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[The concepts of hybrid war and hybrid threats have become en vogue amongst politicians and practitioners in the international security domain. Murray and Mansoor (2012) illustrate that hybridity has a long history and was already present in the Peloponnesian War, French involvement in Vietnam and Algeria and the American occupation and reconstruction of Iraq. More recently, Russia’s involvement in Ukraine (see e.g. Ruiz Palmer 2015) and the rise of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq (see e.g. Jasper and Moreland 2014) have been extensively studied as examples of hybrid wars. What all these conflicts have in common is that they combine elements of interstate conflict with the fanatical fervour of irregular warfare as well as terrorism and criminal behaviour (Hoffman 2009a). As such, Hoffman (2009b, p. 15) defines a hybrid threat as “any adversary that simultaneously and adaptively employs a fused mix of conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism and criminal behavior in the battle space to obtain their political objectives”.]
Published: Aug 30, 2017
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