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W. Moore (1976)
Sampling 228Ra in the deep oceanDeep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 23
W S Moore (1996)
1321Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 101
W S Moore (1972)
Radium-228: Application to thermocline mixing studiesEarth and Planetary Science Letters, 16
W S Moore (1976)
647Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 23
P B Henderson (2013)
357Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 296
V Sanial (2018)
20Marine Chemistry, 201
W S Moore, D F Reid (1973)
Extraction of radium from natural waters using manganese-impregnated acrylic fibersJournal of Geophysical Research, 78
L E Kipp (2018)
51Marine Chemistry, 201
J Michel (1981)
1885Analytical Chemistry, 53
W S Moore (1969)
694Journal of Geophysical Research, 74
E Tan, G Wang, W S Moore (2018)
Shelf-scale submarine groundwater discharge in the Northern South China Sea and East China Sea and its geochemical impactsJournal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123
W S Moore (2008)
188Marine Chemistry, 109
Y Xie, Y Huang, W Shi (1994)
Simultaneous concentration and determination of 226Ra, 228Ra in natural watersJournal of Xiamen University: Natural Science (in Chinese), 33
P. Henderson, P. Morris, W. Moore, M. Charette (2013)
Methodological advances for measuring low-level radium isotopes in seawaterJournal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 296
Y Sun, T Torgersen (1998)
The effects of water content and Mn-fiber surface conditions on 224Ra measurement by 220Rn emanationMarine Chemistry, 62
R M Trier, W S Broecker, H W Feely (1972)
Radium-228 profile at the second Geosecs intercalibration station, 1970, in the North AtlanticEarth and Planetary Science Letters, 16
M A Charette (2003)
113Marine Chemistry, 84
Y Xie (1994)
86Journal of Xiamen University: Natural Science (in Chinese), 33
W. Moore (1996)
Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by 226Ra enrichmentsNature, 380
Y Sun (1998)
299Marine Chemistry, 62
L. Kipp, V. Sanial, P. Henderson, P. Beek, J. Reyss, D. Hammond, W. Moore, M. Charette (2017)
Radium isotopes as tracers of hydrothermal inputs and neutrally buoyant plume dynamics in the deep oceanMarine Chemistry, 201
M. Charette, P. Morris, P. Henderson, W. Moore (2015)
Radium isotope distributions during the US GEOTRACES North Atlantic cruisesMarine Chemistry, 177
Y Zhang (2020)
201Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 290
M A Charette (2015)
184Marine Chemistry, 177
Rama (1987)
43Marine Chemistry, 22
T L Ku (1970)
5286Journal of Geophysical Research, 75
W. Moore (1984)
Radium isotope measurements using germanium detectorsNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 223
Rama, J. Todd, J. Butts, W. Moore (1987)
A new method for the rapid measurement of 224Ra in natural watersMarine Chemistry, 22
W S Moore (1969)
Measurement of Ra228 and Th228 in sea waterJournal of Geophysical Research, 74
M Baskaran, D J Murphy, P H Santschi (1993)
A method for rapid in situ extraction and laboratory determination of Th, Pb, and Ra isotopes from large volumes of seawaterDeep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40
W S Moore, R Arnold (1996)
Measurement of 223Ra and 224Ra in coastal waters using a delayed coincidence counterJournal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 101
R M Trier (1972)
141Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 16
M Baskaran (1993)
849Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40
W S Moore (1973)
8880Journal of Geophysical Research, 78
A Kaufman (1973)
8827Journal of Geophysical Research, 78
Yan Zhang, I. Santos, Hailong Li, Qianqian Wang, Kai Xiao, Huaming Guo, Xuejing Wang (2020)
Submarine groundwater discharge drives coastal water quality and nutrient budgets at small and large scalesGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 290
V. Sanial, L. Kipp, P. Henderson, P. Beek, J. Reyss, D. Hammond, N. Hawco, M. Saito, J. Resing, P. Sedwick, W. Moore, M. Charette (2017)
Radium-228 as a tracer of dissolved trace element inputs from the Peruvian continental marginMarine Chemistry, 201
E Tan (2018)
2997Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123
