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Research on the history, ecology, and design of folk houses:A review of the literature on seaweed houses in China

Research on the history, ecology, and design of folk houses:A review of the literature on seaweed... JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2213293 Research on the history, ecology, and design of folk houses:A review of the literature on seaweed houses in China a,b a,b,c b Yi Liu , Weijun Gao and Xingtian Wang a b School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China; Innovation institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 19 June 2022 Ecological folk houses which are formed under the influence of the local climate, topographic Accepted 8 May 2023 features, and regional resources, are generally environmentally friendly and energy-saving with low-carbon emissions. They conform to local habits and behavior patterns. The study of KEYWORDS ecological folk houses provides a valuable reference for the sustainable development of Seaweed house; sustainable; houses. One of the world’s most representative ecological folk houses, the “seaweed house”, energy-saving; folk house; was selected as the object of this study. A comprehensive review of research on seaweed ecology houses was carried out in the Jiaodong Peninsula in China regarding their origins, historical development, structure, ecological strategies, and the conservation situation based on a bibliographic survey of more than 100 references over the last thirty years. The findings suggest that: (1) seaweed houses have a very high research value for sustainable development, which is mainly reflected in the ecology, culture, and region; (2) ecological strategies such as the material characteristics of seaweed and granite, roof slope, volume factor, and layout of the seaweed house courtyard are key influencing factors for the warmth of seaweed houses in winter and their coolness in summer; (3) the reduction in seaweed materials, unsustainable roof thatching skills, and the preference of young people for modern houses are the three main reasons for the rapid decline in seaweed houses; and (4) cultural excavation, economic devel- opment, and ecological optimization are key to the sustainable development of seaweed houses. Thus, this paper proposes possible future research and application directions. valuable architectural and cultural heritage after 1. Introduction a hundred years (Widera 2014). The seaweed Using a grass roof covering is a common method house is the characteristic folk house of the for ecological folk houses globally. A “grass house” Jiaodong Peninsula in China and is one of the is not only highly regional but is also low-carbon most representative ecological dwelling houses in and energy-saving and embodies the wisdom of the world, with a history of more than 1,000 years. early human beings to comply with nature and Seaweed houses in China, which are warm in winter the environment. The utilization of grass materials and cool in summer, are durable and flammable, in the rooves of vernacular architecture is directly ecological and livable, low-carbon and environmen- related to the local natural conditions, climate, and tally friendly (Zhang and Wang 2011b), not only other regional factors. In some coastal areas, one have high scientific research value because of their type of special folk house is known as the “seaweed excellent ecological characteristics but also have house” (Figure 1), which uses a seaweed roof cover- strong regional characteristics because they consist ing and has attracted much attention due to its of a large amount of original ecological local excellent ecological characteristics. Historically, genetic material and embody the traditional fishing Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, civilization and wisdom of the area’s ancestors Japan, China, and other countries have constructed (Chen 2017). Many scholars have studied seaweed “seaweed houses”, among which Denmark and houses’ materials, layout, and ecological character- China have the typical ones (Yang and Qian 2019). istics. This paper reviews the factors, historical evo- In 2007, the National Geographic magazine pub- lution, and ecological characteristics of seaweed lished photos of seaweed houses on the Danish houses and then displays the status of their con- Island of Læsø, which attracted public attention. servation and renewal. This paper aims to compre- Local people used driftwood and seaweed from hensively summarize the research status of seaweed the sea to build their homes, which became houses in China, provide guidance for eco-friendly CONTACT Weijun Gao gaoweijun@me.com School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Korea and Architectural Society of China. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. 2 Y. LIU ET AL. Figure 1. (a) Seaweed houses in Japan. (b) Seaweed houses in Læsø Island, Denmark. (c) Seaweed houses in the Jiaodong Peninsula in China. (d) Seaweed houses in a village in China. building design, and provide a comprehensive refer- a genius initiative of local residents and a typical eco- ence for future research on the sustainable devel- logical residential house that adapts to the local cli- opment of seaweed houses. mate and conditions. According to the research of scholars, the distribu- tion of seaweed houses is historically mainly in the Jiaodong Peninsula and they are also distributed in 2. The research object and methods the Lushun District of Dalian and the coastal area of 2.1. Introduction of research object the Changshan Islands in the south of the Liaodong Peninsula (Yang 2010). However, the remaining sea- Jiaodong Peninsula is located east of the Jiaolai River in weed houses are concentrated in Rongcheng, Weihai, Shandong Province, China (37.23° N, 122.59° E). It is and are only scattered in other areas (Figure 2) (Wang surrounded by the sea on three sides, with strong 2016). At present, the seaweed houses in Rongcheng winds and frequent typhoons all year round. City are in the coastal zone, facing the sea behind the Jiaodong Peninsula belongs to the warm temperate mountain. The terrain is relatively flat and the location monsoon type humid climate zone, with four distinct is relatively isolated (Fan 2021). seasons, an annual average temperature of about 12°C, annual average sunshine of about 2600 h, and an annual average rainfall of about 800 mm. Jiaodong Peninsula has very superior mountain and sea 3. Methods resources, the seawater temperature of the seawater 3.1. Literature analysis is extremely suitable for the growth of seaweed, and the offshore area is rich in seaweed. To adapt to the A comprehensive search strategy identified relevant climate and shelter from the cold and wind, local studies on seaweed houses, using seaweed house residents built a type of building with a seaweed roof books, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the and granite walls, the seaweed house. The overall color Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database. of the seaweed house is light brown with gray and Except for photographic articles, literary articles and plain with a deep color. Seaweed houses not only some articles that were not relevant to the theme, embody the unique architectural culture of the a total of 101 research publications on seaweed houses Jiaodong Peninsula but also are warm in winter and were summarized and studied, including books, maga- cool in summer and do not rot for a century. It is zine articles, Proceedings, and master and doctoral Figure 2. The current distribution of seaweed houses in China. JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 3 2020 and the spring of 2022, field investigations were conducted in Dazhuangxujia Village and Yandunjiao Village in Lidao Town, Rongcheng City respectively. During the fieldwork, a large number of actual pictures of the appearance, material, layout and construction of seaweed houses were taken, and different types of seaweed houses were selected for mapping work, which provided realistic materials for the exposition part of the paper. 4. The history of seaweed houses 4.1. The development of seaweed houses As for the historical origin of the seaweed house, scho- lars generally agree with Wenfu Li, who believes that Figure 3. Number of published papers on seaweed house. the formation of the seaweed house can be traced back to the period of the early evolution of human theses. The 101 papers were marked and classified habitation from aerial nesting to ground-dwelling and according to the main content of the study. Figures 3– from underground cave-dwelling to ground-dwelling 4 presented the number and content of published (Wenfu 2004). It is also believed that the semi-cave papers. Table 1 lists and main research contents in detail rounded rectangular house from the Beizhuang site according to the publication year of 101 papers. The in the Changdao area, which is restored in the Yantai number of papers on research on seaweed houses has museum, is the prototype of an early seaweed house increased significantly in recent years, indicating that (Liu 2017). However, Xiaojie Wang has questioned this people are paying more and more attention to this and believes that the seaweed that was used for the research. These papers affirm the unique value of sea- construction of seaweed houses needs to be treated weed houses. In addition, the number of published and the process of building a seaweed roof is complex papers on the material properties of seaweed houses (Wang 2021). Therefore, it would be impossible to had is the largest, which shows that scholars recognize the a seaweed house in prehistoric society, and the house ecological value of seaweed house. Also, the least num- that the Yantai Museum restored should be covered ber of papers were on thermal performance tests of with thatch. Thus, perhaps the existing materials can- not directly point to the specific time of the origin of seaweed houses and there is still a lack of systematic seaweed houses. However, it can be determined that and quantitative research on the thermal environment there has been historically a tradition of building with and building energy consumption of seaweed houses. grass roofs in the Jiaodong Peninsula. According to the data of the Yantai Museum, during China’s Warring States period, the population of the 3.2. Fieldwork Jiaodong Peninsula gradually increased. The fisheries The purpose of the fieldwork is mainly to verify the and salt production became large scale, so many peo- content of the literature Analysis. In the autumn of ple settled in Jiaodong, which increased the number of Figure 4. Research content of published papers on seaweed house. 4 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Publications that were included in the literature review. Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Jiaodong Traditonal Fisherman Rousing (Zhang and Zhou Journal 1996 The unique architectural characteristics of the seaweed 1996) Paper houses were discussed in terms of the use of local building materials, construction methods and layout. The Findings of Primary Ecological Architecture—— Seaweed Journal 2002 The research on Seaweed House was presented in terms of House in Jiaodong (Chen 2002) Paper historical development, layout, construction, material use, decoration, ecological characteristics and current status. Study on the history and culture of seaweed houses in Weihai Monograph 2004 A comprehensive discussion on the historical status, folk houses (Wenfu 2004) architectural features, and folk culture of seaweed houses The Sea Culture Characteristics of the Traditional Dwelling Journal 2005 The expression of “sea culture” in the architectural decoration House of Eastern Shandong (Zheng and Henan 2005) Paper form and culture of seaweed houses was analyzed from three aspects: the theme, material and color used in the architectural decoration. Housing with seaweed roof – vernacular dwellings in Journal 2006 The architectural characteristics, structure, and layout of the Rongcheng, Shandong Province (Yulin 2006) Paper seaweed house were introduced, and the possibility of the seaweed house being borrowed from modern architecture was also explained. Zosteric acid -an effective antifoulant for reducing freshwater Journal 2006 Zosteric acid, a natural product found in seaweeds, was also bacterial attachment on coatings (Newby et al. 2006) Paper effective in reducing the early stages of biofouling, such as bacterial attachment that leads to biofilms. Seaweed house – fairy tale world by the sea (Zhou and Liu Journal 2007 The historical development, architectural shape, and culture 2007) Paper of construction techniques of seaweed houses were introduced, and all parties in society were called upon to work together to protect seaweed houses. Visiting Chinese rare folk house – seaweed house (Liu 2007) Monograph 2007 A detailed record of the architectural style and building customs of the seaweed houses, a comprehensive review of the traditional marine culture of Jiaodong, and an analysis of the historical causes of the seaweed houses. The destruction of the ecological environment has affected Newspaper 2007 The point that seaweed was on the verge of extinction due to the loss of folk crafts (Wenfu 2007) article ecological pollution and unplanned and uncontrolled offshore farming was discussed, which indirectly leads to the decrease of seaweed houses. The characteristic folk house in Jiaodong, China——Seaweed Journal 2008 The historical development, folk culture, architectural features House (Yang and Zhu 2008) Paper and conservation status of the Seaweed House are discussed, along with an appeal to strengthen the protection of the Seaweed House. Study on Weihai Seaweed House Residence (Tianyi 2008) Dissertation 2008 The affected factors in the production of the Seaweed House were introduced in detail, and the construction of an ecological museum for the conservation and utilization of the Seaweed House was proposed. Field Investigation of Rongcheng Seaweed House and Dissertation 2008 The beauty of the art form of the seaweed house was Research on Its Formal Beauty (Xiaolin 2008) discussed in terms of its overall shape, architectural color, village layout, street layout, and construction techniques, and the architectural culture contained in the seaweed houses was also analyzed. The bun of the sea – the memory of seaweed house in Monograph 2009 The architectural forms, restoration techniques and local folk Jiaodong (Cong 2009) culture of seaweed houses were vividly described Exploiting traditional Jiaodong seaweed houses as tourism Journal 2009 The idea of developing traditional Seaweed House as resources (Runhua, Cao, and Huo 2009) Paper a tourism resource was proposed, and the possibility of developing