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T. Hara (2008)
Increasing Childlessness in Germany and Japan: Toward a Childless Society?International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 17
G. Esping-Andersen (2009)
The Incomplete Revolution: Adapting to Women's New Roles
[The extending longevity means rising survival rate at reproductive age. And it reduces the replacement level of fertility. The development of historical TFR seemed to follow the theoretical replacement level with certain time lag until at the female life expectancy reached 70 years. Over aged 75 years, the historical TFR continued to decrease and stays below replacement level. In fact, this process shows the deduction of mean number of childbirth. And, the major group women by the number of children shift from more than 4 to 2. Based on historical analyses, a causal model of the demographic transition and total care cost in Japan could be postulated. The modernization of Japanese society was adaptive and successful in the first phase. The demographic bonus brought the economic growth in 1960–1970’s. At the same time individualization towards reproduction had spread throughout Japanese society. The responsibility for child/elderly care had shifted from family as a whole to woman as an individual. The reduction of average number of births changed women’s life course. Education and employment opportunities for women were expanded. These made the timing for marriage and childbearing became more adjustable for decision-making and increased the age of marriage and childbearing.]
Published: Nov 15, 2014
Keywords: Female life expectancy; Survival rate at reproductive age; Causal model; Demographic transition; Demographic bonus; Timing for marriage and childbearing; Decision-making
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