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Jerome Sternstein (1969)
King Leopold II, Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, and the Strange Beginnings of American Economic Penetration of the CongoInternational Journal of African Historical Studies, 2
E. Morel
Red rubber : the story of the rubber slave trade flourishing on the Congo in the year of grace 1906.
Mark Twain
King Leopold's soliloquy : a defence of his Congo rule
E. Morel (2015)
The Congo Slave State: A Protest Against the New African Slavery; And an Appeal to the Public of Great Britain, of the United States, and of the Continent of Europe
P. Jessup (1938)
The Defense of Oppressed PeoplesAmerican Journal of International Law, 32
A. Zimmerman (2010)
Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South
W. Louis (2006)
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization: Collected Essays
S. Cookey (1968)
Britain and the Congo question 1885-1913
A. Will, A. Will, Susan Allen, Š. Allen, W. Sinclair, Will (2010)
Life of Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore
Hunt Hawkins (1978)
Mark Twain's Involvement with the Congo Reform Movement: "A Fury of Generous Indignation"The New England Quarterly, 51
[At the outset of the twentieth century, reports of atrocities in the administration of the Congo Free State by King Leopold II of Belgium excited the moral outrage of the British public. As the foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey, later remarked, “no external question for at least thirty years has moved the country so strongly and so vehemently”.1 At the forefront of the movement to publicize the horrors was the honorary secretary of the Congo Reform Association (CRA), E. D. Morel. He believed that the mobilization of Britain would stir the conscience of the rest of the world; if “the British people could be really roused, the world might be roused”; and Leopold’s brutal regime would be eradicated.2 With his assistance, branches of the CRA sprouted up across Europe [from 1900 onwards]. Yet, outside Britain, only in the United States did the cause of Congo reform become a truly mass movement. Together the two associations cultivated public opinion and lobbied their governments to alleviate the suffering in the Congo. Popular pressure ultimately led to diplomatic action [in 1908]. Following a scandal in the United States over Leopold’s attempts to combat his deteriorating public image, the British and American governments joined together to press for an end to the king’s regime. The subsequent downfall of Leopold’s administration and the annexation of the Congo Free State by Belgium was largely a consequence of this Anglo-American intervention, the first of its kind in the twentieth century.]
Published: Oct 24, 2015
Keywords: United States; American People; Slave Trade; Colonial Government; Missionary Society
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