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Madeleine Kalb (1982)
The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa--From Eisenhower to Kennedy
C. Gondola (2002)
The history of Congo
C. Braeckman (2003)
Les nouveaux prédateurs : politique des puissances en Afrique centrale
L. Martens, Abdoulaye Yerodia (2002)
Kabila et la révolution congolaise : panafricanisme ou néocolonialisme?
J. Willame (1999)
L'odyssée Kabila : trajectoire pour un Congo nouveau?
Beyond Terror (1936)
Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceNature, 137
J. Willame (1999)
L'odyssée Kabila
R. Slade (1964)
Leopold to LumumbaAfrican Affairs, 63
T. Kanza (1972)
Conflict in the Congo: The rise and fall of Lumumba
G. Martelli (1962)
Leopold to Lumumba : a history of the Belgian Congo, 1877-1960
[In september 1876, in brussels, lÉopold II, king of the belgians, Convened a geographical conference of leading explorers of Africa and founded the Association Internationale Africaine (International African Association [AIA]) “for the avowed purpose of promoting the civilization and commerce of Africa.”1 King Léopold declared himself the sovereign of the Congo Free State (CFS) and the territory thus became, in effect, his private domain, until he bequeathed it to the Belgian state in August 1908. Between 1891 and 1912, one of the most devious and ruthless systems of economic exploitation through forced labor ever conceived was put in place by Léopold, with devastating consequences for the Congolese population. Léopold formulated a policy whereby nine-tenths of the Congo territory was declared “vacant” and thus became his personal property in his capacity as “sovereign” of the CFS. The king farmed out a large proportion of the total territory to private Belgian chartered Furthermore, the Congo’s predicament belies the argument of the “failed state” and “criminalization of the state” theorists, who vastly underestimate the responsibility of Western international, governmental, and nongovernmental agencies in this situation: “globalization has sustained the wars in Congo and other African governments played their part.”110]
Published: Nov 5, 2015
Keywords: Gross Domestic Product; Ethnic Conflict; Western Power; International Crisis Group; Paris Club
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