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N. Lang, W. Kohn (1970)
Theory of Metal Surfaces: Charge Density and Surface EnergyPhysical Review B, 1
H Haitjema, M. Morel (2005)
Noise bias removal in profile measurementsMeasurement, 38
M. Volmer, H. Flood (1934)
Tröpfchenbildung in DämpfenZeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 170A
Ing. Schmaltz (1936)
Technische Oberflächenkunde: Feingestalt und Eigenschaften von Grenzflächen Technischer Körper Insbesondere der Maschinenteile
J. Lennard-Jones (1932)
Processes of adsorption and diffusion on solid surfacesTransactions of The Faraday Society, 28
[Components and systems used in and manufactured for technical applications consist of two distinct areas, a bulk and a surface. The surface of a workpiece forms the interface to the surrounding. Its status is not invariant. Rather, water (vapor) and air and all in water or air solved or dispersed substances as well as temperature effects alter the surface gradually even without human influence. Changes that even affect the whole workpiece, like melting, corrosion, or abrasion, start at the surface. A technical surface can also carry signatures of processing techniques like grinding, lapping, or pitch polishing. Moreover, the workpiece can be given new properties by structuring, deposition, or coating that affect primarily the surface. In summary, the surface often determines the functionality and the appearance of the component and is of importance for the proper function and performance of the manufactured component. Therefore, it is essential for product development, process control, quality control, and failure analysis to examine the surface of a workpiece.]
Published: Jan 2, 2020
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