the management of Saveetha (ii) The most significant contribution is 54.75%, followed by the rate of temperature activation at School of Engineering, Chennai, for their support to carry out this research work. 23.35%, carbonated temperature at 10.14%, dura- tion of stimulation at 8.82%, and H PO concentra- 3 4 tions at 2.94%. The results show that the activation References temperature and rate of the temperature of activa- [1] S. Ouajai and R. A. 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