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[When, in 1796, the Italian army of General BonaparteBonaparte, Napoleone defeated the former coalition states, many scientists joined the new governments and, with the Austro-Russian restoration of 1798, had to find refuge in France: among these were three already established mathematicians (Lorenzo MascheroniMascheroni, Lorenzo, Giambattista VenturiGiambattista, and Vincenzo BrunacciBrunacci, Vincenzo) and a very young Giovanni PlanaPlana, Giovanni, who had planted the tree of liberty in Voghera. Plana remained in France and became friends with Stendhal. After Napoleon’s victory at Marengo, even those who opposed the French, like Paolo Ruffini in Modena, were left in their posts, and nobody was forced to emigrate. With the Restoration (1815), contrastingly, the constitutional governments were abolished, and universities and armies were downsized. Several young scientists found themselves without work, among them Agostino CodazziCodazzi, Agostino, who took refuge in Venezuela and became the first modern cartographer in Latin America. The oppressive police regime of the Italian states pushed several young men into conspiracy and exile. These included Ottaviano Fabrizio MossottiMossotti, Ottaviano Fabrizioand Ottavio ColecchiColecchi, Ottavio.]
Published: Apr 14, 2022
Keywords: Italian emigration to France; Giambattista Venturi; Lorenzo Mascheroni; Vincenzo Brunacci; Giovanni Plana; Italian school of mathematics
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