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Reservoirs in sediment-laden rivers can bring multiple benefits, and the calculation and redistribution of these considerable benefits are the premises to ensure the efficient operation of reservoirs. Firstly, the benefits of social economy, ecological environment, flood discharge, and sediment transport under the joint operation of reservoirs are uniformly measured based on the emergy theory. Secondly, the stakeholders are divided into reservoir and city groups. A two-tier gains allocation model is established based on the Nash bargaining model and multi-attribute decision making theory. Finally, taking the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Sanmenxia Reservoir, and Xiaolangdi Reservoir as cases, the multi-dimensional benefits of reservoirs under the two operation modes in the face of typical floods are calculated, and the gains are distributed among stakeholders. The results show that: (1) Although the overall benefit of the system is optimal under one scheduling mode, 7/17 of the stakeholders prefer another mode. (2) Comparing the two operation modes of the reservoir group, it is found that XLD and SMX can improve the overall benefit of 4.12E + 09yuan at the cost of their sediment discharge benefits of 3.08E + 09yuan and 2.82E + 06yuan. (3) After gains distribution, the profit of all stakeholders can be optimized to varying degrees. This study broadens the dimension of benefit accounting under the joint operation of cascade reservoirs and the category of stakeholders in the gain allocation, which is conducive to promoting the ecological protection and sustainable development of sediment-laden rivers. Keywords Sediment-laden river · Multi-dimensional benefits · Emergy theory · Reservoir group and city group · Two-tier allocation model Introduction The Yellow River, which originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows through nine provinces and autonomous regions, is the mother river of the Chinese nation. Although it is the second-longest river in China, the Yellow River is more * Guiliang Tian famous for its characteristics of less water and more sand, tianguiliang@hhu.edu.cn water and sand come from different sources, and the rela - Hao Hu tionship between water and sand is incongruous (Wang huhao0912@hhu.edu.cn et al. 2016). Water resources in the Yellow River basin are Zhiqing Dai incredibly scarce, with the amount of water per capita and daizhiqing@hhu.edu.cn per mu being only 23% and 15% of the national average 1 level, which leads to the sharp contradiction between liv- Present Address: Business School, Hohai University, ing, production, and ecological water use in the area (Xiang Nanjing 211100, China 2 et al. 2017). Relevant studies indicate that the runoff of the Present Address: School of Economics and Finance, Hohai Yellow River shows a downward trend under the dual effect University, Nanjing 211100, China 3 of climate change and human activities (Omer et al. 2020). Present Address: Yangtze Institute for Conservation There is no doubt that the contradiction between the supply and Development, Nanjing 210098, China Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3 125 Page 2 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 and demand of water resources will be further aggravated by possibility of severe floods (Chen et al. 2012). Simultane- the rapid socioeconomic development and steady population ously, since China has raised the ecological protection and growth in the Yellow River basin (Bai et al. 2019; Zhang high-quality development of the Yellow River basin into a et al. 2021a). national strategy, the coordinated development of ecological In the context of rigid constraints of water resources and and economic benefits of the Yellow River basin became an frequent extreme weather, cascade reservoirs in the Yellow essential foothold for the exploitation of the Yellow River in River play an indispensable role in flood control, water stor - the future (Xu and Wang 2020). Therefore, multi-dimensional age and delivery, hydropower generation, water purification, benefits such as sediment reduction and ecological protection and other aspects, fundamentally ensuring the continuous should be integrated into the existing optimized operation of flow of the river without breaking its banks for many years reservoirs. In addition, it is essential to further explore the (Jin et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2021b). Meanwhile, the water connection of interest between the reservoir group and city and sediment regulation under the joint operation of cas- group, and reasonably distribute the value-added on this basis. cade reservoirs in the Yellow River effectively controls the Aiming at the above problems, this paper established a sediment deposition, improves the available regulated stor- multi-dimensional benefits accounting model for the joint age capacity of reservoirs, and fundamentally prevents the operation of the cascade reservoirs and a value-added alloca- lifting of the riverbed of the suspended river on the ground tion model among multi-stakeholders to improve the exist- (Jin et al. 2019). Different reservoirs perform multiple tasks ing research. In terms of benefit accounting, this paper intro- in operation, and each task cannot be fully met at the same duces the Emergy theory to realize the unified accounting of time because of the apparent conflicts between the functions eco-environmental and economic benefits. Based on obtain- (Lu et al. 2022). ing the natural economic value, the Emergy theory converts Under the realistic background of climate change and the different categories and incomparable energy or matter into reduction of runoff of the Yellow River, river basin man- solar emergy for analysis and research (Gan et al. 2023). As agement departments and scholars have conducted much a quantitative research method from traditional energy analy- research on the multi-objective joint operation of reservoirs sis to emerging eco economic systems (Odum 1996), emergy (Zhang et al. 2021c). The research results show that the joint theory has been widely used in water ecological compensation operation of cascade reservoirs can improve the comprehen- (Guan et al. 2019), ecological environment value assessment sive benefits of a watershed system (Lu et al. 2018 ), while (Wu et al. 2019), sustainable development of the city (Li et al. the reasonable allocation of value-added is the basic premise 2021) and so on (Amaral et al. 2016). In terms of gain dis- to maintain the long-range feasibility of the optimal opera- tribution, this paper establishes a double-layer value-added tion of cascade reservoirs (Chen et al. 2020; Wang et al. allocation model under different application modes of the res- 2021). Summarize and analyzing the existing literature, it ervoir group based on the differences between the reservoir is not difficult to find that the optimization of the opera- and city stakeholders, which realizes a win–win situation for tion of reservoirs mainly at the minimum water shortage all stakeholders. or the maximum power generation, while the objectives of The rest of this paper is structured as follows. The emergy sediment transport and ecological protection of sandy rivers theory and the principles of value-added allocation are briey fl mostly take the water requirement for sediment transport and described in “Theory” Section. "Methodology" Section pro- ecological base flow as the media, which are transformed poses the multi-dimensional benefits evaluation model and into constraints (Li et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2018). Therefore, the distribution model of value-added under the operation of relevant studies failed to quantify the benefits of sediment the reservoir group. “Study area and data collection” Section transport and the ecological environment, making the benefit gives the location of the study area and the source of data. In accounting under the joint operation of reservoirs not com- “Results and discussion” Section, the model is applied in the prehensive enough (Bai et al. 2017; Huang et al. 2019; Jin middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the results et al. 2021). More importantly, the joint operation of cascade and discussion are given. “Conclusions” Section further pro- reservoirs is of far-reaching significance to the ecological vides the conclusion and future research direction of this study. protection and social development of cities along the Yellow The research route of this paper is shown in Fig. 1. River. However, the existing research on benefits account- ing and gains allocation under the optimized operation of reservoirs is limited to the interior of reservoirs, and there Theory is a lack of analysis on the relationship of interest between reservoirs and cities along the river (Shen et al. 2018a, b; A brief introduction to emergy theory Shen et al. 2018a, b; Xu et al. 2018). Sediment deposition in sediment-laden rivers will lead Emergy theory was proposed by Odum (Odum 1996), a to various negative problems, significantly increasing the famous American ecosystem scientist. As a new evaluation 1 3 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 3 of 17 125 Fig. 1 The research flow chart of this study FC: Flood control; SR:Sediment reduction of the river; SD: Sediment discharge of reservoir; HG: Hydroelectric generation;MB: Maintaining biodiversity; NPP: Net primary productivity; CF:Carbon fixation and oxygen release; CR: Climate regulation; WP: Water purification; WS: Water supply. theory, Emergy analysis is committed to a unified meas- TAE ECR = (2) urement standard to comprehensively analyze various natu- GNP ral resources in the ecosystem. Emergy theory bridges the where TAE is the emergy input of the country (region) in ecosystem and the socio-economic system, which converts a given year and GNP is the corresponding regional gross different types of energy or matter that cannot be compared national product. uniformly into solar emergy. The conversion formula of The emergy contribution rate of water resources (ECRW) solar emergy can be expressed as is a crucial parameter of emergy analysis and is a relative M = × B (1) index to measure the contribution of water resources to eco- nomic production and the ecological cycle. Taking social where means solar transformity of B and B refers to the production as an example, water resources, capital, labour quality of energy or matter. input, and other means of production jointly produce indus- In emergy analysis, the emergy-currency ratio (ECR) trial and agricultural products or provide social services. To connects the ecosystem and economic system and realizes calculate the emergy value of water resources for specific the conversion between currency and emergy. ECR indicates purposes, extracting the contribution of the emergy value the emergy value of a region unit currency, which can be of water resources is essential. formulated as 1 3 125 Page 4 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 EM Methodology EW ECRW = (3) EM ET The research methods are mainly divided into two parts. where EM means the emergy input of water resources in EW The first part is the calculation of multi-dimensional ben- a system (sej) and EM means the total emergy input of the EI efits, and the second part is the income distribution under system (sej). the joint operation of reservoirs. First, in combination with The energy network analysis of the sediment river system the inherent characteristics of sandy rivers, this paper mainly under the joint operation of reservoirs is shown in Fig. 2, selects ten indicators from three dimensions to calculate the and the specific steps of emergy analysis refer to the existing multi-dimensional benefits of sandy rivers under the oper - research (Wu et al. 2019). ating conditions of reservoir groups. Secondly, given the individual differences of interest subjects, stakeholders are Principles of value‑added allocation divided into two categories, as shown in Table 1. The optimized operation of cascade reservoirs is essentially Multi‑dimensional benefit accounting a Kaldo-Hicks improvement process, and the profit and loss of various stakeholders are different. Therefore, the princi- Unit monetary value calculation of various water use ple of “who benefits, who compensates” should be followed so that the value-added is shared between the beneficiaries When analyzing the emergy of some benefits of water and benefactors. In addition, the allocation of the benefits resources, it is necessary to calculate the solar transformity should follow the principle of “cost–benefit equivalence”, of various water bodies. The methods