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[In this chapter, we make the proposal that a system is a whole unit of nature. We then propose a systems research framework, specifically the PAR Holon Framework that can yield a holistic form of systems analysis. By whole is meant a natural unit that is a self-related cycle of causes. The concept of systems has been around since the earliest philosophical records. To date, we do not have a widely accepted definition. The schema we present is based on the work of the mathematical biologist Robert Rosen and it follows, with important modifications, the causal and categorical definitions given by Aristotle. The resulting four-quadrant, four-category framework is then described and related to other meta-system frameworks that exist independently in many disciplines. There are two keys to understanding this framework. One is that since Aristotle we have thought of causality in a dualistic, hierarchical way, with ultimately unknowable causes at the top and inert substance at the bottom. Natural science has focused on the bottom half and humanistic and social sciences have focused on the top. Prior to Greek philosophy, however, in nondual philosophy, these same causes were described as a self-related cycle, giving a holographic view of reality. By reinventing the causal cycle in mathematical terms we remove the problem of unnatural causes. The entirely natural treatment of the four causes then lends itself to mathematical rigor and many applications in science, humanism, and other fields. Examples and worksheets are provided to help introduce the reader to this highly systemic way of thinking.]
Published: Dec 18, 2016
Keywords: PAR Holon Framework; Systems analysis; Modeling relation; Holism; Causality; Category; Hierarchy; Duality; Holographic view
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