family hotels, tourist resorts, and eco-dwelling Seaweed House Museum was discussed. Study on the construction of seaweed house in Jiaodong Dissertation 2010 The evolutionary process, geocultural factors of formation Peninsula (Yang 2010) and development of seaweed houses were discussed in detail, and the plan layout, structure, and construction techniques of seaweed houses were analyzed from examples. A unity of Ecology and Modality, A Construction Study of Journal 2011 The idea of creating seaweed houses based on local Space Pattern about seaweed house (Zhang and Wang Paper conditions, local materials and regional cultural 2011a) characteristics were discussed from the unity of ecology and modality. Selection and application of regional residential materials: Journal 2011 The idea that seaweed was chosen as the building material for Taking seaweed house as an example (Yang 2011) Paper the seaweed house was discussed due to the geographical isolation, abundant seaweed resources, limited production of local tiles and the developed local salt industry. Charming folk house – Weihai Seaweed House (Jiang 2011) Journal 2011 The selection of materials, morphological characteristics, Paper construction techniques and the current status of seaweed houses were introduced. Survey Report of Landscape Form of seaweed house In Dissertation 2011 The historical origin, current characteristics and evolution Shandong (Wang 2011b) process of seaweed houses were explored. At the same time, the current situation of the seaweed houses in terms of spatial landscape form and living landscape form was investigated. Idea on Low-tech Ecological Evolution of Seaweed House in Journal 2011 Strategies to improve the design of the Seaweed House were Jiaodong Peninsula (Zhang and Chen 2011) Paper proposed, mainly including adding fixed frames in each layer of seaweed on the roof; make new insulation materials for the walls; and adding a sunroom between the interior and exterior. (Continued) JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 5 Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Research and investigation climate adaptability of traditional Journal 2011 The idea that the adaptation of seaweed houses to regional folk house in Jiaodong (Wang and Tan 2011) Paper climate was mainly reflected in the site selection, layout, material selection and courtyard form was proposed. Thoughts and explorations on Jiaodong peninsula’s Journal 2011 The architectural culture, environment and plan type of dwellings – Seaweed house (Wang 2011a) Paper Seaweed House were introduced, while the idea that the preservation and development of Seaweed House needs to preserve the regional architectural culture and avoid consumerism was presented. The study of the folk architecture in Rongcheng City of Dissertation 2012 The development overview, architectural characteristics and Shandong Province – The discussion of seaweed house cultural connotation of seaweed houses were discussed, (Xiang 2012) while the conservation strategies of the Seaweed House were proposed from both the material and immaterial forms. Study and protection of seaweed houses in Jiaodong Journal 2012 The history, layout, structure, material selection, construction Peninsula (Zhou and Song 2012) Paper techniques, ecological characteristics and conservation status of seaweed houses were introduced. Analysis of Diversity and Cultural Characteristics of Traditional Journal 2012 Site selection, architectural features and material selection of Houses in Shandong (Chen and Ying 2012) Paper seagrass houses were introduced. Discussion on The Protection Planning Model of Characteristic Journal 2012 The architectural characteristics, ecological characteristics, Folk Houses with Seaweed Houses – Take Chudao Village in Paper and development status of seaweed houses were Weihai, Shandong Province as An Example (Chu, Xiong, discussed, while the idea of protecting the ecological and Peng 2012) environment of seaweed houses and developing a moderate tourism economy by using a stratified method of delineating the scope of protection was proposed. Properties analysis of seaweed as a traditional building Journal 2012 The properties of seaweed materials and plant structures material (Yang 2012) Paper were studied in physical experiments, and the techniques for thatching seaweed roofs were explained in detail. Research on the Natural Ecological Mode of Residential Journal 2012 The village planning, architectural construction and ecological Buildings in Jiaodong (Quantao and Han 2012) Paper characteristics of materials of seaweed houses were studied by means of field research. The Study of the Ecology for the Seaweed House in the Journal 2012 The ecological characteristics of seaweed houses were Coastal Areas of the Jiaodong Peninsula (Yan and Aimin Paper discussed and the idea of applying seaweed materials into 2012) seaweed panels in architecture was proposed. Study on the Ecological Strategies for the Seaweed Houses of Dissertation 2012 The ecological strategies of seaweed houses was summarized, Eastern Jiaodong (Yan 2012) while experimental measurements and computer simulations were used to conclude that the insulation performance of seaweed houses was better than that of tile houses. Comparison of Coastal Green Dwellings’ Ecological Strategy Journal 2013 A comparison of seaweed houses in Shandong and Take Seaweed House and Oystershell Loculus for Example Paper oystershell houses in Fujian in terms of cultural origin, (Yu Wang and Tong 2013) building materials and ecological characteristics. Study on the Ecological Characteristics of the Seaweed House Journal 2013 The ecological strategies of seaweed houses was summarized in Jiaodong Peninsula (Kuang and Yu 2013) Paper mainly in the village selection, material ecological characteristics, courtyard layout and compact interior spaces. The Seaweed Cottages in Rongcheng (Jiang 2013) Journal 2013 The history, material characteristics, and architectural culture Paper of seaweed houses were introduced. Explore Modern Design of the Original Ecological Journal 2013 The concept of localization and adaptation to local conditions Architecture: Take the Jiaodong Seaweed Cottage for Paper of seaweed houses were discussed, while the idea of example (Zhou and Cheng 2013) combining the original concept of seaweed houses into modern architectural design was proposed by means of case study. Seaweed House Of Love (Jingwen 2013) Journal 2013 The historical development, construction materials, and Paper architectural skills of seaweed houses were introduced. Possible Application of Seaweed as Building Material in the Conference 2014 Possible applications of seaweed as a building material were Modern Seaweed House on Læsø (Widera 2014) Paper presented, while a life cycle assessment of seaweed houses on a Danish island demonstrates that they have a negative carbon footprint and low environmental impact. Seaweed House, Magical Residence In Jiaodong Peninsula (Liu Journal 2014 The history and current status of seaweed houses, material 2014) Paper characteristics, roofing skills, construction customs and unique architectural styles were discussed in detail. Research on construction technology of seaweed house in Dissertation 2014 The architectural skills of the seaweed house such as the idea Dong Chu Dao (Huang 2014) of created the architectural space, wall craftsmanship, woodworking techniques, and thatching skills were discussed in detail. Origins Research on Thatch Technology of Seaweed Roof Journal 2014 The “thatching craft“ of seaweed houses and its’ historical Houses in Dongzhe Island Village (Huang 2014) Paper origins was discussed in detail. Discussion on the Strategy of Jiaodong Seaweed Houses Journal 2014 Ideas for the conservation and development of seaweed Heritage Protection (Chen and Mu 2014) Paper houses were proposed: continued the architectural form; expanded the use function; improved the quality of spatial environment and regenerated seaweed materials. (Continued) 6 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Protection and Utilization of Rural Landscape in Tourism Journal 2014 The advantages of natural and cultural landscape resources Development of Jiaodong Fishing Village (Xu et al. 2014) Paper for the tourism development of the seaweed house villages were discussed, while the view that the priority of landscape protection must be adhered to in tourism development was put forward. Architectural Properties and Applications on Seaweed Dissertation 2015 The historical development, architectural characteristics and Dwellings of Orient Shandong Province (Shao 2015a) cultural connotation of the seaweed house were discussed, and the idea of combining the architectural features of the seaweed house for modern architectural design was proposed. A new discovery of ecological architecture—— Jiaodong Journal 2015 The research on seaweed houses was presented in terms of seaweed houses (Shao 2015b) Paper historical development, architectural layout, construction, materials, decoration, ecological characteristics and current situation. Analysis of Low-carbon Thought in Localization Design of Journal 2015 The ecological low-carbon strategy of seaweed house was Traditional Settlement Architecture:Taking Dongzhe island Paper analyzed by taking the seaweed house in Village as an Example (Zhang 2015) DongchudaoVillage as an example, which mainly included local materials, localization and reasonable village layout and courtyard layout. Traditional Jiaodong folk house seaweed house under the Journal 2015 The Qi cultural ideas contained in the architectural culture of influence of Qi culture (Wang and Chang 2015) Paper seaweed houses were discussed, mainly in terms of site selection, construction methods and folklore in accordance with nature. Research on the ecological strategy of traditional settlement Journal 2015 The ecological strategies of the street space of the seaweed streets and lanes based on microclimate environment—— Paper village were mainly reflected in the reasonable building Taking Jiaodong seaweed house settlement streets and orientation, street height and width ratio and street lanes as an example (Liu and Chenchen 2015) alignment through field study and computer simulation analysis. Study on Microclimate of Seaweed Houses in Jiaodong——A Dissertation 2015 The evaluation results of the overall comfort of the case of Dongchudao Village (Liu 2015) microclimate of the seaweed house village of Dongchudao were obtained. The ideas of energy-saving renovation of seaweed houses were proposed in terms of both envelope structure renovation and functional layout optimization. Inheritance and Protection of Seaweed Houses in the Weihai Journal 2015 The ideas of seaweed house conservation were proposed, Area——Taking Rongcheng City as an Example (Liu and Paper included inheriting folk culture, enhancing villagers’ Chen 2015) awareness of conservation, increasing publicity and increasing the practical functions of seaweed houses. Research on the Regional Construction Mechanism and Dissertation 2016 The whole process of building a seaweed house was analyzed Method of the Traditional Seaweed Houses (Wang 2016) dynamically and continuously by used the method of architectural illustration, and the regional mechanism and method of seaweed house was studied in detail. The research on the characteristics of local-style dwelling Journal 2016 The historical development and architectural characteristics of houses in coastal areas of Jiaodong (Jin and Wang 2016) Paper seaweed houses were discussed, while development strategies were proposed, included the regeneration of seaweed materials, the addition of practical functions and the reuse of alterations. Research on the regional construction mechanism and design Dissertation 2016 A idea of building a new type of seaweed houses was method of the new type of seaweed house (Zehuan 2016) proposed from three aspects, the modernization of seaweed materials; the modern interpretation of traditional construction and the use of modern structural systems. The construction of eco-village——Taking Weihai seaweed Conference 2016 The idea of preserving and developing seaweed house house as an example (Jianfeng and Liu 2016) Paper villages by learning from the experience of ecological villages was proposed Residents In The Context Of Marine Culture: The Seaweed Journal 2016 The differences between Seaweed House and Li People’s Boat House Li People’s Boat House (Liu 2016) Paper House were compared in terms of historical genesis, formal representation, spatial form and construction techniques Survey and case analysis of Jiaodong seaweed house Journal 2016 Fieldwork was conducted on the cases of Dongchudao construction techniques (Liu and Yang 2016) Paper Village, Weiwei Village and ShilingziVillage, and summarized the type characteristics, materials, construction techniques and skills of seaweed houses. Research on Ecological Design of Jiaodong Local-style Journal 2016 The architectural ecological characteristics and cultural Dwelling Houses Building Space (Wang 2016) Paper connotation of seaweed houses were summarized, and the ecological design strategy of modern folk houseinJiaodongwas proposed. Research on Excavation And Protection of Seaweed House Dissertation 2016 The historical development, architectural features and Construction Technique In East Shandong Province (Liu construction skills of seaweed houses were introduced in 2017) detail, and ideas for the application of seaweed house construction skills in modern architecture were proposed. Influence of regional environment on local architecture—— Journal 2017 The influence of the regional environment on the seaweed Take the seaweed house in Jiaodong Peninsula as an Paper house was explored from both the natural environment example (Yao 2017) and the socio-cultural environment. A study on the relationship between the city of Weihai coastal Conference 2017 It was proposed that the influence of military defense defense station in the Ming Dynasty and the military Paper ideology on the village of seaweed houses was reflected in defense of seaweed house villages under its influence (Mei the site selection, planning layout, architectural form and and Wang 2017) architectural decoration of the village. (Continued) JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 7 Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Research on the protection and development of traditional Conference 2017 The value assessment of 63 seaweed house villages in villages under the background of new rural construction Paper Rongcheng was conducted, and suggestions for the ——Taking the traditional villages of seaweed houses in protection and development of seaweed house villages Rongcheng City as an example (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo were