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RJ Tillyard (1917)
10.5962/bhl.part.4852Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 42
R Willmann (1987)
10.1111/j.1365-3113.1987.tb00222.xSystematic Entomology, 12
F Hünefeld (2005)
10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00327.xJournal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 43
[Panorpida is a group consisting of the orders Mecoptera (scorpionflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), Diptera (true flies), Trichoptera (caddis flies), and Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) (Grimaldi and Engel 2005) (Fig. 3.1). The extant Mecoptera consists of nine families, i.e. Nannochoristidae, Bittacidae, Boreidae, Meropeidae, Eomeropidae, Apteropanorpidae, Choristidae, Panorpodidae, and Panorpidae (Figs. 3.2 and 3.3). Based on the width of wings, Tillyard (1917) proposed two orders, Protomecoptera and Eumecoptera, which were later regarded as two suborders in Mecoptera. Chou (1963) claimed that Bittacidae should be assigned to the suborder Zygomecoptera for the following reasons: relatively narrower wings; a single tarsal claw; specialized male genitalia; and unable to walk but can only hang themselves in dense shrubs and grasses. Based on the presence/absence and length of wings and genital characters, Kaltenbach (1978) proposed a three-suborder system: Protomecoptera, including Eomeropidae and Meropeidae; Eumecoptera, including Apteropanorpidae, Bittacidae, Choristidae, Nannochoristidae, Panorpodidae, and Panorpidae; and Neomecoptera, including only Boreidae. Mickoleit (1978) noted that Bittacidae should be a basal lineage on the phylogenetic tree of Mecoptera. Willmann (1987, 1989) divided Mecoptera into two suborders: Nannomecoptera (only including Nannochoristidae) and Pistillifera (including the remaining eight families). Pistillifera is further split into two infraorders, Raptipedia (including only Bittacidae) and Opisthogonopora (including the remaining seven families). Hünefeld and Beutel (2005) pointed out that the function and related structures and position of the sperm pumps differed greatly among Siphonaptera, Pistillifera, and Diptera. Therefore, the real basal lineage in Mecoptera should be Nannochoristidae instead of Boreidae, which lack a sperm pump.]
Published: Aug 5, 2022
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