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Advanced Image Segmentation and Modeling – A Review of the 2021–2022 Thematic Series

Advanced Image Segmentation and Modeling – A Review of the 2021–2022 Thematic Series Medical 3D printing is a form of manufacturing that benefits patient care, particularly when the 3D printed part is patient-specific and either enables or facilitates an intervention for a specific condition. Most of the patient-specific medical 3D printing begins with volume based medical images of the patient. Several digital manipulations are typically performed to prescribe a final anatomic representation that is then 3D printed. Among these are image segmentation where a volume of interest such as an organ or a set of tissues is digitally extracted from the volumet- ric imaging data. Image segmentation requires medical expertise, training, software, and effort. The theme of image segmentation has a broad intersection with medical 3D printing. The purpose of this editorial is to highlight different points of that intersection in a recent thematic series within 3D Printing in Medicine. Keywords Medical 3D printing, Additive manufacturing, Image segmentation, Medical devices, Point of care, Augmented reality, Quality assurance printing of anatomic models and related medical devices Introduction [1, 6]. The “Advanced Image Segmentation and Mode - Medical 3D printing uses specialized segmentation and ling” thematic series highlights cutting-edge applications computer-aided design software [1, 2], and there are soci- of image segmentation for medical training, interven- ety guidelines [3] that recommend that these software be tional planning, low-cost medical device development, cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administra- augmented reality, and quality assurance [7]. These appli - tion when the clinical service is performed in the United cations reflect the evolving landscape of medical 3D States [3]. At the University of Cincinnati Radiology 3D printing. As peer-reviewed evidence continuous to build Printing Lab, segmentation and computer-aided design surrounding the technology led by the American College are performed using the Materialise Mimics Innovation of Radiology’s 3D Printing Registry [8], it is likely that Suite, software cleared by the United States Food and reimbursement using Current Procedure Terminology I Drug Administration, as part of the routine service for codes could become a reality in the near to medium term all patient specific anatomic models and guides. Image [2, 8, 9]. This could be a pivotal moment for medical 3D segmentation plays a critical role in medicine [4, 5] and printing that results in subsequently exponential adop- is a natural pre-cursor to digital modeling and the 3D tion of the technology across the United States due to the unlocked revenue stream. The increased engagement *Correspondence: would likely result in removal of many of the technologi- Prashanth Ravi cal bottlenecks currently plaguing the otherwise power- raviph@ucmail.uc.edu Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ful technology. The future of medical 3D printing looks Cincinnati, OH, USA promising and this collection of articles is a reflection of © The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Ravi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 2 of 5 the exciting advancements and other applications that lie ahead. Training and Simulation Visual feedback during stent-deployment is impossible to obtain as deployment is performed under fluoroscopic imaging. Using 3D printed models, De Backer et  al. fabricated patient-specific anatomies (Fig.  1) for stent- deployment training and for patient education [10]. The deroofed model allowed clear visualization of the bot- tlenecks and features of carotid artery stent deployment Fig. 2 The scaling process developed by Hopfner et al. for young heart models using adult patient scans [11] without the need for fluoroscopic guidance. In small children, both CT and MRI imaging is rare since minimization of radiation and sedation is impor- tant. Hopfner et al. used image processing and computer- [13]. Using different computer-aided design systems aided design software to allow unlimited variations of 3D and material jetting 3D printing, three anatomical mod- heart models based on single patient scans [11]. The adult els were 3D printed with mimicry of fibrous matrix. The heart was scaled to 80% for simulating a teenage heart proposed models could be considered as alternatives to and to 55% for simulating an infant heart (Fig.  2). The cadaveric specimens for medical training. authors created 4 example models using trimming, cut- ting, hole editing, and other tools. All models were suc- cessfully used in teaching or hands-on training courses. Interventional Planning Medical training in retrograde intrarenal surgery Single field orthovoltage radiation has dosimetric pitalls for treating renal stone disease is arduous owing to the and unnecessarily excessive exposure of radiation to complexity of the procedure. A series of six 3D printed organs at risk. Cheng et  al. present a novel technique models of upper urinary tract and stones (Fig.  3) were incorporating an optical scanner and 3D printing to developed by Orecchia and colleagues for improving deliver treatments using parallel opposed fields [14]. A the training process [12]. The molds for the stones