made: symbiosis between old and new, improved 2017b) functionality and property rights under one roof. On the “dilemma” of traditional Chinese residential buildings Journal 2017 Taken the key craft of straw mat roof in the seaweed cottage and the construction of building craft inheritance: a case Paper construction process as a subject, and analyzed the study of straw mat roof of seaweed cottages in Jiaodong, dilemma of traditional residential buildings and the Shandong (Gao, Wang, and Yongjian 2017) building crafts. Research on the Sustainable Development of Traditional Conference 2017 Sustainable development strategies for seaweed houses were Houses in Jiaodong (Hongyan and Dai 2017) Paper proposed, which include integrating with modern architecture, grafting with the tourism industry and bridging with modern art. Protection and renovation for Folk Houses with of Seaweed Journal 2017 The ecological characteristics of Seaweed House were Feature (Zhang and Wang 2017) Paper discussed, and the selection of suitable repair strategies and the development of special tourism were proposed as ideas for the conservation of Seaweed House. Discussions on the protection and utilization of traditional Conference 2017 A fieldwork was conducted on 63 seaweed house villages, and villages with seaweed houses (Gao et al. 2017) Paper it was proposed to protect and utilize the seaweed house villages through a reasonable classification and planning approach. Study on vitality of the sea straw house traditional villages Journal 2017 The evaluation system of the factors influencing the vitality of based on Delphi method: A case study of the sea straw Paper the traditional village of seaweed houses was constructed house traditional villages in Lidao Town (Wang et al. 2017) by using the Delphi method. Inheritance and Renovate of Traditional Village Landscape Journal 2017 At the theoretical level, a model of “Tourist destination + Style Based on Sustainability Design:Taking Yandunjiao Paper Ecology + APP + Maker“ was refined as a scalable model for Village as an Example (Zhang 2017) traditional village landscape protection and planning. Research on the Interactive Model of Traditional Village Conference 2017 Combining sociology, planning and tourism disciplines, an Protection and Tourism Development——Taking Paper interactive model of seaweed house village conservation Yandunjiao, a Traditional Seaweed House Village in and tourism development was constructed. Rongcheng City as an Example (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo 2017a) Analysis on Protection and Renewal Strategies of Seaweed Conference 2017 The planning layout, architectural features, construction Houses in Laizhou, Yantai (Zhang and Gao 2017) Paper practices and development status of seaweed houses in Laizhou, YantaiCitywere discussed. Analysis of the inheritance and development of local Journal 2017 The ideas of inheritance and development of seaweed houses characteristic residential houses——Taking the renovation Paper were discussed in terms of courtyard renovation, styling of seaweed houses in Rongcheng as an example (Shao design, material use, improvement of construction skills 2017) and increase of usage functions. The Research on the Construction Idea And Protection Dissertation 2017 The history, architectural features and construction concepts Strategy of The Jiaodong Peninsula Seaweed House (Zhao of seaweed house were discussed, while the conservation 2017) strategies were proposed from various aspects such as environment, landscape and human elements. Fisherman’s fairy tale in seaweed house (Chen 2017) Journal 2017 The history, artistic shape, material characteristics, Paper construction skills, Plan layout and folk culture of seaweed houses were discussed. Review on the origin and development of seaweed house in Journal 2018 The progress of research on the history, ecological Jiaodong (Jun et al. 2018) Paper characteristics, architectural features and conservation of seaweed houses was summarized. Research on the Reform and Utilization of Rongcheng Dissertation 2018 The ecological characteristics and ecological thoughts of Seaweed House Based on Ecological Design Concept (Hao seaweed houses were discussed, and the application ideas 2018a) of the ecological design concept of seaweed houses were also discussed based on cases. Discussion on the wisdom of the local design with sharing the Journal 2018 The idea of the unique effect of the construction method of gables – A case study of the historical village “Dongchu Paper seaweed house sharing the gables in constructing the Island” (Wang and Wang 2018) seaweed house settlement was proposed. Analysis of the Spatial Structure of Sea Grass Traditional Dissertation 2018 The distribution profile, environment and spatial composition Village in Rongcheng (Rong 2018) analysis of the seaweed house villages were discussed, and strategies for the renewal of the spatial structure of the seaweed house villages were also proposed. Forms and typical representatives of folk houses in Shandong Journal 2018 The layout and characteristics of the seaweed house were (Zhang and Liu 2018) Paper introduced. A Study on the Aesthetic Features of Seaweed Houses in the Journal 2018 From the aesthetic features point of view, the beauty of form, Coastal Areas of Jiaodong (Liu 2018) Paper space, nature and technique embodied in the seaweed house was analyzed. Diagrams and Records of the Traditional Seaweed House Journal 2018 A comprehensive study of the construction technology, Construction Technology (Wang and Lei 2018) Paper construction process and material processing method of seaweed houses using the method of diagrams and records. Research on the Seaweed Houses of Ancient Buildings in Journal 2018 The development status, reasons for decline and conservation Weihai (Chen 2018) Paper significance of seaweed houses were discussed. (Continued) 8 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Experimental analysis and utilization of seaweed materials Journal 2019 Seaweed material has flame retardant components, active (Yang and Qian 2019) Paper antibacterial components, rich in gum, and also has good thermal insulation properties. Energy-saving Design of Coastal Residential Areas on the Dissertation 2019 Geographical and climatic characteristics of the Jiaodong North Coast of Jiaodong Peninsula Based on Climate Peninsula were analyzed. Adaptability (Lin 2019) Study on the Skills of “Shanjiang” in Jiaodong Seaweed Dissertation 2019 The historical origins, construction process, and current status Cottage (Liu 2019) of the seaweed house “Shanjiang“ skill were discussed in detail. Protection and utilization strategy of traditional villages in Journal 2019 Based on the comprehensive assessment of the utilization seaweed houses in Jiaodong coastal area (Jinjian, Gao, and Paper value of 63 seaweed house villages, the idea of the Xiaotian 2019) seaweed house village conservation mode was proposed. Study on the Protection and Development of Landscape Conference 2019 At the theoretical level, the “ECAD” landscape development Scenery of Traditional Coastal Villages in Jiaodong—— Pape model of “ecology + culture + art + design“ was refined as Taking Yandunjiao Village, Lidao Town, Rongcheng City as a model for the protection and development of the an example (Geng 2019) landscape appearance of seaweed house villages. Use Local Natural Materials, Adapt to Geographical Dissertation 2020 The origin of the concept of building seaweed houses Environment: Traditional Folk houses Building Research according to local conditions was discussed in terms of ——Take Jiaodong Hill Folk Houses and Chongqing geographical environment and material selection. Mountain Folk houses For Example (Tan 2020) Research on spatial renewal strategy of coastal traditional Dissertation 2020 Through the case study, the specific problems and renewal villages in Jiaodong Peninsula (Chen 2020) design strategies of the traditional village of seaweed houses in the process of renewal and transformation are presented. Study on the Planning and Design of the Protection and Journal 2020 Seaweed house village renewal design and conservation Renewal of Jiaodong Haicaofang Village (Xu 2020) Paper strategies were proposed, including restoration of the old and integration of modern living habits. Research on the Protection and Development of Traditional Journal 2020 Taking Xiaoxi Village in Rongcheng, Shandong Province as an Villages from the Perspective of Folk Culture——A Case of Paper example, a strategy to protect and develop the seaweed Seaweed Cottage in Rongcheng, Shandong (Yang 2020) house villages by combining different folk cultures with residential houses, tourism and festivals respectively was proposed. Research on The Protection and Innovation of The Dissertation 2020 The history, culture and construction techniques of seaweed Construction Technique of Yandunjiao Sea straw House in houses were discussed in detail, and strategies for the Jiaodong area (Zhang 2020) preservation and innovation of seaweed house construction techniques were proposed in terms of spatial planning and construction materials. Aesthetics Creation of Seagrass Dwellings in the Jiaodong Journal 2020 The structure and ancient craftsmanship of seaweed houses Peninsula (Zhen 2020) Paper were analyzed, including the construction of the overall environment, the construction of a single building, and the technology and craft of “Shan Seaweed”. Research on Digital Protection and Inheritance of the Dissertation 2020 The idea of using database construction and digital museum Traditional Architectural Techniques of Seaweed House in to preserve the traditional architectural techniques of Jiaodong (Wang 2020) seaweed houses was proposed. Construction Technology of Seaweed House in Dongchudao Journal 2020 The specific process of building a seaweed house was Village, Weihai (Chen and Mengchao 2020) Paper analyzed in detail. Ecological Characteristics, Protection and Renewal of Journal 2020 The article reviews the research progress of the protection Seaweed Houses as Special Residences in Jiaodong Paper and renewal of seaweed houses, and the protection of Peninsula (Tong et al. 2020) seaweed house villages, and proposes the strategy of protecting and renewing the sea cottage villages and houses. Some Reflection on the Construction of Seaweed House Journal 2020 The idea of building an ecological museum of traditional Traditional Village Ecomuseum in Weihai (Lv 2020) Paper seaweed houses to preserve and develop seaweed houses was proposed. Era exploring value of sea straw house in Rongcheng, Journal 2021 The ecological value, aesthetic value, cultural value and living Shandong (Sui and Xiao 2022) Paper value of seaweed houses were discussed. Study on the protection and tourism development model of Journal 2021 The necessity of seaweed houses village conservation and seaweed house village in Jiaodong area (Pan 2021) Paper tourism development was elaborated, and the idea of developing rural eco-cultural tourism model by giving full play to the cultural characteristics of seaweed houses was proposed. Historical research on Jiaodong sea thatched houses and their Journal 2021 On the basis of reflecting on the previous “Neolithic theory” of construction techniques (Wang 2021) Paper the origin of seaweed houses, the view that the seaweed houses can be proved since the beginning of the Yuan and Ming dynasties was proposed. Research on the Influencing Factors of Villagers’ Living Journal 2021 Using programmed rooting theory, a model of influencing Demand in Seaweed Cottage Based on Grounded Theory Paper factors of seaweed house residents’ needs was constructed —— A Case of Rongcheng (Wang et al. 2021) to provide a reference for the construction and maintenance of seaweed houses in the Jiaodong. Research on regenerative design of Jiaodong dwellings-East Journal 2021 The regeneration design strategies of the seaweed house Cubroussonica Island Folk Museum as an example (Liu and Paper were proposed through the analysis of its architectural Fang 2021) form, spatial structure and materials, combined with the design of dongchudao Village Folk Museum. (Continued) JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 9 Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Under the background of the rural tourism development, the Dissertation 2021 The current situation and the challenges faced by the tourism protection and development of seaweed house traditional development of Seaweed House Villages were discussed, villages in Rongcheng City (Fan 2021) while village development strategies such as establishing the right concept, setting up a protection mechanism and finding the right development position were proposed. Study on the renewal strategy of seaweed houses in Jiaodong Dissertation 2021 The renewal strategies of seaweed house were proposed in (Yang 2021) terms of material, technical, economic, living, cultural and historical aspects. Study on Regional Characteristics and Protection and Renewal Journal 2022 The preservation strategies of restoring the old, preserving Strategies of Seaweed House in Jiaodong (Liu and Chang Paper and passing on intangible cultural heritage, and 2022) moderately developing the tourism economy of seaweed houses were proposed. seaweed houses. Gradually, villages appeared and the many natural villages (Jin and Wang 2016). Yulin Li construction technology improved (Wang 2011b). and others believe that seaweed houses will silently During the Qin and Han dynasties, ancient Chinese disappear if reasonable protection and continuation architecture also significantly expanded. The construc- measures are not taken (Yulin 2006). tion technology of seaweed houses became increas- Among the 101 articles studied in this paper, ingly mature, and the pattern and appearance were about 16 articles discussed the reasons for the loss shaped (Zhang and Chen 2011). Therefore, the period of the seaweed houses. Among them, mainly based after the Qin and Han dynasties and before the Song on the discussion of Wenfu Li et al., include the and Jin dynasties can be determined to be the forma- following three points: (1) offshore aquaculture has tion period of seaweed houses. destroyed the growth environment of wild seaweed, Seaweed houses flourished in the Yuan, Ming, and and coupled with seawater pollution, wild seaweed Qing dynasties (Longjuan 2020). The historical materials is becoming scarcer, which leads to the price of sea- from Rongcheng City, it was stated that during the yuan weed soaring; thus, a seaweed house has become and Song Dynasties, many military strongholds were a “luxury house” (Chen 2018); (2) as the thatchers built as coastal defenses in the Jiaodong Peninsula, have no successors, the roof thatching skills for sea- which brought many soldier farmers. Soldier farmers weed houses are being lost (Wenfu 2007); and (3) stationed in the Jiaodong Peninsula increased the num- due to modern buildings having more complete ber of residents in the seaweed house villages and some functions than seaweed houses, young people are of them settled there; thus, the seaweed houses devel- seldom willing to live in the old seaweed houses oped and prospered (Zhou and Song 2012). Most of the (Yang 2020). Consequently, many seaweed houses existing seaweed houses were preserved or inherited have collapsed, leaked, or disappeared because of from this period. For example, in the southern part of being uninhabited for a long time (Zhou and the present Ningjinso village, many seaweed houses Cheng 2013). were inhabited by soldier farmers in the Ming Dynasty (Yang and Zhu 2008). 