G Wang (2014)
13069Environmental Science & Technology, 48
M. Charette, R. Splivallo, C. Herbold, M. Bollinger, W. Moore (2003)
Salt marsh submarine groundwater discharge as traced by radium isotopesMarine Chemistry, 84
J. Michel, W. Moore, P. King (1981)
.gamma.-Ray spectrometry for determination of radium-228 and radium-226 in natural watersAnalytical Chemistry, 53
W. Moore (2008)
Fifteen years experience in measuring 224Ra and 223Ra by delayed-coincidence countingMarine Chemistry, 109
G Wang (2015)
103Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 149
Guizhi Wang, W. Jing, Shuling Wang, Yi Xu, Zhangyong Wang, Zhou-xiang Zhang, Quanlong Li, M. Dai (2014)
Coastal acidification induced by tidal-driven submarine groundwater discharge in a coastal coral reef system.Environmental science & technology, 48 22
W S Moore (1996)
612Nature, 380
W S Moore (1972)
421Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 16
W S Moore (1984)
407Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 223
T L Ku, Y H Li, G G Mathieu (1970)
Radium in the Indian-Antarctic Ocean south of AustraliaJournal of Geophysical Research, 75
A Kaufman, R M Trier, W S Broecker (1973)
Distribution of 228Ra in the world oceanJournal of Geophysical Research, 78
G Wang (2018)
269Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 207
Guizhi Wang, Zhangyong Wang, W. Zhai, W. Moore, Qing Li, Xiuli Yan, Di Qi, Yuwu Jiang (2014)
Net subterranean estuarine export fluxes of dissolved inorganic C, N, P, Si, and total alkalinity into the Jiulong River estuary, ChinaGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 149
Guizhi Wang, A. Han, Liwen Chen, Ehui Tan, Hui Lin (2018)
Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients via submarine groundwater discharge into subtropical Sansha Bay, ChinaEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
In the open ocean, radium isotopes are useful tracers of residence time and water-mass mixing. However, limited by the measurement resolution of commonly used gamma counters, the low activity of radium in the open ocean makes it necessary to enrich radium from large volumes of seawater and pretreat radium-enriched carriers prior to measurements. The commonly applied method of radium enrichment and pretreatment, however, has limitations of uneven coating of MnO2 on cartridges, relatively expensive cartridges, time-consuming issues during cartridge-ashing, ash loss during transfer, and changes of gamma counters efficiency caused by different ash weights. To address these issues, in this study we optimized the enrichment and pretreatment of low-activity radium prior to measurements. Firstly, we replaced commonly used acrylic cartridges with cheaper polypropylene cartridges, which took 6 h to be ashed, 42 h shorter than for acrylic cartridges. Secondly, MnO2-coated cartridges were prepared with a circulating hot acidic KMnO4 solution to ensure homogeneous coating. The radium extraction efficiency of this MnO2-coated cartridge was 20%–61% higher than that prepared by directly immersing cartridges in the solution. The radium delayed coincidence counter efficiency for MnO2-coated cartridge was stable with a moisture content of 0.05–1. Lastly, after ashing cartridges, instead of directly transferring the ash to a measurement vial, a mixture of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and hydrochloric acid was used to completely leach the ash for long-lived radium, followed by coprecipitation by BaSO4, to avoid potential loss of ash during transfer and variations in measurement geometry due to different ash weights. And the recovery of long-lived radium pretreatment was 94%–102%, which improved by 11% compared with the common method. In addition, the radium extraction efficiency of the MnO2-coated cartridge varied from 3% to 4% within the in situ pump working flow rate of 4–7 L/min, which fell within the measurement errors.
Acta Oceanologica Sinica – Springer Journals
Published: Aug 1, 2023
Keywords: radium isotopes; MnO2-coated cartridge; enrichment of Ra; pretreatment of MnO2-coated cartridges; RaDeCC efficiency; extraction efficiency
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