to measure the solar that is, the greater the loss of the stakeholders in the opti- transformity of surface water, groundwater, and engineer- mized operation of cascade reservoirs, the more value-added ing water in this paper come from existing research (Wu share should be allocated. Meanwhile, this paper assumes et al. 2019). On this basis, the unit monetary value of various that the income distribution follows the principle of “social water use is further calculated to quantitatively calculate the responsibility”, which means that for vulnerable stakehold- benefits of water supply and ecological environment later ers (lower GDP), the proportion of its value-added allocation (Guan et al. 2020; Pulselli et al. 2011). can be appropriately increased. (a) Industrial water, agricultural water, and domestic water The unit value of industrial, agricultural, and domestic water calculation processes can be summarized in the fol- lowing four steps. Fig. 2 Energy network diagram of the river from the perspective of multi-dimensional benefits 1 3 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 5 of 17 125 Table 1 Dimension division Subsystem Representative benefit indicators Stakeholder and indicators selection of multidimensional benefit Flood control and sand Flood control E Cities along the Yellow River FC accounting transport subsystem Sediment reduction of the river channel E Cities along the Yellow River SR Sediment discharge of reservoir E Reservoirs SD Socioeconomic Water supply E Cities along the Yellow River WS subsystem Hydroelectric generation E Reservoirs HG Ecological environ- Maintaining biodiversity E Cities along the Yellow River MB ment subsystem Net primary productivity E Cities along the Yellow River NPP Carbon fixation & oxygen release E Cities along the Yellow River CF Climate regulation E Cities along the Yellow River CR Water purification E Cities along the Yellow River WP Step 1 Calculate the ECRW of the water body. EM IW (8) i=1 EM EM = PE ECRW = (4) Q IT E EM IW EM where EM is the emergy input of water resources of the PE E = (9) IT PE i - th system in a specific year (sej). EM is the overall input ECR emergy of the i - th system in this year (sej). i refers to agri- where EM is the annual benefit of the representative indica- cultural, industrial, and domestic water-use systems. tors in the subsystem of the ecological environment. Q is Step 2 Calculate the emergy output of water resources the annual runoff of the corresponding section (m ). ECR is in i - th system. the emergy/currency ratio of the city where the hydrology OT section of the river is located (sej/yuan). EM and E are EM = ECRW × EM (5) PE PE i i the emergy value and monetary value of unit water, respec- OT 3 3 where EM means the overall emergy output in the i - th tively (sej/m ), (yuan/m ). system (sej). Step 3 Calculate the emergy value of unit water. Ecological environment subsystem EM EM = (6) Pi Based on existing studies (Wu et al. 2019), this paper divides rivers’ ecological environmental benefit accounting indica- where W is the consumed water resource in i - th system 3 tors into the following five categories, as shown in Table 1. this year (m ). Step 4 Calculate the monetary value of the unit water. (1) Maintaining biodiversity EM Pi E = (7) Pi ECR Water resources not only provide material needs for organisms but also create suitable living conditions. The where ECR is the emergy/currency ratio in the region where benefits of water resources in maintaining biodiversity can i - th system is located (sej/yuan). be expressed as (Jonsson and Malmqvist 2003) (b) Ecological water use EM = N × R × × ECRW (10) MB b b where N is the total biological species in a given area. R The value of ecological water refers to the ecological b is the proportion of biological activity area to the global protection function of water resources, including the main- area (%), and is the solar transformity of global species, tenance of biodiversity, net primary productivity, carbon b = 1.26 × 10 sej/species. fixation and oxygen release, climate regulation and water purification. Therefore, the monetary value of unit eco- (B) Net primary productivity logical water is expressed as 1 3 125 Page 6 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Net primary productivity mainly refers to the amount (F) Ecological and environmental benefits are related to of organic carbon fixed by plants through photosynthesis flow to remove the part consumed by their own respiration and used for growth and reproduction. According to formula (8) and formula (9), the eco-environ- mental benefits of the river system can be shown as EM = A × P × NPP npp npp npp (11) EM + EM + EM + EM + EM MB NPP CF CR WP E = (15) where A is the area of aquatic plants in regional water PE npp Q × ECR (m ). P is the net primary productivity of the unit water npp area (g/m ). is the solar transformity of net primary pro- npp E = E × Q Total PE,v v (16) ductivity, = 5.78 × 10 sej/g. npp where E is the eco-environmental value of unit water PE,v (C) Carbon fixation and oxygen release 3 at the v - th river section downstream (yuan/m ). Q is the ecological flow of the v - th river section (m ). Aquatic plants can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, and the ecological benefits can be expressed as Flood discharge and sand transport subsystem EM = × P × S × + × P × S × × ECRW CF co c c co o c c o 2 2 2 2 (12) (1) Flood control where and are 1.47 and 1.07 respectively. P is the co o c 2 2 average productivity of vegetation (g/hm ).S is vegetation The losses caused by typical floods under different opera- area (hm ). and are solar transformity of O and co co 2 2 2 tion modes of the reservoirs can be expressed as CO respectively, and the corresponding emergy values are 7 7 3.78 × 10 sej/g and 5.11 × 10 sej/g. E = A × E × (17) FC j j j j=1 (D) Climate regulation where A is the inundation area of j - th type land under the The climate regulation function of river water resources given application mode of the reservoirs, and E is the value refers to the regulation of water vapour on atmospheric per unit area of j - th type land use. is the loss rate of temperature and humidity. The benefits of climate regu- inundation of j - th type land. j includes arable land, hous- lation can be transformed into the multiplication of the ing land, etc. latent heat, amount