4.3. Material variation of seaweed houses When building a seaweed house, the basic con- struction materials are seaweed, wood, and large 4.2. The current situation for seaweed houses granite stone. The seaweed material (Figure 5) is Since entering the modern era, the construction form generally Zostera marina L. and Zostera noltii of folk houses in the Jiaodong Peninsula has chan- Hornem., which grow in the offshore area about 5– ged with the rapid development of the social econ- omy. Many modern buildings have replaced many seaweed houses (Jingwen 2013). For example, in the Rongcheng area in Shandong Province, which has the largest number of seaweed houses, a census of seaweed houses was conducted in Rongcheng City in 2006, and there were still 95,000 seaweed houses (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo 2017b). However, according to the findings of scholars such as Jiandong Gao (Gao et al. 2017) and Xingbiao Chu (Chu, Xiong, and Peng 2012), now the total number is less than 10,000. Moreover, they are scattered in Figure 5. Dried piles of seaweed material. 10 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 2. Construction materials of seaweed houses. Period Construction materials of seaweed houses Early Qing Dynasty Seaweed, granite, pinewood, yellow mud, shellfish grass, and sorghum straw. Late Qing Dynasty Compared to the previous period, green brick, white mud, wine bar fences (local vines), and paper were added. The Republic of China Era Cyan gray brick, pine, lime, cement, and glass were added to the previous period. The present Metal components, red bricks, reed foil, and wood were added to the previous period. 10 m from the coastline. Seaweed is used for the heavy rain and typhoons in summer. It is a cold roof, wood for the beams, doors, windows, wood area with high annual air humidity, a large amount carvings, and furniture, and granite stone is used for of precipitation, and frequent sea fog (Lin 2019). the walls and decoration. Then, auxiliary materials Thus, the local people had to confront the local are also needed such as yellow mud, mountain climate to survive better and consequently, the grass, and wheat straw (Zhang 2020). The construc- high ridges of the seaweed house facilitate drainage tion materials of seaweed houses are constantly and snow removal and the thick granite walls can updated and changing. Table 2 illustrates the resist the wind and rain (Jun et al. 2018). changes in the building materials of seaweed Furthermore, the insulation effect of the seaweed houses from the Qing Dynasty to modern times roof and the good thermal stability of the thick (Tianyi 2008). With development over time, the stone walls make seaweed houses warm in winter quality of seaweed house construction is constantly and cool in summer for comfortable living (Yu Wang improving, and residents’ desire to improve their and Tong 2013). In comparison, the mud houses and living standards is also developing. the wooden houses in the plain area could not with- stand the strength of the sea breeze (Jiang 2011). 5. The affected factors in the production of 5.3. Social and cultural factors seaweed houses Liu Zhigang and other scholars have conducted in- 5.1. Natural resource factors depth research on the cultural connotation of seaweed Abundant and easily obtained seaweed and granite houses, which can be summarized into four parts: (1) stone materials are convenient factor in producing of Traditional Chinese thought, (2) Religious Culture, (3) seaweed houses. They are also an important embodi- Folk Culture, and (4) Garrison Culture. ment of seaweed houses adapting to local conditions. In (1) Traditional Chinese thought the past, mature seaweeds were swept up the beach by Chinese traditional thought is mainly reflected in the waves and were easy to obtain along the coast the site selection, layout, and structure of seaweed (Cong 2009). The geology is mainly composed of gran- houses. The regular and symmetrical courtyard layout ite, with hills and mountains accounting for more than reflects the Traditional Chinese feudal ritual hierarchy 70% of the total area. The Jiaodong Peninsula is also an system and the traditional thought of balancing Yin important stone production area in China, and it can be and Yang (Xiang 2012). The mellow and thick seaweed obtained by direct digging and from local materials (Tan roof represents that “the heaven was spherical”, and 2020). Yang Jun et al. demonstrated the selection of the rectangular or square courtyard represents that seaweed house materials and believed that the main “the earth was square”, which is the embodiment of factors affecting their selection were manifested in three the Traditional Chinese thought that “the heaven was aspects. First, the geographical isolation of the Jiaodong spherical whereas the earth was square” (Kuang and Peninsula deepened the dependence on local materials Yu 2013). Additionally, the site selection principle of (Yang 2011). Second, the soil in the Jiaodong Peninsula seaweed houses being built between the mountains is gravelly, and the viscosity makes it difficult to make and the sea follows the Traditional Chinese thought of tiles, which leads to a limited output of local tiles (Chen Feng shui (Shao 2015a). 2020). Therefore, the local houses did not use tiles as (2) Religious Culture roofing materials. Third, the local salt industry is highly Historically, the Jiaodong area was known as developed, and the limited wood is used to make salt a comprehensive place of religious belief, especially (Yao 2017), which promoted granite to become the for Buddhism and Taoism. There is often a Buddhist main load-bearing wall material. Hall in the interior layout of seaweed houses, while the locals like to pray with incense and worship Buddha (Liu 2007). Taoist thoughts and folk customs in the 5.2. Climatic factors Jiaodong Peninsula are integrated. The seaweed The Jiaodong Peninsula has a temperate monsoon house, whether it is the overall village planning or climate, with cold wind and snow in winter and the indoor and outdoor layout of a single building, JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 11 garrison culture on the formation of seaweed houses. They believe that the nature of military households and their families profoundly impacted the layout of seaweed houses (Mei and Wang 2017) and made the house more elegant and orderly (Rong 2018). There was one seaweed house with brick walls and ground bricks for stitching and exquisite craftsmanship in Dongchudao village, although locals indicated that it was a public barn built by officials in the Ming Dynasty (Jiang 2013). Figure 6. The fish-shaped and wave-shaped carvings on the screen walls of a seaweed house. 6. The structural layout and building will reflect the Taoist thoughts of pursuing and living in characteristics of seaweed houses harmony with nature (Hao 2018b). 6.1. The site and plane layout of seaweed houses (3) The folk culture of seaweed houses The folk culture of seaweed houses can be roughly Seaweed houses are located in places facing the sea divided into marine culture and construction customs. and backing the mountains and are built based on the The construction of seaweed houses goes through the angle of the slope (Chen and Ying 2012). This site process of choosing the base, laying the base, laying selection limits the seaweed houses’ construction the wall and upper beam, placing the purlin, placing area but allows each seaweed house to obtain suffi - the rake, thatch fixation of the roof, installing the doors cient lighting and ventilation (Zhang and Liu 2018). and windows, and installing the base pot platform The layout of seaweed houses is closely related to adobe Kang and brushing it white (Liu 2014). Each Jiaodong’s folk customs, living habits, and geographi- process reflects the unique construction customs of cal and climatic conditions (Shao 2015b). Usually, the seaweed houses. Moreover, Jiaodong residents have seaweed houses are arranged in a group of 3–5 in had the marine customs of “offering sacrifices to the a horizontal arrangement with a shared gable and sea” and “worshipping Mazu” since ancient times. The the layout is tight and the courtyard is narrow. This fish-shaped and wave-shaped carvings on the doors layout is used because the mountainous and hilly ter- and screen walls of seaweed houses (Figure 6) and the rain of the Jiaodong Peninsula makes the sites that are themes of marine creatures that are often used for available for village construction relatively tight, and interior decoration, not only represent “totem wor- they can withstand cold weather well (Zhang 2015). ship” (Zheng and Henan 2005) but also reflect the The layout of seaweed houses continues the form of unique marine culture in Jiaodong folk houses. traditional Chinese folk houses with middle axis sym- Furthermore, the custom of sharing the gable in sea- metry (Wang and Chang 2015), which can be divided weed houses (Figure 7) symbolizes the solidarity of into five forms: a single house, one main suite and one fishermen in the face of the ocean, which is the embo- wing room, a three-side enclosed courtyard, a four-side diment of marine culture (Wang and Wang 2018). enclosed courtyard, and a two-tier courtyard (Figure 8). (4) Garrison culture The more complex the layout, the higher the construc- According to the folk customs of Rongcheng, the tion cost. Among them, the single house is the simplest residents of seaweed houses can be divided into two layout of the seaweed houses, with its interior gener- categories, the coastal fishermen and the “soldier ally having three or four rooms. The three-side households” that historically migrated from enclosed courtyard is widely used by ordinary resi- Rongcheng and other areas for coastal defense. Qing dents; it consists of the main house in the middle of Mei, Tingting Rong, and others studied the influence of the buildings and two wing rooms on the east and west sides. The main house has three to four rooms and the wing rooms have two or three rooms (Zhang 2020). The main house is the master’s room and the wing rooms on the east and west sides fulfill secondary functions such as storage, a kitchen, or a guest room. Generally, in the traditional courtyard layout, the west wing room is the storage room, toilet, or kitchen and the east wing room is the guest room (Yang 2021). Families with better financial resources usually choose the four-side enclosed courtyard, as it adds a row of halls on the south side compared to the three-side Figure 7. Seaweed houses’ shared gable. 12 Y. LIU ET AL. Figure 8. The layout of a seaweed house. enclosed courtyard. The two-tier courtyards are rela- four sloping roofs are 3 m wide and 4 m high, are built tively rare and are usually the houses of large families close to the corner of the gate in the courtyard, and or were rebuilt on the original base due to the separa- their main function is to act as a mill or pile up sun- tion of brothers in the family (Zehuan 2016). The layout dries, firewood, and agricultural tools (Tuoka 2012). of seaweed houses in any form is very regular, without The structure of the roof of the seaweed house is uneven changes, with clear primary and secondary complex (Figure 10). First, the beam frame bears the functions, and with clear functions. The main house is foundation of the whole roof. Second, the purlins are usually 3.5–3.6 m deep and about 3 m wide. According laid on the beam frame and then the guard board is to the research of Yahui Zheng and other scholars, the laid on the purlins. Third, straw mud is wiped on the depth of the seaweed house is usually 3.3 m or 3.5 m, guard board, then it is covered with thick seaweed, and while the width is generally 2.1 m, 2.4 m, 2.6 m, or 3 m finally, the roof is pressed with tiles or thicker seaweed (Zhen 2020). (Wang 2020). The roof trusses of a seaweed house are made of wood, usually in the form of a triangular structure. The walls of the seaweed house are mainly 6.2. The plan and structure of seaweed houses divided into the adobe wall, stone wall, and brick wall. The soil slope and stone wall thickness are generally The overall shape of the seaweed house is peaked and towering. The arrangement of seaweeds on the roof is high at both ends of the ridge and low in the middle, forming a saddle curve with ups and downs (Jianfeng and Liu 2016). The ridge height of the seaweed house to the eaves height maintains a large ratio, usually within the range of 1:1 to 1:1.5, which makes the roof slope of the seaweed house very large (Liu 2018). The roof style of seaweed houses can be divided into two forms, four sloping roofs (Figure 9) and two sloping roofs. The two sloping roofs are the common roof style that is used by seaweed houses and the thickness of seaweed on the roof is between 0.8 and 1.5 m (Liu 2016). Usually, seaweed houses with the roof style of Figure 10. The structure of the roof of a seaweed house. Figure 9. The roof styles of a seaweed house. JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 13 >40 cm, and the partition wall in the middle is usually walls, (3) installing the roof frame, and (4) thatching the built with adobe brick and coated with straw mud (Liu roof (Figure 11) (Wang and Lei 2018). and Yang 2016). Some supporting structures of the Thatching the roof is the distinctive craft in the seaweed house are made from brick, for example, the construction of a seaweed house, with a long history upper part of the south gable wall, both sides of the and uniqueness and is called the “thatching craft” by courtyard gate and porch, the corner of the wall, and local craftsmen (Chen and Mengchao 2020). The pro- window frames and eaves (Huang 2014). cess of this “thatching craft” has been studied in depth by Xinyu Liu and others, including the four stages of sheet backing, roof cover, slope, and ridge press. Starting from the guard board, seaweed and 6.3. The building skills for seaweed houses straw are overlapped, the former in the outer layer The building skills for seaweed houses are quite com- and the latter in the inner layer, then they are cov- plicated. One seaweed house needs to go through ered layer by layer, pressing the top of the seaweed three steps of material preparation, wall building, and with mud, and finally, thatching is conducted up to roof covering, requiring the cooperation of four types a height of more than 1–3 m (Liu 2019). The thatch- of bricklayers, carpenters, stonemasons, and thatchers, ing layer must be high and steep to remove water and totaling more than 70 manual processes (Chu, and prevent rainwater from seeping into the roof Xiong, and Peng 2012). The specific construction pro- (Huang 2014). However, in recent years, the “thatch- cess sequence can be divided into four steps, (1) site ing craft”, as a highly valuable building skill, is facing selection and laying the foundation, (2) building the extinction because it must be inherited through the traditional method of master and apprentice and because of the decreasing number of seaweed houses (Gao, Wang, and Yongjian 2017). 