were retrospective review of 26 patients treated with this tech- developed using 3D printing and soft as well as hard nique between 2015 and 2019 was undertaken. An opti- stones in different sizes were produced from these molds. cal scan of the face was first performed, and the positive The models match incredible anatomical resemblance impressions were 3D printed. Custom 4  cm thick nose with low production cost and high reusability. block boluses were made with wax encased in a acrylic Full color and realistic joint models can be valuable shells using the 3D printed face models. The complete for studying complex cases. A new method for develop- response rate at a median follow-up of 6-months was 88% ing multi-color and multi-material life-like knee joint with 1 patient having a refractory tumor and 1 having anatomical models (Fig.  4) was developed by Ruiz et  al. a recurrence. Use of 3D printing with parallel opposed Fig. 1 The process of 3D printing a deroofed carotid artery model for stent-deployment training as described by De Backer et al. [10] R avi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 3 of 5 Fig. 3 (A) Three-dimensional printed training models of different pelvicalyceal systems and (B) training stones developed by Orecchia et al. [12] otoscope and the prototype is compared to a commer- cial solution (Fig. 5) demonstrating similar overall qual- ity between the instruments [15]. Augmented reality Visualizing patient-specific three-dimensional imaging data in augmented reality may improve the surgeon’s understanding of anatomy and surgical pathology, thereby allowing for improved surgical planning, supe- rior intra-operative guidance, and ultimately improved patient care. Wake et  al. developed a workflow using the Microsoft Hololens device to visualize prostate and renal cancer models (Fig. 6) to guide surgery [16]. Quality Assurance Fig. 4 Full color knee joint model developed by Ruiz et al. [13] Sterilization of a 3D printed model could negatively impact its geometric fidelity. The sterility, biocompat - ibility, mechanical properties, and geometric fidelity of anatomic models must be carefully considered. Toro et al. investigated the geometric fidelity of material extru - sion 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer fields allowed an effective treatment of carcinomas of the using vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization [17]. nose with high control rate and low toxicity profiles. Models from 16-patient CT scans were studied and the dimensional error of the sterilized parts compared to the Medical Devices original designs were − 0.082  mm for the models and Limited access to key diagnostic tools is detrimental 0.126  mm for the guides. The dimensional stability of to priority health needs of populations. In  situations both the models and guides was not affected after low- where an otoscope is unavailable due to financial con - temperature sterilization with vaporized hydrogen per- straints, a self-fabricated low-cost otoscope might rep- oxide. Three-dimensional printed saw guides are often resent a feasible opportunity. Capobussi et al. share the used to improve osteotomy results and are generally design and development of an open-source 3D printed Ravi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 4 of 5 Fig. 5 Computer-aided design and 3D printed model of an otoscope developed by Capobussi et al. along with a commercial otoscope [15] Fig. 6 Augmented Reality workflow developed by Wake et al. [16] designed using CT imaging despite the radiation burden. reality, and quality assurance. This is only a subset of the Willemsen et  al. investigated the usability of MR-based potential pool of medical 3D printing applications, but synthetic-CT imaging for the design and 3D printing still reflects the potential spectrum of the technology. of patient-specific saw guides [18]. A similar error was Acknowledgements found when comparing synthetic-CT and CT digital sur- None. face models to ground truth micro-CT models. Moreo- Authors’ contributions ver, the saw guide placement errors were also equivalent. Not applicable. Funding Summary None. The collection of articles displayed a diverse set of cut - Availability of data and materials ting-edge applications that spanned medical training, Not applicable. interventional planning, medical devices, augmented R avi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 5 of 5 14. Cheng JC, Dubey A, Beck J, Sasaki D, Leylek A, Rathod S. Optical scan and Declarations 3D printing guided radiation therapy – an application and provincial experience in cutaneous nasal carcinoma, 3D print. Med. 2022;8:1–7. Ethics approval and consent to participate doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 022- 00136-w. Not applicable. 15. Capobussi M, Moja L. An open-access and inexpensive 3D printed otoscope for low-resource settings and health crises, 3D print. Med. Consent for publication 2021;7:1–8. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00127-3. Not applicable. 16. Wake N, Rosenkrantz AB, Huang WC, Wysock JS, Taneja SS, Sodickson DK, Chandarana H. A workflow to generate patient-specific three- Competing interests dimensional augmented reality models from medical imaging data and None. example applications in urologic oncology, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–11. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00125-5. 