of evaporation and solar transformity of steam(Wu et al. 2019). (B) Sediment reduction of the river channel EM = 2, 507.4 − 2.39T × W × (13) CR t z The indirect method is adopted to calculate the benefit of sediment reduction of the river channel, which is equal to where T means the average temperature of the given area the unit dredging cost multiplied by the sediment dredging (°C). is the solar transformity of steam, = 12.20 sej/J , z z volume (Liang et al. 2016). and W is the amount of evaporated water (g). E = V × P SR h h (18) (E) Water purification where V is the dredging amount of river sediment, P is the h h unit dredging cost, P = 4.7 yuan/t. Water has a natural ability to purify and precipitate, which can change the concentration of various pollutants (C) Sediment discharge of reservoir (Wu et al. 2019). Different operation modes of the reservoirs will also EM = f × ECRW × m × WP p p (14) affect their own siltation, and the 7 corresponding benefits p=1 of reducing siltation are expressed as where f means the self-purification ratio of the water. m is the discharge of p - th pollutant (g), and is the correspond- p E = (19) SD DV ing solar transformity (sej/g). c where S is the sediment volume is reduced in the reservoir area (t).D is the sediment density,uniformly taken as 1.2 t/ 1 3 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 7 of 17 125 3 3 m . V is the initial storage capacity of the reservoir (m ). levels: the distribution between reservoir-group and city- is the total construction cost of the reservoir (yuan). group and the distribution within the group. Allocation of gains between the reservoir group Socioeconomic subsystem and the city group Nash bargaining solution is an efficient tool to solve the (1) Water supply problem of interest negotiation, which is widely used in various fields (Zhao et al. 2021). The equilibrium solution For the convenience of calculation, the water supply ben- can be expressed as the optimal solution of the following efits under different operation modes of the reservoir are Nash product form. expressed as 1− H 3 u = max u − d × u − d r r c c (22) h h u∈Ω E = E × W (20) WS Pk k h=1 k=1 where Ω is the set of valid payment pairs,d and d are the r c where E represents the unit price of water delivery to k - th breaking points of the reservoir group and city group. and Pk water users in the city h , and W represents the amount of 1 − are the bargaining power of the reservoir group and water delivery to k - th water users in the city h . k includes city group. industrial, agricultural and domestic water users. Allocation of gains within a group (B) Hydroelectric generation Multi-attribute decision-making can also solve the distri- The power generation benefit of reservoirs in sandy riv - bution problem (Xu et al. 2021). By reasonably selecting ers also needs to consider the constraints of the sediment- indicators and further weighting these indicators, the dis- carrying capacity of generator units. When the sediment tribution proportion of each stakeholder can be obtained. concentration in the reservoir is greater than the maximum Determining the weight of each indicator is the key to the sediment discharge, the power generation benefit of the decision-making problem. The product of subjective weight reservoir is set to 0. When the sediment concentration in and objective weight is taken as the comprehensive weight storage is less than the maximum sediment discharge, the in this paper, in which the best worst method (BWM) is calculation formula of power generation benefit is as follows selected for the subjective weight. Compared with other subjective methods of weighting, BWM can simplify the 𝜑N min Q , Q ΔHΔt, Q ≤ Q p p max s s max decision-making process and ensure the consistency of deci- E = (21) HG 0, Q > Q sion-making (Xu et al. 2021). The entropy weight method s s max is adopted to determine the objective weight. Referring to where is the network access price of the reservoir (yuan/ the principles of value-added allocation proposed in “Prin- kwh); Q is the over flow (m /s). Q is the maximum sedi- ciples of value-added allocation” Section, the selection of p max ment carrying capacity of the generator set (m /s). ΔH is the two groups of value-added allocation indicators is shown generating head (m). Δt is the duration of power generation in Table 2. (h). N is the output coefficient of reservoir hydropower sta- tion. Q and Q are respectively the sediment content of s max s water (kg/m ) and the maximum sediment volume passing Study area and data collection through the turbine (kg/m ). Study area The allocation of value‑added among the main stakeholders The study area of this paper refer to Sanmenxia reservoir (SMX), Xiaolangdi reservoir (XLD), and the lower reaches The optimized operation of key reservoirs in sandy rivers of the Yellow River. The lower reaches of the Yellow River is a Kaldo Hicks improvement process. The profit and loss from Taohuayu to the Yellow River estuary, with a total of each stakeholder are different under different operation length of 786 km and a drainage area of 23,000 km . The modes of reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the Yellow River allocate the value-added after the optimized operation of res- is extremely serious, and the riverbed of some sections is ervoirs. To facilitate the dimensionality reduction analysis, 4–6 m higher than the ground, which makes the Yellow this paper divides the distribution of value-added into two River a world-famous "suspended river". Both banks of the 1 3 125 Page 8 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 lower Yellow River mainly rely on levees to keep out water, power generation is 5.1 billion kwh. The integrated mission and floods have become the biggest hidden danger threaten- of XLD focuses on flood control and sediment reduction ing the safety of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Cities along the while taking into account water supply, irrigation, and power lower reaches of the Yellow River include Luoyang (LY), generation. The main hydrological sections of the lower Yel- Jiaozuo (JZ), Zhengzhou (ZZ), Kaifeng (KF), Xinxiang low River include Huayuankou (HYK), Jiahetan (JHT), Gao- (XX), Puyang (PY), Heze (HZ), Jining (JNI), Tai'an (TA), cun (GC), Sunkou (SK), and Aishan (AS), Luokou (LK), Liaocheng (LC), Dezhou (DZ), Jinan (JNA), Zibo (ZB), and Lijin (LJ). The specific distribution of critical nodes is Binzhou (BZ) and Dongying (DY). The length of the river shown in Fig. 3. channel in each city is shown in Table 3. Located in Sanmenxia, SMX is a seasonal regulation Data collection reservoir with an effective storage capacity of 439 million m . Due to the serious sediment deposition in the reservoir Taking a typical once-every-20-year flood as an example, area, the regulation capacity of SMX is very limited. XLD two different joint application modes of SMX and XLD is an incomplete annual regulation reservoir, controlling are set as mode of below the beach and mode of overflow a drainage area of 69,4000 km , accounting for 92.3% of the beach (simply named application mode1 and applica- the Yellow River drainage area. The average water level of tion mode 2). According to the multi-dimensional benefit XLD is 275 m, with a total storage capacity of 12.65 billion accounting method established in this paper, the compre- m3 and a regulating storage capacity of 5.1 billion m . The hensive benefit is calculated, and the value-added is further total installed capacity is 1,800 MW and the average annual distributed to each stakeholder. Multi-dimensional benefits Table 2 Indicators selection of intragroup gains distribution Group Indicator of distribution Cities Variation of Variation of SR Variation of ecological Variation of total revenue Length of channel GDP per capita FC environment Reservoirs Variation of Variation HG Variation of total revenue Effective storage Guaranteed output of – SD generator set Table 3 Channel length of cities City LY JZ ZZ KF XX PY HZ JNI TA LC DZ JNA ZB BZ DY in the lower Yellow River (unit: km) Length 97 98 160 109.1 165 167.5 185 30.2 36.3 59.51 63.4 183 45.6 94 138 Fig. 3 The study area of the Yellow River 1 3 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 9 of 17 125 are calculated and distributed based on economic data and of unit ecological water, the various ecological environment water use data in 2016. The data sources mainly include value and ecological flows in each city are approximately the regional water resources bulletin, statistical yearbook, estimated based on the monitored runoff, sediment, pollut- national economic and social development statistical bulle- ants, biomass and other data of the main hydrological sec- tin. Some data are from the Yellow River water conservancy tion of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the length research institute. of the river channel in each city. Relevant data collection and The ECR of each region is obtained according to the calculation results are shown in Table 4. annual emergy input and the GNP of each region. Through Calculate the data in Table 4 according to the steps in the classified collection of agricultural, industrial and “Unit monetary value calculation of various water use” Sec- domestic economic data and water use data in each region, tion, and the unit currency value of various types of water the unit value of various types of water use in the corre- use in each city can be obtained as shown in Table 5. On this sponding areas can be calculated. For the value estimation basis, the water supply benefit and ecological environment Table 4 Total eco-environmental emergy and runoff of cities in the lower Yellow River (unit: sej, m ) Item Maintaining Net primary Carbon fixation and Climate regulation Water purification Sum up Annual runoff City biodiversity productivity oxygen release LY/XLD 1.57E + 21 1.22E + 19 3.33E + 20 2.20E + 20 − 6.20E + 18 2.13E + 21 1.62E + 10 JZ – – – – – 1.55E + 21 1.71E + 10 ZZ/HYK 8.30E + 20 4.90E + 18 4.20E + 19 1.30E + 20 − 3.32E + 19 9.74E + 20 1.79E + 10 KF/JHT 7.20E + 20 5.30E + 18 2.40E + 19 1.80E + 20 1.01E + 19 9.39E + 20 1.66E + 10 XX – – – – – 9.41E + 20 1.63E + 10 PY – – – – – 9.43E + 20 1.58E + 10 HZ/GC 6.80E + 20 6.70E + 18 7.00E + 18 2.30E + 20 2.05E + 19 9.44E + 20 1.55E + 10 JNI/SK 9.40E + 20 1.76E + 19 1.30E + 19 2.30E + 20 7.30E + 18 1.21E + 21 1.44E + 10 TA – – – – – 8.66E + 20 1.39E + 10 LC/AS 2.60E + 20 3.50E + 18 5.20E + 19 1.60E + 20 4.89E + 19 5.24E + 20 1.34E + 10 DZ – – – – – 5.03E + 20 1.22E + 10 JNA/LK 2.80E + 20 3.60E + 18 5.60E + 19 1.30E + 20 1.17E + 19 4.81E + 20 1.11E + 10 ZB – – – – – 5.80E + 20 1.06E + 10 BZ – – – – – 8.80E + 20 9.17E + 09 DY/LJ 9.30E + 20 1.14E + 19 3.00E + 18 1.30E + 20 8.40E + 18 1.08E + 21 8.18E + 09 Table 5 ECR and unit value of Item ECR The unit value of The unit value of The unit value of The unit value of various types of water in each City industrial water agricultural water domestic water ecological water city (unit: sej/yuan, yuan/m ) LY 3.35E + 11 1.78E + 01 7.56E + 00 2.39E + 01 3.91E-01 JZ 3.71E + 11 1.23E + 01 5.88E + 00 2.30E + 01 2.45E-01 ZZ 1.64E + 11 1.88E + 01 7.56E + 00 2.71E + 01 3.32E-01 KF 3.55E + 11 1.67E + 01 6.24E + 00 2.5.E + 01 1.59E-01 XX 3.38E + 11 1.68E + 01 7.68E + 00 2.36E + 01 1.70E-01 PY 3.14E + 11 1.48E + 01 7.78E + 00 2.46E + 01 1.91E-01 HZ 3.47E + 11 1.69E + 01 5.77E + 00 2.38E + 01 1.76E-01 JNI 2.10E + 11 1.71E + 01 7.83E + 00 2.62E + 01 4.00E-01 TA 3.46E + 11 – – – 1.81E-01 LC 3.98E + 11 1.51E + 01 4.85E + 00 2.24E + 01 9.87E-02 DZ 2.21E + 11 1.76E + 01 8.03E + 00 2.26E + 01 1.86E-01 JNA 9.70E + 10 1.96E + 01 8.71E + 00 2.95E + 01 4.47E-01 ZB 3.35E + 11 1.65E + 01 5.71E + 00 2.74E + 01 1.63E-01 BZ 3.75E + 11 1.41E + 01 4.85E + 00 2.50E + 01 2.56E-01 DY 3.03E + 11 1.67E + 01 8.09E + 00 2.79E + 01 4.37E-01 1 3 125 Page 10 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 benefit under different operation modes of the reservoir can is converted, and further ecological benefits are obtained; be further calculated. (4) Combined with the siltation amount monitored by each hydrological station and the channel length in each city, cal- culate the river siltation reduction benefit of each city; (5) Results and discussion Calculate the power generation and benefits of SMX and XLD; (6) Calculate the sediment discharge of the reservoir Results under the two application modes of SMX and XLD, and calculate the corresponding sediment discharge benefits of This paper simulates two application modes of SMX and the reservoir. The calculation results of various benefits for XLD facing typical flood conditions and calculates various stakeholders under the two application modes of SMX and benefits