6.4. The ecological strategies of a seaweed house Seaweed houses are original ecological buildings that not only have the advantage of being mildew-proof, moth-proof, fireproof, windproof, and damp proof, but are also warm in winter and cool in summer, comfor- table to live in, and can last for a hundred years (Hongyan and Dai 2017). In addition, experiments have shown that seaweed houses have very good durability and generally only need to be renovated once every 40–50 years (Zhang and Wang 2017). This is because the ecological strategies that are used for seaweed houses are well adapted to the local climate. The existing literature on the relevant ecological stra- tegies can be summarized as consisting of the follow- ing five aspects. 1). Material properties When it comes to the material characteristics of seaweed houses, scholars recognize that seaweed’s excellent ecological performance as a building mate- rial. Among them, Yang Jun and other scholars showed that the Zostera marina as thatching material for sea- weed houses has excellent ecological properties. First, it was found that Zosteric acid is one of the antibacter- ial substances in Zostera marina and can fight bacteria and reduce the attachment of barnacles (Newby et al. 2006), which makes the roof effective for insect pre- vention and corrosion resistance. Second, Zostera mar- ina fiber does well in tenacity and increases the wholeness of the roof so that it is adapted to the strong wind in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Third, the unique organism cellular structure of seaweed which Figure 11. The construction process sequence of building has more abundant air spaces than wheat straw, a seaweed house (Wang and Lei 2018). . 14 Y. LIU ET AL. means that seaweed rooves have more insulation space. Additionally, the method of thatching the roof optimizes the material combination; the layer of sea- weed layer with rich colloids forms a firmer outside layer, while the straw layer serves as a loose air space inside, like a big thermal barrier (Yang 2012). Fourth, the Zostera marina has obvious flame retardant char- acteristics. Furthermore, the Zostera marina is a naturally degradable material, which becomes soil Figure 13. the mountain in the north is used to block the cold nutrients without polluting or damaging the environ- wind in winter and for cooling in summer. ment. According to the residents of seaweed houses, the sound insulation effect is better than a general brick and tile house, stating that “living in the quiet seaweed house, even when it rains heavily, you cannot hear the sound. You can sleep well at night without a jingling drum sound on the roof (Quantao and Han 2012). ” The granite stone walls with a thickness of more than 40 cm have good thermal stability. In summer, the roof blocks the thermal radiation, preventing a rapid indoor temperature rise. At night, the sea and land winds in the coastal area take away the Figure 14. The soaring roof slope leads the cold wind in winter heat that is stored in the roof and stone walls. In to the upper air. winter, the thick material absorbs the sun’s rays and keeps the indoor temperature stable (Chen 2002). Also, seaweed houses use natural building materials thus making full use of the sunlight while still redu- and are free from any pollution, which greatly ben- cing summer sun exposure and improving indoor efits to the residents’ health (Xiaolin 2008). Notably, thermal comfort (Liu and Chenchen 2015). Liu Zhigang and other scholars found that residents 3). Reasonable roof slope of seaweed houses have a longer life span and It is common for the slope of seaweed house include many centenarians. roofs to be over 50° and some have thatching of 2). Reasonable site selection and orientation up to 2 m or more (Zhang and Zhou 1996). The Jiaodong Peninsula is a mountainous and hilly soaring roof slope can effectively lead the cold area. Seaweed house villages are built on sunny wind in winter to the upper air (Figure 14), reduce slopes, facing the sea and with gentle terrain the wind speed in certain areas, greatly improve the (Figures 12–13). The purpose of this site selection drainage efficiency, and reduce snow cover (Yan is to use the mountain in the north to block the and Aimin 2012). Thus, it is well adapted to the cold wind and play a role in keeping the house winter’s cold and snowy weather in the Jiaodong warm in winter and cool in summer while receiving Peninsula. sunshine from the south (Chen and Mou 2014). 4). Reasonable housing scale They are usually oriented about 15° south by east. The main house of a seaweed house follows They are well adapted to the local sun azimuth, a rectangular plane. It has a large width, about 9–12 m, which is beneficial to increase heat gain in winter. It also has a small depth, about 3.6–4 m, which reduces the heat gain in the east-west interface in summer and indoor heat loss in winter. Moreover, the shape coefficient of the main house in this layout is about 0.6, which can effec - tively reduce the heat dissipation area and improve the indoor thermal environment (Liu 2015), reflecting the insulation culture in the Jiaodong Peninsula. 5). Reasonable layout of the yard The courtyard of the seaweed house is usually small in size, with a length of about 9–12 m from north to south and a width of only 4–8 m from east to west. The courtyard’s width is only 1/3 of the Figure 12. Seaweed house villages built on sunny slopes, width of the main house, therefore playing an effec - facing the sea, and with gentle terrain. tive role in adjusting the microclimate. In winter, the JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 15 Figure 15. The regulating microclimate principle of a “cool courtyard” (Wang and Tan 2011). . narrow courtyard helps to protect from the coastal and protection strategy, which two main representative winter wind (Tong et al. 2020). In summer, there are researchers describe. Jiandong Gao graded and scored 63 usually several deciduous trees in the courtyard (Hao seaweed house villages in Rongcheng city based on four 2018a), which form a “cool courtyard” blocking the evaluation indexes: (1) architectural evaluation, (2) site direct sunlight with leaves, which not only effectively selection and pattern, (3) intangible cultural heritage reduces the wind speed but also improves the envir- and humanistic value, and (4) current situation and devel- onment and adjusts the microclimate in the court- opment resources. It was proposed that a first-level pro- yard area (Figure 15). tected village with a high total score in value evaluation should protect all the buildings, roads, public spaces, and landscapes within the village scope and a second-level 6.5. The thermal environment of a seaweed house village with a medium total score in value evaluation should plan to protect the buildings, roads, and important Yan Wu, Xiang Liu, and other scholars have tested and public nodes in key areas. Then, a third-level village with verified the thermal environment of a seaweed house. a low total score in value evaluation should protect the In January and August, Xiang Liu measured the tem- concentrated seaweed houses, traditional streets, and perature and humidity for a month and evaluated the lanes with characteristics and important public nodes thermal environment using the PMV (predicted mean (Gao et al. 2017). Jinjian Ma integrated the protection vote) -PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) value. and utilization value of the 63 seaweed house villages He concluded that the indoor thermal comfort was using four aspects: (1) site selection and layout, (2) con- average in winter and good in summer. After compar- ing the temperature of seaweed houses with that of struction, (3) cultural characteristics, and (4) development brick-tile houses on cold days and hot days, Yan Wu potential. It was also recognized that the protection mode concluded that the heat insulation performance was of traditional seaweed houses villages can be divided into better than that of brick-tile houses (Yan 2012). three types, overall protection, area protection, and street protection. Then, the suggestion of joint planning to form groups and the differentiated development of seaweed 7. Conservation and development of the house villages was suggested (Jinjian, Gao, and Xiaotian seaweed house 2019). Over hundreds of years, the seaweed house formed its In addition, regional development strategies unique cultural value and thus should be preserved and should be adopted for sustainable development developed. Research on seaweed house protection and and targeted development strategies should be cho- development can be roughly divided into three aspects: sen according to the actual situation of each village. village protection and development, house renewal and Shengge Wang et al. graded and rated seaweed protection, and development and utilization. houses in six traditional villages in Lidao Town, Rongcheng City. They found that the population size and economic income were the two main factors 7.1. Protection and development of seaweed influencing village vitality, while resident retention house villages and tertiary industry development were critical to development (Wang et al. 2017). Jian Zhang believed Regarding the preservation states of different seaweed that sustainable development should proceed from houses villages, scholars agree on the overall classification 16 Y. LIU ET AL. four dimensions, the economy, society, ecology, and seaweed houses and realizing the benign cycle of culture and he summarized the “TEAM model” for protection, development, and utilization (Sui and village development as “Tourism Destination + Xiao 2022). At present, there are typical development Ecology + APP + Maker” (Zhang 2017). Xuebiao Geng and utilization methods. First, the houses are used for proposed the “ECAD model” for village development locals to live in. Therefore, seaweed houses need to be as “ecology + culture + art + design” and summarized improved according to the needs of the local people. four effective measures for the restoration and pro- Wang Peng and other scholars obtained demand data tection of landscape ecology, inheritance, landscape from residents to improve seaweed houses through culture, the interpretation and reconstruction of interviews with seaweed house residents. They sum- landscape art, and the authenticity and innovation marized the main needs of seaweed house locals using of landscape design (Geng 2019). Dong Ma and grounded theory, which is reflected in three aspects: Dongxue Guo used the Yandunjiao seaweed house improving seaweed quality to prolong the roof repair village in Rongcheng city as an example to propose cycle, improving living space quality, and developing that the cultural characteristics of traditional seaweed seaweed house tourism (Wang et al. 2021). Second, villages should be fully utilized to develop the tour- combined with local tourism industry planning ism industry, which would result in a win-win situa- (Runhua, Cao, and Huo 2009), seaweed houses could tion for village protection and tourism development be transformed into family-owned bed-and-breakfasts, (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo 2017a). restaurants, tourism and cultural centers, or other pub- lic housing. Third, a typical well-preserved seaweed house could be transformed into an ecological 7.2. The protection and inheritance of seaweed museum or a village history museum (Pan 2021). houses Scholars have generally agreed upon this method. There are generally three consensuses in conservation More than half of the scholars from the literature on research on seaweed houses. The first is to follow the the utilization of seaweed houses have proposed the construction of a seaweed house folk museum. Among principle of “restoring the old” (Liu and Chang 2022), carrying out antique restoration while maintaining the them, Caiyun Liu analyzed the Dongchudao Seaweed overall architectural style with the traditional techni- House Ecological Museum and found that the Ecological Museum could be used as an important ques and materials of seaweed houses. The second is strategy for the regeneration design of seaweed that per the principle of integrity, the protection of seaweed houses should coexist with the folk customs houses by using actual cases (Liu and Fang 2021). of villages. The folk customs should be inherited while protecting the seaweed houses (Liu and Chen 2015; Zhao 2017), and the protection of the village landscape 8. Conclusion and research prospects should also be emphasized (Xu et al. 2014). The third is 8.1. Conclusion establishing an ecological museum, which has active protection and inheritance functions, to effectively The following conclusions can be drawn by summariz- protect seaweed houses (Lv 2020). ing the relevant literature on the 101 seaweed houses In terms of inheritance, first, in recent years, there that were studied in this paper. have been studies and practices conducted on the artificial cultivation of seaweed in the Rongcheng (1) All scholars recognized the sustainable ecologi- area, which will provide seaweed resources for the cal value of seaweed houses and summarized inheritance of seaweed houses. Second, a protection the main values of seaweed houses into aes- mechanism for thatchers of the seaweed houses thetic value, ecological value, regional cultural should be established under the guidance of the gov- value, and sustainable development value. ernment, to protect the inheritance of “thatching craft” Among all the discussions in the literature on (Zhang and Gao 2017). Third, a “new type of seaweed the problems faced by the development of sea- house” model should be explored. Changlin Shao pro- weed houses, the reduction in seaweed materi- posed that new technology should be used to build als, the change in residents’ demand, and the seaweed houses based on inheritance and materials, inheritance of seaweed house building skills are and the functional layout should be changed to meet recognized as three problems. Therefore, these modern people’s lifestyle and habits (Shao 2017). three aspects are urgent problems that need to be solved for the sustainable development of seaweed houses. 