17. Toro M, Cardona A, Restrepo D, Buitrago L. Does vaporized hydrogen per- Received: 10 November 2022 Accepted: 14 November 2022 oxide sterilization affect the geometrical properties of anatomic models and guides 3D printed from computed tomography images?, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–10. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00120-w. 18. Willemsen K, Ketel MHM, Zijlstra F, Florkow MC, Kuiper RJA, van der Wal BCH, Weinans H, Pouran B, Beekman FJ, Seevinck PR, Sakkers RJB. References 3D-printed saw guides for lower arm osteotomy, a comparison between 1. Mitsouras D, Liacouras P, Imanzadeh A, Giannopoulos AA, Cai T, Kum- a synthetic CT and CT-based workflow, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–12. amaru KK, George E, Wake N, Caterson EJ, Pomahac B, Ho VB, Grant doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00103-x. GT, Rybicki FJ. Medical 3D printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2015;35:1965–88. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1148/ rg. 20151 40320. 2. Mitsouras D, Liacouras PC, Wake N, Rybicki FJ. Radiographics update: Publisher’s Note medical 3d printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2020;40:E21–3. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub- doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1148/ rg. 20201 90217. lished maps and institutional affiliations. 3. Chepelev L, Wake N, Ryan J, Althobaity W, Gupta A, Arribas E, Santiago L, Ballard DH, Wang KC, Weadock W, Ionita CN, Mitsouras D, Morris J, Matsumoto J, Christensen A, Liacouras P, Rybicki FJ, Sheikh A. Radio- logical Society of North America (RSNA) 3D printing Special Interest Group (SIG): guidelines for medical 3D printing and appropriateness for clinical scenarios, 3D Print Med 4 (2018). doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 018- 0030-y. 4. Belvedere C, Ortolani M, Marcelli E, Bortolani B, Matsiushevich K, Durante S, Cercenelli L, Leardini A. Comparison of Bone Segmentation Software over different anatomical parts. Appl Sci. 2022;12:6097. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ app12 126097. 5. Ravi P, Burch M, Liu IY, Byrd S. 3D printed flexible anatomical models for left atrial appendage closure planning and comparison of deep learning against radiologist image segmentation, (n.d.) 1–27. https:// www. resea rchsq uare. com/ artic le/ rs- 21881 08/ v1. 6. Ravi P, Wright J, Shiakolas PS, Welch TR. Three-dimensional printing of poly(glycerol sebacate fumarate) gadodiamide-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate structures and characterization of mechanical properties for soft tissue applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2019;107:664–71. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ jbm.b. 34159. 7. Ravi P, Chepelev L, Lawera N, Haque KMA, Chen VCP, Ali A, Rybicki FJ. A systematic evaluation of medical 3D printing accuracy of multi-patholog- ical anatomical models for surgical planning manufactured in elastic and rigid material using desktop inverted vat photopolymerization. Med Phys. 2021;48:3223–33. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ mp. 14850. 8. Ravi P, Burch MB, Farahani S, Wang KC, Mahoney MC, Kondor S. Utility and costs during the initial year of 3-D Printing in an academic hospital. J Am Coll Radiol. 2022. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacr. 2022. 07. 001. 9. Bastawrous S. Utility and costs benchmarked in a new 3D printing service - optimizing the path forward, J Am Coll Radiol (2022) 154166. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacr. 2022. 07. 016. 10. De Backer P, Allaeys C, Debbaut C, Beelen R. Point-of-care 3D printing: Re Read ady y to to submit y submit your our re researc search h ? Choose BMC and benefit fr ? Choose BMC and benefit from om: : a low-cost approach to teaching carotid artery stenting, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–7. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00119-3. fast, convenient online submission 11. Hopfner C, Jakob A, Tengler A, Grab M, Thierfelder N, Brunner B, Thierij thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field A, Haas NA. Design and 3D printing of variant pediatric heart models rapid publication on acceptance for training based on a single patient scan, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–11. • doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00116-6. support for research data, including large and complex data types 12. Orecchia L, Manfrin D, Germani S, Del Fabbro D, Asimakopoulos AD, • gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations Finazzi Agrò E, Miano R. Introducing 3D printed models of the upper uri- maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year nary tract for high-fidelity simulation of retrograde intrarenal surgery, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–9. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00105-9. At BMC, research is always in progress. 13. Ruiz OG, Dhaher Y. Multi-color and multi-material 3D Printing of knee joint models, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–16. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions s41205- 021- 00100-0. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png 3D Printing in Medicine Springer Journals

Advanced Image Segmentation and Modeling – A Review of the 2021–2022 Thematic Series