in turn: (1) Calculate the corresponding flood loss XLD are shown in Table 6. in combination with the inundation scope and land use type Comparing the comprehensive benefits of stakehold- of each city; (2) Calculate the benefit of water supply by ers under the two application modes, the selection prefer- collecting the data on all kinds of water use in each city; (3) ences of each stakeholder are shown in Table 7. The prefer- Combined with the observation data of hydrological sta- ences of stakeholders are inconsistent, but the total benefit tions and the river length, the ecological flow of each city under mode 1 is more significant than that under mode 2. Table 6 Profit and loss of each stakeholder under the two application modes (unit: yuan) Item Sediment reduction Ecological environment Flood control Water supply Hydroelectric generation Sediment discharge City of the river channel of reservoir LY − 2.62E + 09 2.34E + 09 − 9.88E + 06 ↑ 2.64E + 07 – – (− 2.61E + 09)↑ (2.38E + 09) ↑ (− 4.21E + 07) (2.64E + 07) JZ − 5.30E + 09 1.49E + 09 − 4.18E + 07 ↑ 3.65E + 08 – – (− 5.27E + 09) ↑ (1.52E + 09) ↑ (− 1.01E + 08) (3.65E + 08) ZZ − 4.84E + 09 ↑ 2.06E + 09 − 1.50E + 08 ↑ 9.49E + 08 – – (− 5.66E + 09) (2.09E + 09) ↑ (− 3.31E + 08) (9.49E + 08) KF − 4.54E + 08 ↑ 9.59E + 08 − 1.87E + 08 ↑ 1.50E + 09 – – (− 1.03E + 09) (9.77E + 08) ↑ (− 3.73E + 08) (1.50E + 09) XX − 3.19E + 08 1.03E + 09 − 2.12E + 08 ↑ 5.58E + 08 – – (− 3.14E + 08) ↑ (1.04E + 09) ↑ (− 8.10E + 08) (5.58E + 08) PY − 3.23E + 08 1.51E + 09 ↑ − 1.14E + 08 ↑ 1.06E + 09 – – (− 3.18 + 08) ↑ (1.17E + 09) (− 6.79E + 08) (1.06E + 09) HZ − 7.16E + 08 1.06E + 09 − 6.76E + 07 ↑ 7.27E + 08 – – (− 6.69E + 08) ↑ (1.08E + 09) ↑ (− 9.83E + 08) (7.27E + 08) JNI − 1.57E + 08 2.33E + 09 − 8.62E + 06 ↑ 9.23E + 07 – – (− 1.50E + 08) ↑ (2.37E + 09) ↑ (− 2.05E + 07) (9.23E + 07) TA − 2.89E + 07 1.05E + 09 − 1.24E + 07 ↑ 0.00E + 00 – – (− 2.89E + 07) (1.07E + 09) ↑ (− 3.15E + 07) (0.00E + 00) LC − 1.10E + 08 5.71E + 08 − 8.46E + 06 ↑ 1.50E + 08 – – (− 9.43E + 07) ↑ (5.82E + 08) ↑ (− 3.18E + 07) (1.50E + 08) DZ − 1.15E + 08 1.07E + 09 − 4.61E + 07 ↑ 7.05E + 08 – – (− 8.08E + 07) ↑ (1.09E + 09) ↑ (− 2.08E + 08) (7.05E + 08) JNA − 2.01E + 08 2.55E + 09 − 6.40E + 07 ↑ 5.98E + 08 – – (− 1.34E + 08) ↑ (2.58E + 09) ↑ (− 2.66E + 08) (5.98E + 08) ZB − 1.79E + 07 9.24E + 08 − 1.15E + 07 ↑ 2.44E + 08 – – (− 8.57E + 06) ↑ (9.37E + 08) ↑ (− 1.4E + 08) (2.44E + 08) BZ − 3.68E + 07 1.43E + 09 − 1.79E + 07 ↑ 6.85E + 08 – – (− 1.77E + 07) ↑ (1.47E + 09) ↑ (− 1.68E + 08) (6.85E + 08) DY − 2.70E + 07 2.41E + 09 − 2.65E + 06 ↑ 8.69E + 08 – – (− 1.30E + 07) ↑ (2.49E + 09) ↑ (− 6.35E + 07) (8.69E + 08) SMX – – – – 4.72E + 08 2.29E + 09 ↑ (4.72E + 08) (2.15E + 09) XLD – – – – 2.87E + 07 − 7.39E + 09 (3.11E + 07) ↑ (− 4.30E + 09) ↑ xxx is the benefit corresponding to application mode 1 and ( xxx) is the benefit corresponding to application mode 2.↑ indicating a larger value. 1 3 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 11 of 17 125 Table 7 Preferences of stakeholders for the two application modes Stakeholder LY JZ ZZ KF XX PY HZ JNI TA LC DZ JNA ZB BZ DY SMX XLD Overall Application mode 1 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Application mode 2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ “√” indicates the preference of each stakeholder Therefore, all parties will choose application mode 1 as long Table 8 Weight of each gain distribution indicator in the reservoir group as the value-added can be reasonably distributed. The stakeholders are divided into the reservoir group Indicator Variation Variation Variation Effective Guaranteed and the city group, and the benefit distribution among of SD of HG of total storage output of revenue generator groups is carried out on this basis. The asymmetric Nash set bargaining model is adopted to distribute benefits between the two groups here. The breaking point of the city group Weight 0.3162 0.2113 0.1261 0.2371 0.1093 is 4.24E + 08, which means that the ecological benefits of application mode 1 are reduced compared with mode 2. The breaking point of the reservoir group is 3.09 + 09, which in this paper include the variation of SD, HG, total revenue, means that the sediment discharge benefits in application and effective storage, the guaranteed output of the genera - mode 1 are lower than that in mode 2. The bargaining power tor set. Since the stakeholders are only XLD and SMX in of the main body of the reservoir group is determined by the reservoir group, the BWM is adopted to determine the the ratio of the regulation capacity of the leading reservoir weight of indicators. The weight of each indicator is shown group to the average of the regulation capacity of the main in Table 8. reservoirs of the Yellow River. The bargaining power of the For the city group, the entropy weight method and BWM city group is given by the ratio of average water consump- are combined to calculate the weight of each indicator. The tion in the Yellow River basin to that in the lower reaches. selection of the benefit distribution indicators and their cor - Based on the above, it is necessary to determine the gain to responding comprehensive weights are shown in Table 9. be allocated. The net benefit generated under application According to the relative value and corresponding weight mode 1 is 1.04E + 09 yuan more than that under application of each decision-making indicator of each stakeholder, the mode 2, but it is not appropriate to directly configure this benefit distribution within the group is carried out. The final part of the gain. As can be seen from Table 7, stakeholders allocation result is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen from the such as XLD, LC and TA prefer to use application mode 2. figure that among all stakeholders, XLD has the highest It is unfair to add the allocation amount of gain to the multi- gains allocation, accounting for about 36.16% of the total. dimensional benefits corresponding to application mode 2 as This is because the generation of value-added under appli- the final benefit of stakeholders. Therefore, this paper further cation mode 1 is based on the premise that XLD sacrifices adjusts the value added to net gains (1.04E + 09 yuan) plus the great benefits of sediment discharge, and XLD has a the profit and loss difference between the two application relatively large