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[High-stakes, standardized testing has become the central tool for education reform over the last several decades, largely based on the premise that such testing holds schools and teachers accountable for educating all children—especially poor children and children of color who are often concentrated in urban school systems (Au, 2016a).]
Published: Jan 1, 2017
Keywords: Urban Education; Urban Student; Bell Curve; Black Panther Party; Disparate Impact
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