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[This chapter introduces readers to the modern theory of bureaucracy, which emphasizes that in all hierarchical organizations, bureaucrats are at the same time both the superiors of someone and the subordinates of someone else. Unlike traditional models of bureaucracy, the modern theory assumes that the relationships between superiors and subordinates in bureaus are governed by the neoclassical economics principles of exchange and trade instead of by the issuing of orders and directives. In the modern model, subordinates offer “informal services” to superiors, who make “informal payments” to subordinates. Both trust and networks are accumulated over time by rational individuals who wish to trade with one another, leading to the kinds of efficiencies that made the Nazi apparatus of murder so effective.]
Published: Aug 25, 2019
Keywords: Trust; Competition; Selective behavior; Networks; Turnover
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