regulation capacity for flood compared with models of stakeholders who gain more benefits in applica - SMX, so it should enjoy more benefits. On the contrary, the tion mode 2. Then the final value-added is 4.09E + 09 yuan, share of JNI accounts for only 1.12% of the total, because and the asymmetric Nash bargaining model is established the value of each evaluation indicator of JNI is lower than as follows that of other cities. Specifically, JNI has a smaller range of changes of each benet fi under the two application modes and � � � � 0.3786 0.6214 ∗ 9 8 has the shortest channel of the Yellow River in the area are u = max u − 3.09 × 10 × u − 4.24 × 10 r c u∈Ω the fundamental reasons for the lowest quota. ⎪ u + u = 7.06E + 09 r c Discussion Solving the Nash bargaining solution above, To better allocate the value-added, it is necessary to com- u = 4.63E + 09 and u = 2.96E + 09 can be obtained. That r c pare the profit and loss of each stakeholder under the two is, the share of the reservoir group is 1.55E + 09 yuan, and scheduling modes. When SMX and XLD are in application the share of the city group is 2.54E + 09 . Based on the mode 1, the profit and loss of each stakeholder are shown in above, the value-added is further distributed within groups. Fig. 5. As seen from the figure, the profits and losses of each For the reservoir group, the distribution indicators selected stakeholder vary greatly. For the city group, the benefits of 1 3 125 Page 12 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Table 9 Weight of each gain distribution indicator in the city group Indicator Variation of Variation of Variation of ecological Variation of total Length of channel GDP FC SR environment revenue Entropy weight method 0.1575 0.1026 0.1997 0.1572 0.1851 0.1978 Best–worst method 0.2913 0.1921 0.2106 0.1142 0.1025 0.0893 Comprehensive weight 0.2828 0.1215 0.2592 0.1106 0.1170 0.1089 Fig. 4 Distribution of value- 40.00% added among stakeholders Amount of gain allocation (yuan) 1.48E+09 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 3.53E+08 3.10E+08 10.00% 2.68E+08 1.43E+08 1.41E+08 6.81E+07 8.72E+07 7.17E+07 5.00% 2.95E+08 2.67E+08 0.00% 1.34E+08 1.43E+08 1.08E+08 1.04E+08 6.95E+07 4.75E+07 -5.00% SM XL LY JZ ZZ KF XX PY HZ JNITALCDZJNA ZB BZ DY X D Percent 1.67 2.54 7.59 7.21 6.56 6.54 8.64 1.12 2.13 3.51 3.51 3.28 3.45 2.63 1.75 1.70 36.1 Fig. 5 Profit and loss of each stakeholder under application mode 1 flood control and river channel sedimentation reduction are flow, these two benefits are positive. In general, the com- negative, that is, the flood has brought substantial economic prehensive benefits of cities in Henan province are far lower losses and led to serious siltation of the river channel. Fur- than those in Shandong province, resulting from the super- thermore, the negative benefit brought by river sedimenta- position of three main reasons. First, the flood has brought tion is much greater than the direct loss brought by flood. more inundation losses to cities in Henan province. Sec- Since flooding can ensure water supply and ecological base ondly, the flood has seriously silted the rivers in the Henan 1 3 The percentage of gain allocation Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 13 of 17 125 section. Finally, the water consumption of cities in Shandong is more significant than the decrease of the benefit value province is greater than that of Henan province. Therefore, of power generation. The city group is generally more the former two bring more negative benefits to Henan prov - inclined to application mode 1, while the reservoir group ince, while the third one brings fewer positive benefits to is more inclined to application mode 2. Henan province. This further makes the comprehensive According to the subsystem divided in Table 1, the benefit of DY, Shandong Province, the largest is 3.25E + 09 changes in stakeholders' benefits under the two modes are yuan. However, the comprehensive benefit of JZ in Henan shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9. The socio-economic subsystem Province is the minimum of − 3.48E + 09 yuan. (Fig. 7) includes the benefits of water supply in cities and the As for the reservoirs, since SMX is in the late stage of benefits of electricity generation in reservoirs. Under the two operation, the sediment in the reservoir area can be dis- application modes, urban water supply can be guaranteed, so charged by open discharge, so its power generation and sedi- the benefits of water supply remain unchanged. Due to the ment discharge benefits are positive, but the benefit value limitation of installed capacity, the power generation benefit is relatively small. For XLD, its power generation benefit of SMX is basically unchanged. The benefit of XLD power is positive, far more significant than SMX. However, the generation is far greater than the economic benefit of other flood caused a lot of settlement in the internal area of XLD, stakeholders, and fluctuates under the two modes. The appli- leading to its overall negative benefits. cation of mode 1 generates 1.35E + 08 yuan more than that When SMX and XLD are in application mode 2, the of mode 2. Therefore, the benefits of XLD power generation profit and loss of each stakeholder are shown in Fig. 6. in the socio-economic subsystem should be focused on in the Under this operation mode, the overall trend of multi- process of flooding. dimensional benefits is consistent with operation mode 1, Flood control and sand transport subsystem includes whether for the city group or reservoir group. Although flood control, sediment reduction of the river channel, and there are minor fluctuations in various benefits, it does sediment discharge of the reservoir. Under the two applica- not affect the order of magnitude and positive and nega- tion modes, the benefits of flood control and the benefit of tive conditions of multi-dimensional benefits. It is worth the sediment reduction of the river channel are inconsist- noting that compared with application mode 1, the flood ent in the direction of change, so the city stakeholders have loss of the city under application mode 2 is increased, and different preferences in the two application modes (Fig. 8). the deposition of some downstream channels has brought Under application mode 1, XLD lost 3.08E + 09 yuan more more negative benefits. However, the ecological