3D Printing in Medicine , Volume 9 (1) – Jan 24, 2023

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Copyright © The Author(s) 2023
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Abstract

Medical 3D printing is a form of manufacturing that benefits patient care, particularly when the 3D printed part is patient-specific and either enables or facilitates an intervention for a specific condition. Most of the patient-specific medical 3D printing begins with volume based medical images of the patient. Several digital manipulations are typically performed to prescribe a final anatomic representation that is then 3D printed. Among these are image segmentation where a volume of interest such as an organ or a set of tissues is digitally extracted from the volumet- ric imaging data. Image segmentation requires medical expertise, training, software, and effort. The theme of image segmentation has a broad intersection with medical 3D printing. The purpose of this editorial is to highlight different points of that intersection in a recent thematic series within 3D Printing in Medicine. Keywords Medical 3D printing, Additive manufacturing, Image segmentation, Medical devices, Point of care, Augmented reality, Quality assurance printing of anatomic models and related medical devices Introduction [1, 6]. The “Advanced Image Segmentation and Mode - Medical 3D printing uses specialized segmentation and ling” thematic series highlights cutting-edge applications computer-aided design software [1, 2], and there are soci- of image segmentation for medical training, interven- ety guidelines [3] that recommend that these software be tional planning, low-cost medical device development, cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administra- augmented reality, and quality assurance [7]. These appli - tion when the clinical service is performed in the United cations reflect the evolving landscape of medical 3D States [3]. At the University of Cincinnati Radiology 3D printing. As peer-reviewed evidence continuous to build Printing Lab, segmentation and computer-aided design surrounding the technology led by the American College are performed using the Materialise Mimics Innovation of Radiology’s 3D Printing Registry [8], it is likely that Suite, software cleared by the United States Food and reimbursement using Current Procedure Terminology I Drug Administration, as part of the routine service for codes could become a reality in the near to medium term all patient specific anatomic models and guides. Image [2, 8, 9]. This could be a pivotal moment for medical 3D segmentation plays a critical role in medicine [4, 5] and printing that results in subsequently exponential adop- is a natural pre-cursor to digital modeling and the 3D tion of the technology across the United States due to the unlocked revenue stream. The increased engagement *Correspondence: would likely result in removal of many of the technologi- Prashanth Ravi cal bottlenecks currently plaguing the otherwise power- raviph@ucmail.uc.edu Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ful technology. The future of medical 3D printing looks Cincinnati, OH, USA promising and this collection of articles is a reflection of © The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Ravi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 2 of 5 the exciting advancements and other applications that lie ahead. Training and Simulation Visual feedback during stent-deployment is impossible to obtain as deployment is performed under fluoroscopic imaging. Using 3D printed models, De Backer et  al. fabricated patient-specific anatomies (Fig.  1) for stent- deployment training and for patient education [10]. The deroofed model allowed clear visualization of the bot- tlenecks and features of carotid artery stent deployment Fig. 2 The scaling process developed by Hopfner et al. for young heart models using adult patient scans [11] without the need for fluoroscopic guidance. In small children, both CT and MRI imaging is rare since minimization of radiation and sedation is impor- tant. Hopfner et al. used image processing and computer- [13]. Using different computer-aided design systems aided design software to allow unlimited variations of 3D and material jetting 3D printing, three anatomical mod- heart models based on single patient scans [11]. The adult els were 3D printed with mimicry of fibrous matrix. The heart was scaled to 80% for simulating a teenage heart proposed models could be considered as alternatives to and to 55% for simulating an infant heart (Fig.  2). The cadaveric specimens for medical training. authors created 4 example models using trimming, cut- ting, hole editing, and other tools. All models were suc- cessfully used in teaching or hands-on training courses. Interventional Planning Medical training in retrograde intrarenal surgery Single field orthovoltage radiation has dosimetric pitalls for treating renal stone disease is arduous owing to the and unnecessarily excessive exposure of radiation to complexity of the procedure. A series of six 3D printed organs at risk. Cheng et  al. present a novel technique models of upper urinary tract and stones (Fig.  3) were incorporating an optical scanner and 3D printing to developed by Orecchia and colleagues for improving deliver treatments using parallel opposed fields [14]. A the training process [12]. The molds for the stones were retrospective review of 26 patients treated