7.3. The development and utilization of seaweed (2) The site, plane layout, and structure of seaweed houses houses conform to the characteristics of typical Development is for better protection. We can promote folk houses in the cold areas of northern China. far-reaching development by utilizing the full value of Additionally, the “thatching skill” as the unique JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 17 building skill of seaweed houses, has both eco- PPD predicted percentage of dissatisfied Zm Zostera marina logical and cultural value. Za Zosteric acid (3) Ecological strategies such as the material char- JP Jiaodong Peninsula acteristics of seaweed and granite, roof slope, Tc Thatching craft volume factor, and layout of the seaweed house courtyard are key influencing factors for the warmth of the seaweed house in winter and its Disclosure statement coolness in summer. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. (4) The development of regional culture is the focus of the protection of seaweed houses, the protec- tion of the seaweed house environment is the Funding basis for the development of seaweed houses, The study has been supported partly by the China National and the protection of seaweed houses by classi- Key R&D Program Research on the energy efficiency and fication is an important strategy for the devel- health performance improvement of building operations opment of seaweed house villages. Additionally, based on lifecycle carbon emissions reduction (Grant No. cultural excavation, economic development, 2018YFE0106100) , Shandong Province Key R&D Program on Development of the Healthy and Low carbon Residential and ecological optimization are key to the sus- House with Smart Home Environment Management System tainable development of seaweed houses. (Grant No. 2019GSF110003) 8.2. Research prospects Notes on contributors The following research areas are suggested for the Ms. Yi Liu is a doctoral student in the School of study of the ecologically sustainable development of Environmental and Municipal Engineering at Qingdao seaweed dwellings and communities, taking into University of Technology, China. Her major field of study is account current developments: green building and municipal engineering. Dr. Weijun Gao is a tenured professor at the University of (1) It is necessary to increase the number of studies Kitakyushu, Japan and Academia Professor, Qingdao on the measurement of the thermal environ- University of Technology, China. He has been a visiting pro- ment and building energy consumption and fessor at many universities including China and USA, such as Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, and Lawrence then conduct quantitative research with com- Berkeley National Laboratory, USA. Professor Gao's research puter simulation technology to explore the eco- interests include: the science, engineering, management, logical, green, and appropriate technical and dissemination of city environment planning, distributed principles for the ecological strategy, which energy system, building material recycle, health and environ- can be used as a reference for modern building mental impacts of energy generation and use, geographic energy conservation technology. information system, climate change, especially in urban area, and energy forecasting. (2) The construction of seaweed houses should be optimized from the perspective of sustainable Dr. Xingtian Wang is the honorary dean of the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Qingdao University of development architecture, expanding their cul- Technology and has served as a researcher at Waseda tural and ecological value to give this rare eco- University in Japan, as well as the chief architect and director logical folk house have new vitality in its at a renowned design firm in Japan. He is also the principal development. architect at Shanghai Xingtian Architecture and Engineering (3) We should broaden the scope of research that is Design Firm. conducted on the sustainable development of seaweed house villages and learn from the Data availability statement development strategies of similar villages with global protection development. For example, Data will be provided upon request to the authors the combination of the tourism landscape and agricultural development that was adopted by Authors contribution the “He Zhang Zao” residential village in Baicawa Township, Japan (Wang 2016). This All the authors wrote the manuscript and carefully evaluated will establish the foundation for natural environ- the final manuscript ment protection and obtain inspiration from foreign experiences. References Chen, L. 2018. “Research on the Seaweed Houses of Ancient List of abbreviations Buildings in Weihai.” Real Estate Information of China 66. PMV predicted mean vote doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8536.2018.27.031. 18 Y. LIU ET AL. Chen, W. 2017. “Fisherman’s Fairy Tale in Seaweed House.” Geng, X. 2019. “Study on the Protection and Development of Urban and Rural Development 67–69. doi:10.3969/j.issn. Landscape Scenery of Traditional Coastal Villages in 1002-8455.2017.22.027. 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Research on the history, ecology, and design of folk houses:A review of the literature on seaweed houses in China

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Abstract

JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2213293 Research on the history, ecology, and design of folk houses:A review of the literature on seaweed houses in China a,b a,b,c b Yi Liu , Weijun Gao and Xingtian Wang a b School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China; Innovation institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 19 June 2022 Ecological folk houses which are formed under the influence of the local climate, topographic Accepted 8 May 2023 features, and regional resources, are generally environmentally friendly and energy-saving with low-carbon emissions. They conform to local habits and behavior patterns. The study of KEYWORDS ecological folk houses provides a valuable reference for the sustainable development of Seaweed house; sustainable; houses. One of the world’s most representative ecological folk houses, the “seaweed house”, energy-saving; folk house; was selected as the object of this study. A comprehensive review of research on seaweed ecology houses was carried out in the Jiaodong Peninsula in China regarding their origins, historical development, structure, ecological strategies, and the conservation situation based on a bibliographic survey of more than 100 references over the last thirty years. The findings suggest that: (1) seaweed houses have a very high research value for sustainable development, which is mainly reflected in the ecology, culture, and region; (2) ecological strategies such as the material characteristics of seaweed and granite, roof slope, volume factor, and layout of the seaweed house courtyard are key influencing factors for the warmth of seaweed houses in winter and their coolness in summer; (3) the reduction in seaweed materials, unsustainable roof thatching skills, and the preference of young people for modern houses are the three main reasons for the rapid decline in seaweed houses; and (4) cultural excavation, economic devel- opment, and ecological optimization are key to the sustainable development of seaweed houses. Thus, this paper proposes possible future research and application directions. valuable architectural and cultural heritage after 1. Introduction a hundred years (Widera 2014). The seaweed Using a grass roof covering is a common method house is the characteristic folk house of the for ecological folk houses globally. A “grass house” Jiaodong Peninsula in China and is one of the is not only highly regional but is also low-carbon most representative ecological dwelling houses in and energy-saving and embodies the wisdom of the world, with a history of more than 1,000 years. early human beings to comply with nature and Seaweed houses in China, which are warm in winter the environment. The utilization of grass materials and cool in summer, are durable and flammable, in the rooves of vernacular architecture is directly ecological and livable, low-carbon and environmen- related to the local natural conditions, climate, and tally friendly (Zhang and Wang 2011b), not only other regional factors. In some coastal areas, one have high scientific research value because of their type of special folk house is known as the “seaweed excellent ecological characteristics but also have house” (Figure 1), which uses a seaweed roof cover- strong regional characteristics because they consist ing and has attracted much attention due to its of a large amount of original ecological local excellent ecological characteristics. Historically, genetic material and embody the traditional fishing Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, civilization and wisdom of the area’s ancestors Japan, China, and other countries have constructed (Chen 2017). Many scholars have studied seaweed “seaweed houses”, among which Denmark and houses’ materials, layout, and ecological character- China have the typical ones (Yang and Qian 2019). istics. This paper reviews the factors, historical evo- In 2007, the National Geographic magazine pub- lution, and ecological characteristics of seaweed lished photos of seaweed houses on the Danish houses and then displays the status of their con- Island of Læsø, which attracted public attention. servation and renewal. This paper aims to compre- Local people used driftwood and seaweed from hensively summarize the research status of seaweed the sea to build their homes, which became houses in China, provide guidance for eco-friendly CONTACT Weijun Gao gaoweijun@me.com School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Korea and Architectural Society of China. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. 2 Y. LIU ET AL. Figure 1. (a) Seaweed houses in Japan. (b) Seaweed houses in Læsø Island, Denmark. (c) Seaweed houses in the Jiaodong Peninsula in China. (d) Seaweed houses in a village in China. building design, and provide a comprehensive refer- a genius initiative of local residents and a typical eco- ence for future research on the sustainable devel- logical residential house that adapts to the local cli- opment of seaweed houses. mate and conditions. According to the research of scholars, the distribu- tion of seaweed houses is historically mainly in the Jiaodong Peninsula and they are also distributed in 2. The research object and methods the Lushun District of Dalian and the coastal area of 2.1. Introduction of research object the Changshan Islands in the south of the Liaodong Peninsula (Yang 2010). However, the remaining sea- Jiaodong Peninsula is located east of the Jiaolai River in weed houses are concentrated in Rongcheng, Weihai, Shandong Province, China (37.23° N, 122.59° E). It is and are only scattered in other areas (Figure 2) (Wang surrounded by the sea on three sides, with strong 2016). At present, the seaweed houses in Rongcheng winds and frequent typhoons all year round. City are in the coastal zone, facing the sea behind the Jiaodong Peninsula belongs to the warm temperate mountain. The terrain is relatively flat and the location monsoon type humid climate zone, with four distinct is relatively isolated (Fan 2021). seasons, an annual average temperature of about 12°C, annual average sunshine of about 2600 h, and an annual average rainfall of about 800 mm. Jiaodong Peninsula has very superior mountain and sea 3. Methods resources, the seawater temperature of the seawater 3.1. Literature analysis is extremely suitable for the growth of seaweed, and the offshore area is rich in seaweed. To adapt to the A comprehensive search strategy identified relevant climate and shelter from the cold and wind, local studies on seaweed houses, using seaweed house residents built a type of building with a seaweed roof books, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the and granite walls, the seaweed house. The overall color Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database. of the seaweed house is light brown with gray and Except for photographic articles, literary articles and plain with a deep color. Seaweed houses not only some articles that were not relevant to the theme, embody the unique architectural culture of the a total of 101 research publications on seaweed houses Jiaodong Peninsula but also are warm in winter and were summarized and studied, including books, maga- cool in summer and do not rot for a century. It is zine articles, Proceedings, and master and doctoral Figure 2. The current distribution of seaweed houses in China. JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 3 2020 and the spring of 2022, field investigations were conducted in Dazhuangxujia Village and Yandunjiao Village in Lidao Town, Rongcheng City respectively. During the fieldwork, a large number of actual pictures of the appearance, material, layout and construction of seaweed houses were taken, and different types of seaweed houses were selected for mapping work, which provided realistic materials for the exposition part of the paper. 