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Agent OrangeUpdate on PicloramPicloram and Agent WhiteAgent White

Agent Orange: Update on PicloramPicloram and Agent WhiteAgent White [Since its introduction in 1963, picloram has had a remarkable safety record in non-cropland and forestry vegetation control programs. The military use of picloram as Agent White was as a “Tactical Herbicide” from 1966 to 1971 when more than 21.8 million liters were sprayed in tactical operations as a defoliant to destroy cover and concealment of enemy combatants in South Vietnam. Agent White was a water-soluble formulation containing a 1:4 mixture of the triisopropanolamine salts of picloram and 2,4-D. There was no 2,3,7,8-TCDD present in Agent White. In human trials, picloram, because of a rapid excretion rate via the urine, had a low potential to accumulate in man during repeated or prolonged exposures. Reviews by the Institute of Medicine concluded that in humans, picloram was unlikely to be a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. In the environment, picloram readily degraded in sunlight; however, once applied on soil, it was more mobile and persistent in soils than the phenoxy herbicides. Precautions were developed to minimize groundwater and surface water contamination. Thus, Agent White was not used as an anti-crop herbicide in Vietnam. Because of its low toxicity to mammalian and aquatic organisms (LD50 8200 mg/kg in rats), ecological studies suggested that the use of White in Vietnam would have resulted in the proliferation of native ground cover that favored the establishment of native fauna.] http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png

Agent OrangeUpdate on PicloramPicloram and Agent WhiteAgent White

Part of the Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Book Series (volume 58)
Young, Alvin L.
Agent Orange — Jul 26, 2022
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Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Copyright
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
ISBN
978-3-031-08186-6
Pages
47 –60
DOI
10.1007/978-3-031-08187-3_4
Publisher site
See Chapter on Publisher Site

Abstract

[Since its introduction in 1963, picloram has had a remarkable safety record in non-cropland and forestry vegetation control programs. The military use of picloram as Agent White was as a “Tactical Herbicide” from 1966 to 1971 when more than 21.8 million liters were sprayed in tactical operations as a defoliant to destroy cover and concealment of enemy combatants in South Vietnam. Agent White was a water-soluble formulation containing a 1:4 mixture of the triisopropanolamine salts of picloram and 2,4-D. There was no 2,3,7,8-TCDD present in Agent White. In human trials, picloram, because of a rapid excretion rate via the urine, had a low potential to accumulate in man during repeated or prolonged exposures. Reviews by the Institute of Medicine concluded that in humans, picloram was unlikely to be a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. In the environment, picloram readily degraded in sunlight; however, once applied on soil, it was more mobile and persistent in soils than the phenoxy herbicides. Precautions were developed to minimize groundwater and surface water contamination. Thus, Agent White was not used as an anti-crop herbicide in Vietnam. Because of its low toxicity to mammalian and aquatic organisms (LD50 8200 mg/kg in rats), ecological studies suggested that the use of White in Vietnam would have resulted in the proliferation of native ground cover that favored the establishment of native fauna.]

Published: Jul 26, 2022

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