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[This chapter compares the higher education funding systems in the United States, Canada and Western Europe as described in the three previous chapters in this volume. To illustrate differences and commonalities between states we use a number of complementary perspectives and concepts: (1) Esping-Andersen’s three welfare regimes of liberal, conservative and social-democratic societies, (2) three key funding dilemmas/characteristics around funding, along with OECD statistics and information on these characteristics, (3) higher education governance modes as shown in Clark’s triangle of coordination, and (4) the perspective of policy frames driving higher education policy-making. The three policy frames we distinguish are: (1) economic competitiveness and labour market relevance, (2) scientific excellence and exclusiveness, and (3) societal challenges and inclusiveness.]
Published: May 13, 2023
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