4. The history of seaweed houses 4.1. The development of seaweed houses As for the historical origin of the seaweed house, scho- lars generally agree with Wenfu Li, who believes that Figure 3. Number of published papers on seaweed house. the formation of the seaweed house can be traced back to the period of the early evolution of human theses. The 101 papers were marked and classified habitation from aerial nesting to ground-dwelling and according to the main content of the study. Figures 3– from underground cave-dwelling to ground-dwelling 4 presented the number and content of published (Wenfu 2004). It is also believed that the semi-cave papers. Table 1 lists and main research contents in detail rounded rectangular house from the Beizhuang site according to the publication year of 101 papers. The in the Changdao area, which is restored in the Yantai number of papers on research on seaweed houses has museum, is the prototype of an early seaweed house increased significantly in recent years, indicating that (Liu 2017). However, Xiaojie Wang has questioned this people are paying more and more attention to this and believes that the seaweed that was used for the research. These papers affirm the unique value of sea- construction of seaweed houses needs to be treated weed houses. In addition, the number of published and the process of building a seaweed roof is complex papers on the material properties of seaweed houses (Wang 2021). Therefore, it would be impossible to had is the largest, which shows that scholars recognize the a seaweed house in prehistoric society, and the house ecological value of seaweed house. Also, the least num- that the Yantai Museum restored should be covered ber of papers were on thermal performance tests of with thatch. Thus, perhaps the existing materials can- not directly point to the specific time of the origin of seaweed houses and there is still a lack of systematic seaweed houses. However, it can be determined that and quantitative research on the thermal environment there has been historically a tradition of building with and building energy consumption of seaweed houses. grass roofs in the Jiaodong Peninsula. According to the data of the Yantai Museum, during China’s Warring States period, the population of the 3.2. Fieldwork Jiaodong Peninsula gradually increased. The fisheries The purpose of the fieldwork is mainly to verify the and salt production became large scale, so many peo- content of the literature Analysis. In the autumn of ple settled in Jiaodong, which increased the number of Figure 4. Research content of published papers on seaweed house. 4 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 1. Publications that were included in the literature review. Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Jiaodong Traditonal Fisherman Rousing (Zhang and Zhou Journal 1996 The unique architectural characteristics of the seaweed 1996) Paper houses were discussed in terms of the use of local building materials, construction methods and layout. The Findings of Primary Ecological Architecture—— Seaweed Journal 2002 The research on Seaweed House was presented in terms of House in Jiaodong (Chen 2002) Paper historical development, layout, construction, material use, decoration, ecological characteristics and current status. Study on the history and culture of seaweed houses in Weihai Monograph 2004 A comprehensive discussion on the historical status, folk houses (Wenfu 2004) architectural features, and folk culture of seaweed houses The Sea Culture Characteristics of the Traditional Dwelling Journal 2005 The expression of “sea culture” in the architectural decoration House of Eastern Shandong (Zheng and Henan 2005) Paper form and culture of seaweed houses was analyzed from three aspects: the theme, material and color used in the architectural decoration. Housing with seaweed roof – vernacular dwellings in Journal 2006 The architectural characteristics, structure, and layout of the Rongcheng, Shandong Province (Yulin 2006) Paper seaweed house were introduced, and the possibility of the seaweed house being borrowed from modern architecture was also explained. Zosteric acid -an effective antifoulant for reducing freshwater Journal 2006 Zosteric acid, a natural product found in seaweeds, was also bacterial attachment on coatings (Newby et al. 2006) Paper effective in reducing the early stages of biofouling, such as bacterial attachment that leads to biofilms. Seaweed house – fairy tale world by the sea (Zhou and Liu Journal 2007 The historical development, architectural shape, and culture 2007) Paper of construction techniques of seaweed houses were introduced, and all parties in society were called upon to work together to protect seaweed houses. Visiting Chinese rare folk house – seaweed house (Liu 2007) Monograph 2007 A detailed record of the architectural style and building customs of the seaweed houses, a comprehensive review of the traditional marine culture of Jiaodong, and an analysis of the historical causes of the seaweed houses. The destruction of the ecological environment has affected Newspaper 2007 The point that seaweed was on the verge of extinction due to the loss of folk crafts (Wenfu 2007) article ecological pollution and unplanned and uncontrolled offshore farming was discussed, which indirectly leads to the decrease of seaweed houses. The characteristic folk house in Jiaodong, China——Seaweed Journal 2008 The historical development, folk culture, architectural features House (Yang and Zhu 2008) Paper and conservation status of the Seaweed House are discussed, along with an appeal to strengthen the protection of the Seaweed House. Study on Weihai Seaweed House Residence (Tianyi 2008) Dissertation 2008 The affected factors in the production of the Seaweed House were introduced in detail, and the construction of an ecological museum for the conservation and utilization of the Seaweed House was proposed. Field Investigation of Rongcheng Seaweed House and Dissertation 2008 The beauty of the art form of the seaweed house was Research on Its Formal Beauty (Xiaolin 2008) discussed in terms of its overall shape, architectural color, village layout, street layout, and construction techniques, and the architectural culture contained in the seaweed houses was also analyzed. The bun of the sea – the memory of seaweed house in Monograph 2009 The architectural forms, restoration techniques and local folk Jiaodong (Cong 2009) culture of seaweed houses were vividly described Exploiting traditional Jiaodong seaweed houses as tourism Journal 2009 The idea of developing traditional Seaweed House as resources (Runhua, Cao, and Huo 2009) Paper a tourism resource was proposed, and the possibility of developing family hotels, tourist resorts, and eco-dwelling Seaweed House Museum was discussed. Study on the construction of seaweed house in Jiaodong Dissertation 2010 The evolutionary process, geocultural factors of formation Peninsula (Yang 2010) and development of seaweed houses were discussed in detail, and the plan layout, structure, and construction techniques of seaweed houses were analyzed from examples. A unity of Ecology and Modality, A Construction Study of Journal 2011 The idea of creating seaweed houses based on local Space Pattern about seaweed house (Zhang and Wang Paper conditions, local materials and regional cultural 2011a) characteristics were discussed from the unity of ecology and modality. Selection and application of regional residential materials: Journal 2011 The idea that seaweed was chosen as the building material for Taking seaweed house as an example (Yang 2011) Paper the seaweed house was discussed due to the geographical isolation, abundant seaweed resources, limited production of local tiles and the developed local salt industry. Charming folk house – Weihai Seaweed House (Jiang 2011) Journal 2011 The selection of materials, morphological characteristics, Paper construction techniques and the current status of seaweed houses were introduced. Survey Report of Landscape Form of seaweed house In Dissertation 2011 The historical origin, current characteristics and evolution Shandong (Wang 2011b) process of seaweed houses were explored. At the same time, the current situation of the seaweed houses in terms of spatial landscape form and living landscape form was investigated. Idea on Low-tech Ecological Evolution of Seaweed House in Journal 2011 Strategies to improve the design of the Seaweed House were Jiaodong Peninsula (Zhang and Chen 2011) Paper proposed, mainly including adding fixed frames in each layer of seaweed on the roof; make new insulation materials for the walls; and adding a sunroom between the interior and exterior. (Continued) JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 5 Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Research and investigation climate adaptability of traditional Journal 2011 The idea that the adaptation of seaweed houses to regional folk house in Jiaodong (Wang and Tan 2011) Paper climate was mainly reflected in the site selection, layout, material selection and courtyard form was proposed. Thoughts and explorations on Jiaodong peninsula’s Journal 2011 The architectural culture, environment and plan type of dwellings – Seaweed house (Wang 2011a) Paper Seaweed House were introduced, while the idea that the preservation and development of Seaweed House needs to preserve the regional architectural culture and avoid consumerism was presented. The study of the folk architecture in Rongcheng City of Dissertation 2012 The development overview, architectural characteristics and Shandong Province – The discussion of seaweed house cultural connotation of seaweed houses were discussed, (Xiang 2012) while the conservation strategies of the Seaweed House were proposed from both the material and immaterial forms. Study and protection of seaweed houses in Jiaodong Journal 2012 The history, layout, structure, material selection, construction Peninsula (Zhou and Song 2012) Paper techniques, ecological characteristics and conservation status of seaweed houses were introduced. Analysis of Diversity and Cultural Characteristics of Traditional Journal 2012 Site selection, architectural features and material selection of Houses in Shandong (Chen and Ying 2012) Paper seagrass houses were introduced. Discussion on The Protection Planning Model of Characteristic Journal 2012 The architectural characteristics, ecological characteristics, Folk Houses with Seaweed Houses – Take Chudao Village in Paper and development status of seaweed houses were Weihai, Shandong Province as An Example (Chu, Xiong, discussed, while the idea of protecting the ecological and Peng 2012) environment of seaweed houses and developing a moderate tourism economy by using a stratified method of delineating the scope of protection was proposed. Properties analysis of seaweed as a traditional building Journal 2012 The properties of seaweed materials and plant structures material (Yang 2012) Paper were studied in physical experiments, and the techniques for thatching seaweed roofs were explained in detail. Research on the Natural Ecological Mode of Residential Journal 2012 The village planning, architectural construction and ecological Buildings in Jiaodong (Quantao and Han 2012) Paper characteristics of materials of seaweed houses were studied by means of field research. The Study of the Ecology for the Seaweed House in the Journal 2012 The ecological characteristics of seaweed houses were Coastal Areas of the Jiaodong Peninsula (Yan and Aimin Paper discussed and the idea of applying seaweed materials into 2012) seaweed panels in architecture was proposed. Study on the Ecological Strategies for the Seaweed Houses of Dissertation 2012 The ecological strategies of seaweed houses was summarized, Eastern Jiaodong (Yan 2012) while experimental measurements and computer simulations were used to conclude that the insulation performance of seaweed houses was better than that of tile houses. Comparison of Coastal Green Dwellings’ Ecological Strategy Journal 2013 A comparison of seaweed houses in Shandong and Take Seaweed House and Oystershell Loculus for Example Paper oystershell houses in Fujian in terms of cultural origin, (Yu Wang and Tong 2013) building materials and ecological characteristics. Study on the Ecological Characteristics of the Seaweed House Journal 2013 The ecological strategies of seaweed houses was summarized in Jiaodong Peninsula (Kuang and Yu 2013) Paper mainly in the village selection, material ecological characteristics, courtyard layout and compact interior spaces. The Seaweed Cottages in Rongcheng (Jiang 2013) Journal 2013 The history, material characteristics, and architectural culture Paper of seaweed houses were introduced. Explore Modern Design of the Original Ecological Journal 2013 The concept of localization and adaptation to local conditions Architecture: Take the Jiaodong Seaweed Cottage for Paper of seaweed houses were discussed, while the idea of example (Zhou and Cheng 2013) combining the original concept of seaweed houses into modern architectural design was proposed by means of case study. Seaweed House Of Love (Jingwen 2013) Journal 2013 The historical development, construction materials, and Paper architectural skills of seaweed houses were introduced. Possible Application of Seaweed as Building Material in the Conference 2014 Possible applications of seaweed as a building material were Modern Seaweed House on Læsø (Widera 2014) Paper presented, while a life cycle assessment of seaweed houses on a Danish island demonstrates that they have a negative carbon footprint and low environmental impact. Seaweed House, Magical Residence In Jiaodong Peninsula (Liu Journal 2014 The history and current status of seaweed houses, material 2014) Paper characteristics, roofing skills, construction customs and unique architectural styles were discussed in detail. Research on construction technology of seaweed house in Dissertation 2014 The architectural skills of the seaweed house such as the idea Dong Chu Dao (Huang 2014) of created the architectural space, wall craftsmanship, woodworking techniques, and thatching skills were discussed in detail. Origins Research on Thatch Technology of Seaweed Roof Journal 2014 The “thatching craft“ of seaweed houses and its’ historical Houses in Dongzhe Island Village (Huang 2014) Paper origins was discussed in detail. Discussion on the Strategy of Jiaodong Seaweed Houses Journal 2014 Ideas for the conservation and development of seaweed Heritage Protection (Chen and Mu 2014) Paper houses were proposed: continued the architectural form; expanded the use function; improved the quality of spatial environment and regenerated seaweed materials. (Continued) 6 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Protection and Utilization of Rural Landscape in Tourism Journal 2014 The advantages of natural and cultural landscape resources Development of Jiaodong Fishing Village (Xu et al. 2014) Paper for the tourism development of the seaweed house villages were discussed, while the view that the priority of landscape protection must be adhered to in tourism development was put forward. Architectural Properties and Applications on Seaweed Dissertation 2015 The historical development, architectural characteristics and Dwellings of Orient Shandong Province (Shao 2015a) cultural connotation of the seaweed house were discussed, and the idea of combining the architectural features of the seaweed house for modern architectural design was proposed. A new discovery of ecological architecture—— Jiaodong Journal 2015 The research on seaweed houses was presented in terms of seaweed houses (Shao 2015b) Paper historical development, architectural layout, construction, materials, decoration, ecological characteristics and current situation. Analysis of Low-carbon Thought in Localization Design of Journal 2015 The ecological low-carbon strategy of seaweed house was Traditional Settlement Architecture:Taking Dongzhe island Paper analyzed by taking