benefits than in application mode 2, and SMX lost 2.82E + 06 yuan of cities have increased, and the water supply benefits are more than in application mode 2. Therefore, the reservoir flat. For the reservoir, the increase of the benefit value of stakeholders are consistent in their preference for applica- sand discharge in the reservoir under application mode 2 tion mode 2. Fig. 6 Profit and loss of each stakeholder under application mode 2 1 3 125 Page 14 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Fig. 7 Benefit change of socio- economic under two application modes Fig. 8 Benefit change of flood control and sand transport under two application modes This paper mainly discusses the impact of reservoir oper- of what to divide and how to divide. As mentioned above, ation on the downstream river ecological environment, so it when stakeholders’ preferences are inconsistent, they can- is only directly related to the preferences of city stakehold- not directly add the benefits under the lower state to the ers. The ecological environment subsystem mainly includes quota as their final benefits, which does not meet the prin- the benefits of the five dimensions in Table 1. As the eco- ciple of fairness. Therefore, adjusting the gain, that is, the logical environment benefit is affected by the discharge, the added value plus the income difference of individuals with application mode 2 can bring better ecological flow to the poor system benefits but high individual benefits is neces- downstream river channel than application mode 1, so the sary. Allocate the revised gain, and take the individual city stakeholders prefer application mode 2. allocation plus the corresponding benefit in the lower state Analyzing the changes in multi-dimensional benefits of as the final benefit of the stakeholders, which will help the stakeholders under the two application modes is to make absolute benefit of the stakeholders to be between the cor - a reasonable allocation of gains. This means the question responding benefits in various states. 1 3 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 Page 15 of 17 125 Fig. 9 Benefit change of eco- logical environment under two application modes cities to make fair compensation for the loss of sediment Conclusions deposition in the reservoir to ensure the long-term stability of the Yellow River. The Yellow River is a world-famous river containing sand, The multi-dimensional benefit calculation method and with less water and more sand. In particular, the lower value-added distribution method established in this paper reaches of the Yellow River are facing huge flood risks. The not only achieve a win–win situation for all stakeholders, scientific regulation of reservoirs can fundamentally ensure but also provide direction and guarantee for the optimal joint the safety of flood control, water supply and the ecological operation of reservoirs. However, this paper only compares environment of cities along the Yellow River. Reservoirs two reservoir group application models. How to find a better usually have multiple competing objectives. The priority of reservoir application mode based on the research results of various purposes can be weighed by establishing a multidi- this paper will be the critical problem to be studied in the mensional benefit calculation method. This article compre- next step. hensively introduces the multi-dimensional advantages of SMX and XLD under different joint application modes. The results show that inundation loss and sediment deposition Funding The funding was provided by National Key R&D Program are the biggest threats facing the lower Yellow River under of China, (Grant No: 2021YFC3200403), National Natural Science typical flood conditions. Therefore, the technical innovation Foundation of China, (Grant No: 61873084) of water and sediment regulation should be further strength- Data availability Data will be made available on request. ened to reduce the adverse effects of sediment deposition in the Yellow River. At the same time, it is necessary to Declarations improve the flood control capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River by increasing the dam height or speeding Conflict of interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-fi- nancial interests to disclose. up the construction of the planned reservoirs of the Yellow River, to reduce the losses caused by floods. Ethical standard This article does not contain any studies with human During the flooding process, reservoir stakeholders and participants or animals performed by any of the authors. city stakeholders have different preferences for the joint Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all participants application of reservoirs, so it is necessary to redistribute included in the study. the interests of stakeholders. In recent years, based on the people-oriented river management concept, the river basin Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- management department has made every effort to ensure that bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long there is no overbank flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, River, which is consistent with the recommendations of this provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes study, that is, it is more reasonable to use application mode 1 were made. The images or other third party material in this article are in the flooding process, which also requires the downstream 1 3 125 Page 16 of 17 Applied Water Science (2023) 13:125 included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated Li F-F, Wang H-R, Qiu J (2022) A MATLAB GUI program for reser- otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in voir management to simultaneously optimise sediment release and the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not power generation. J Environ Manage 320:115686. https://doi. or g/ permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will 10. 1016/j. jenvm an. 2022. 115686 need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 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Applied Water Science – Springer Journals
Published: Jun 1, 2023
Keywords: Sediment-laden river; Multi-dimensional benefits; Emergy theory; Reservoir group and city group; Two-tier allocation model
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