with this tech- developed using 3D printing and soft as well as hard nique between 2015 and 2019 was undertaken. An opti- stones in different sizes were produced from these molds. cal scan of the face was first performed, and the positive The models match incredible anatomical resemblance impressions were 3D printed. Custom 4  cm thick nose with low production cost and high reusability. block boluses were made with wax encased in a acrylic Full color and realistic joint models can be valuable shells using the 3D printed face models. The complete for studying complex cases. A new method for develop- response rate at a median follow-up of 6-months was 88% ing multi-color and multi-material life-like knee joint with 1 patient having a refractory tumor and 1 having anatomical models (Fig.  4) was developed by Ruiz et  al. a recurrence. Use of 3D printing with parallel opposed Fig. 1 The process of 3D printing a deroofed carotid artery model for stent-deployment training as described by De Backer et al. [10] R avi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 3 of 5 Fig. 3 (A) Three-dimensional printed training models of different pelvicalyceal systems and (B) training stones developed by Orecchia et al. [12] otoscope and the prototype is compared to a commer- cial solution (Fig. 5) demonstrating similar overall qual- ity between the instruments [15]. Augmented reality Visualizing patient-specific three-dimensional imaging data in augmented reality may improve the surgeon’s understanding of anatomy and surgical pathology, thereby allowing for improved surgical planning, supe- rior intra-operative guidance, and ultimately improved patient care. Wake et  al. developed a workflow using the Microsoft Hololens device to visualize prostate and renal cancer models (Fig. 6) to guide surgery [16]. Quality Assurance Fig. 4 Full color knee joint model developed by Ruiz et al. [13] Sterilization of a 3D printed model could negatively impact its geometric fidelity. The sterility, biocompat - ibility, mechanical properties, and geometric fidelity of anatomic models must be carefully considered. Toro et al. investigated the geometric fidelity of material extru - sion 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer fields allowed an effective treatment of carcinomas of the using vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization [17]. nose with high control rate and low toxicity profiles. Models from 16-patient CT scans were studied and the dimensional error of the sterilized parts compared to the Medical Devices original designs were − 0.082  mm for the models and Limited access to key diagnostic tools is detrimental 0.126  mm for the guides. The dimensional stability of to priority health needs of populations. In  situations both the models and guides was not affected after low- where an otoscope is unavailable due to financial con - temperature sterilization with vaporized hydrogen per- straints, a self-fabricated low-cost otoscope might rep- oxide. Three-dimensional printed saw guides are often resent a feasible opportunity. Capobussi et al. share the used to improve osteotomy results and are generally design and development of an open-source 3D printed Ravi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 4 of 5 Fig. 5 Computer-aided design and 3D printed model of an otoscope developed by Capobussi et al. along with a commercial otoscope [15] Fig. 6 Augmented Reality workflow developed by Wake et al. [16] designed using CT imaging despite the radiation burden. reality, and quality assurance. This is only a subset of the Willemsen et  al. investigated the usability of MR-based potential pool of medical 3D printing applications, but synthetic-CT imaging for the design and 3D printing still reflects the potential spectrum of the technology. of patient-specific saw guides [18]. A similar error was Acknowledgements found when comparing synthetic-CT and CT digital sur- None. face models to ground truth micro-CT models. Moreo- Authors’ contributions ver, the saw guide placement errors were also equivalent. Not applicable. Funding Summary None. The collection of articles displayed a diverse set of cut - Availability of data and materials ting-edge applications that spanned medical training, Not applicable. interventional planning, medical devices, augmented R avi 3D Printing in Medicine (2023) 9:1 Page 5 of 5 14. Cheng JC, Dubey A, Beck J, Sasaki D, Leylek A, Rathod S. Optical scan and Declarations 3D printing guided radiation therapy – an application and provincial experience in cutaneous nasal carcinoma, 3D print. Med. 2022;8:1–7. Ethics approval and consent to participate doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 022- 00136-w. Not applicable. 15. Capobussi M, Moja L. An open-access and inexpensive 3D printed otoscope for low-resource settings and health crises, 3D print. Med. Consent for publication 2021;7:1–8. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00127-3. Not applicable. 16. Wake N, Rosenkrantz AB, Huang WC, Wysock JS, Taneja SS, Sodickson DK, Chandarana H. A workflow to generate patient-specific three- Competing interests dimensional augmented reality models from medical imaging data and None. example applications in urologic oncology, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–11. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00125-5. 17. Toro M, Cardona A, Restrepo D, Buitrago L. Does vaporized hydrogen per- Received: 10 November 2022 Accepted: 14 November 2022 oxide sterilization affect the geometrical properties of anatomic models and guides 3D printed from computed tomography images?, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–10. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00120-w. 18. Willemsen K, Ketel MHM, Zijlstra F, Florkow MC, Kuiper RJA, van der Wal BCH, Weinans H, Pouran B, Beekman FJ, Seevinck PR, Sakkers RJB. References 3D-printed saw guides for lower arm osteotomy, a comparison between 1. Mitsouras D, Liacouras P, Imanzadeh A, Giannopoulos AA, Cai T, Kum- a synthetic CT and CT-based workflow, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–12. amaru KK, George E, Wake N, Caterson EJ, Pomahac B, Ho VB, Grant doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00103-x. GT, Rybicki FJ. Medical 3D printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2015;35:1965–88. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1148/ rg. 20151 40320. 2. Mitsouras D, Liacouras PC, Wake N, Rybicki FJ. Radiographics update: Publisher’s Note medical 3d printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2020;40:E21–3. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in pub- doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1148/ rg. 20201 90217. lished maps and institutional affiliations. 3. Chepelev L, Wake N, Ryan J, Althobaity W, Gupta A, Arribas E, Santiago L, Ballard DH, Wang KC, Weadock W, Ionita CN, Mitsouras D, Morris J, Matsumoto J, Christensen A, Liacouras P, Rybicki FJ, Sheikh A. Radio- logical Society of North America (RSNA) 3D printing Special Interest Group (SIG): guidelines for medical 3D printing and appropriateness for clinical scenarios, 3D Print Med 4 (2018). doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 018- 0030-y. 4. Belvedere C, Ortolani M, Marcelli E, Bortolani B, Matsiushevich K, Durante S, Cercenelli L, Leardini A. Comparison of Bone Segmentation Software over different anatomical parts. Appl Sci. 2022;12:6097. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ app12 126097. 5. Ravi P, Burch M, Liu IY, Byrd S. 3D printed flexible anatomical models for left atrial appendage closure planning and comparison of deep learning against radiologist image segmentation, (n.d.) 1–27. https:// www. resea rchsq uare. com/ artic le/ rs- 21881 08/ v1. 6. Ravi P, Wright J, Shiakolas PS, Welch TR. Three-dimensional printing of poly(glycerol sebacate fumarate) gadodiamide-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate structures and characterization of mechanical properties for soft tissue applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2019;107:664–71. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ jbm.b. 34159. 7. Ravi P, Chepelev L, Lawera N, Haque KMA, Chen VCP, Ali A, Rybicki FJ. A systematic evaluation of medical 3D printing accuracy of multi-patholog- ical anatomical models for surgical planning manufactured in elastic and rigid material using desktop inverted vat photopolymerization. Med Phys. 2021;48:3223–33. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ mp. 14850. 8. Ravi P, Burch MB, Farahani S, Wang KC, Mahoney MC, Kondor S. Utility and costs during the initial year of 3-D Printing in an academic hospital. J Am Coll Radiol. 2022. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacr. 2022. 07. 001. 9. Bastawrous S. Utility and costs benchmarked in a new 3D printing service - optimizing the path forward, J Am Coll Radiol (2022) 154166. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacr. 2022. 07. 016. 10. De Backer P, Allaeys C, Debbaut C, Beelen R. Point-of-care 3D printing: Re Read ady y to to submit y submit your our re researc search h ? Choose BMC and benefit fr ? Choose BMC and benefit from om: : a low-cost approach to teaching carotid artery stenting, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–7. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00119-3. fast, convenient online submission 11. Hopfner C, Jakob A, Tengler A, Grab M, Thierfelder N, Brunner B, Thierij thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field A, Haas NA. Design and 3D printing of variant pediatric heart models rapid publication on acceptance for training based on a single patient scan, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–11. • doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00116-6. support for research data, including large and complex data types 12. Orecchia L, Manfrin D, Germani S, Del Fabbro D, Asimakopoulos AD, • gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations Finazzi Agrò E, Miano R. Introducing 3D printed models of the upper uri- maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year nary tract for high-fidelity simulation of retrograde intrarenal surgery, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–9. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s41205- 021- 00105-9. At BMC, research is always in progress. 13. Ruiz OG, Dhaher Y. Multi-color and multi-material 3D Printing of knee joint models, 3D print. Med. 2021;7:1–16. doi:https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions s41205- 021- 00100-0.

Journal

3D Printing in MedicineSpringer Journals

Published: Jan 24, 2023

Keywords: Medical 3D printing; Additive manufacturing; Image segmentation; Medical devices; Point of care; Augmented reality; Quality assurance

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