the seaweed house in Village as an Example (Zhang 2015) DongchudaoVillage as an example, which mainly included local materials, localization and reasonable village layout and courtyard layout. Traditional Jiaodong folk house seaweed house under the Journal 2015 The Qi cultural ideas contained in the architectural culture of influence of Qi culture (Wang and Chang 2015) Paper seaweed houses were discussed, mainly in terms of site selection, construction methods and folklore in accordance with nature. Research on the ecological strategy of traditional settlement Journal 2015 The ecological strategies of the street space of the seaweed streets and lanes based on microclimate environment—— Paper village were mainly reflected in the reasonable building Taking Jiaodong seaweed house settlement streets and orientation, street height and width ratio and street lanes as an example (Liu and Chenchen 2015) alignment through field study and computer simulation analysis. Study on Microclimate of Seaweed Houses in Jiaodong——A Dissertation 2015 The evaluation results of the overall comfort of the case of Dongchudao Village (Liu 2015) microclimate of the seaweed house village of Dongchudao were obtained. The ideas of energy-saving renovation of seaweed houses were proposed in terms of both envelope structure renovation and functional layout optimization. Inheritance and Protection of Seaweed Houses in the Weihai Journal 2015 The ideas of seaweed house conservation were proposed, Area——Taking Rongcheng City as an Example (Liu and Paper included inheriting folk culture, enhancing villagers’ Chen 2015) awareness of conservation, increasing publicity and increasing the practical functions of seaweed houses. Research on the Regional Construction Mechanism and Dissertation 2016 The whole process of building a seaweed house was analyzed Method of the Traditional Seaweed Houses (Wang 2016) dynamically and continuously by used the method of architectural illustration, and the regional mechanism and method of seaweed house was studied in detail. The research on the characteristics of local-style dwelling Journal 2016 The historical development and architectural characteristics of houses in coastal areas of Jiaodong (Jin and Wang 2016) Paper seaweed houses were discussed, while development strategies were proposed, included the regeneration of seaweed materials, the addition of practical functions and the reuse of alterations. Research on the regional construction mechanism and design Dissertation 2016 A idea of building a new type of seaweed houses was method of the new type of seaweed house (Zehuan 2016) proposed from three aspects, the modernization of seaweed materials; the modern interpretation of traditional construction and the use of modern structural systems. The construction of eco-village——Taking Weihai seaweed Conference 2016 The idea of preserving and developing seaweed house house as an example (Jianfeng and Liu 2016) Paper villages by learning from the experience of ecological villages was proposed Residents In The Context Of Marine Culture: The Seaweed Journal 2016 The differences between Seaweed House and Li People’s Boat House Li People’s Boat House (Liu 2016) Paper House were compared in terms of historical genesis, formal representation, spatial form and construction techniques Survey and case analysis of Jiaodong seaweed house Journal 2016 Fieldwork was conducted on the cases of Dongchudao construction techniques (Liu and Yang 2016) Paper Village, Weiwei Village and ShilingziVillage, and summarized the type characteristics, materials, construction techniques and skills of seaweed houses. Research on Ecological Design of Jiaodong Local-style Journal 2016 The architectural ecological characteristics and cultural Dwelling Houses Building Space (Wang 2016) Paper connotation of seaweed houses were summarized, and the ecological design strategy of modern folk houseinJiaodongwas proposed. Research on Excavation And Protection of Seaweed House Dissertation 2016 The historical development, architectural features and Construction Technique In East Shandong Province (Liu construction skills of seaweed houses were introduced in 2017) detail, and ideas for the application of seaweed house construction skills in modern architecture were proposed. Influence of regional environment on local architecture—— Journal 2017 The influence of the regional environment on the seaweed Take the seaweed house in Jiaodong Peninsula as an Paper house was explored from both the natural environment example (Yao 2017) and the socio-cultural environment. A study on the relationship between the city of Weihai coastal Conference 2017 It was proposed that the influence of military defense defense station in the Ming Dynasty and the military Paper ideology on the village of seaweed houses was reflected in defense of seaweed house villages under its influence (Mei the site selection, planning layout, architectural form and and Wang 2017) architectural decoration of the village. (Continued) JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 7 Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Research on the protection and development of traditional Conference 2017 The value assessment of 63 seaweed house villages in villages under the background of new rural construction Paper Rongcheng was conducted, and suggestions for the ——Taking the traditional villages of seaweed houses in protection and development of seaweed house villages Rongcheng City as an example (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo were made: symbiosis between old and new, improved 2017b) functionality and property rights under one roof. On the “dilemma” of traditional Chinese residential buildings Journal 2017 Taken the key craft of straw mat roof in the seaweed cottage and the construction of building craft inheritance: a case Paper construction process as a subject, and analyzed the study of straw mat roof of seaweed cottages in Jiaodong, dilemma of traditional residential buildings and the Shandong (Gao, Wang, and Yongjian 2017) building crafts. Research on the Sustainable Development of Traditional Conference 2017 Sustainable development strategies for seaweed houses were Houses in Jiaodong (Hongyan and Dai 2017) Paper proposed, which include integrating with modern architecture, grafting with the tourism industry and bridging with modern art. Protection and renovation for Folk Houses with of Seaweed Journal 2017 The ecological characteristics of Seaweed House were Feature (Zhang and Wang 2017) Paper discussed, and the selection of suitable repair strategies and the development of special tourism were proposed as ideas for the conservation of Seaweed House. Discussions on the protection and utilization of traditional Conference 2017 A fieldwork was conducted on 63 seaweed house villages, and villages with seaweed houses (Gao et al. 2017) Paper it was proposed to protect and utilize the seaweed house villages through a reasonable classification and planning approach. Study on vitality of the sea straw house traditional villages Journal 2017 The evaluation system of the factors influencing the vitality of based on Delphi method: A case study of the sea straw Paper the traditional village of seaweed houses was constructed house traditional villages in Lidao Town (Wang et al. 2017) by using the Delphi method. Inheritance and Renovate of Traditional Village Landscape Journal 2017 At the theoretical level, a model of “Tourist destination + Style Based on Sustainability Design:Taking Yandunjiao Paper Ecology + APP + Maker“ was refined as a scalable model for Village as an Example (Zhang 2017) traditional village landscape protection and planning. Research on the Interactive Model of Traditional Village Conference 2017 Combining sociology, planning and tourism disciplines, an Protection and Tourism Development——Taking Paper interactive model of seaweed house village conservation Yandunjiao, a Traditional Seaweed House Village in and tourism development was constructed. Rongcheng City as an Example (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo 2017a) Analysis on Protection and Renewal Strategies of Seaweed Conference 2017 The planning layout, architectural features, construction Houses in Laizhou, Yantai (Zhang and Gao 2017) Paper practices and development status of seaweed houses in Laizhou, YantaiCitywere discussed. Analysis of the inheritance and development of local Journal 2017 The ideas of inheritance and development of seaweed houses characteristic residential houses——Taking the renovation Paper were discussed in terms of courtyard renovation, styling of seaweed houses in Rongcheng as an example (Shao design, material use, improvement of construction skills 2017) and increase of usage functions. The Research on the Construction Idea And Protection Dissertation 2017 The history, architectural features and construction concepts Strategy of The Jiaodong Peninsula Seaweed House (Zhao of seaweed house were discussed, while the conservation 2017) strategies were proposed from various aspects such as environment, landscape and human elements. Fisherman’s fairy tale in seaweed house (Chen 2017) Journal 2017 The history, artistic shape, material characteristics, Paper construction skills, Plan layout and folk culture of seaweed houses were discussed. Review on the origin and development of seaweed house in Journal 2018 The progress of research on the history, ecological Jiaodong (Jun et al. 2018) Paper characteristics, architectural features and conservation of seaweed houses was summarized. Research on the Reform and Utilization of Rongcheng Dissertation 2018 The ecological characteristics and ecological thoughts of Seaweed House Based on Ecological Design Concept (Hao seaweed houses were discussed, and the application ideas 2018a) of the ecological design concept of seaweed houses were also discussed based on cases. Discussion on the wisdom of the local design with sharing the Journal 2018 The idea of the unique effect of the construction method of gables – A case study of the historical village “Dongchu Paper seaweed house sharing the gables in constructing the Island” (Wang and Wang 2018) seaweed house settlement was proposed. Analysis of the Spatial Structure of Sea Grass Traditional Dissertation 2018 The distribution profile, environment and spatial composition Village in Rongcheng (Rong 2018) analysis of the seaweed house villages were discussed, and strategies for the renewal of the spatial structure of the seaweed house villages were also proposed. Forms and typical representatives of folk houses in Shandong Journal 2018 The layout and characteristics of the seaweed house were (Zhang and Liu 2018) Paper introduced. A Study on the Aesthetic Features of Seaweed Houses in the Journal 2018 From the aesthetic features point of view, the beauty of form, Coastal Areas of Jiaodong (Liu 2018) Paper space, nature and technique embodied in the seaweed house was analyzed. Diagrams and Records of the Traditional Seaweed House Journal 2018 A comprehensive study of the construction technology, Construction Technology (Wang and Lei 2018) Paper construction process and material processing method of seaweed houses using the method of diagrams and records. Research on the Seaweed Houses of Ancient Buildings in Journal 2018 The development status, reasons for decline and conservation Weihai (Chen 2018) Paper significance of seaweed houses were discussed. (Continued) 8 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Experimental analysis and utilization of seaweed materials Journal 2019 Seaweed material has flame retardant components, active (Yang and Qian 2019) Paper antibacterial components, rich in gum, and also has good thermal insulation properties. Energy-saving Design of Coastal Residential Areas on the Dissertation 2019 Geographical and climatic characteristics of the Jiaodong North Coast of Jiaodong Peninsula Based on Climate Peninsula were analyzed. Adaptability (Lin 2019) Study on the Skills of “Shanjiang” in Jiaodong Seaweed Dissertation 2019 The historical origins, construction process, and current status Cottage (Liu 2019) of the seaweed house “Shanjiang“ skill were discussed in detail. Protection and utilization strategy of traditional villages in Journal 2019 Based on the comprehensive assessment of the utilization seaweed houses in Jiaodong coastal area (Jinjian, Gao, and Paper value of 63 seaweed house villages, the idea of the Xiaotian 2019) seaweed house village conservation mode was proposed. Study on the Protection and Development of Landscape Conference 2019 At the theoretical level, the “ECAD” landscape development Scenery of Traditional Coastal Villages in Jiaodong—— Pape model of “ecology + culture + art + design“ was refined as Taking Yandunjiao Village, Lidao Town, Rongcheng City as a model for the protection and development of the an example (Geng 2019) landscape appearance of seaweed house villages. Use Local Natural Materials, Adapt to Geographical Dissertation 2020 The origin of the concept of building seaweed houses Environment: Traditional Folk houses Building Research according to local conditions was discussed in terms of ——Take Jiaodong Hill Folk Houses and Chongqing geographical environment and material selection. Mountain Folk houses For Example (Tan 2020) Research on spatial renewal strategy of coastal traditional Dissertation 2020 Through the case study, the specific problems and renewal villages in Jiaodong Peninsula (Chen 2020) design strategies of the traditional village of seaweed houses in the process of renewal and transformation are presented. Study on the Planning and Design of the Protection and Journal 2020 Seaweed house village renewal design and conservation Renewal of Jiaodong Haicaofang Village (Xu 2020) Paper strategies were proposed, including restoration of the old and integration of modern living habits. Research on the Protection and Development of Traditional Journal 2020 Taking Xiaoxi Village in Rongcheng, Shandong Province as an Villages from the Perspective of Folk Culture——A Case of Paper example, a strategy to protect and develop the seaweed Seaweed Cottage in Rongcheng, Shandong (Yang 2020) house villages by combining different folk cultures with residential houses, tourism and festivals respectively was proposed. Research on The Protection and Innovation of The Dissertation 2020 The history, culture and construction techniques of seaweed Construction Technique of Yandunjiao Sea straw House in houses were discussed in detail, and strategies for the Jiaodong area (Zhang 2020) preservation and innovation of seaweed house construction techniques were proposed in terms of spatial planning and construction materials. Aesthetics Creation of Seagrass Dwellings in the Jiaodong Journal 2020 The structure and ancient craftsmanship of seaweed houses Peninsula (Zhen 2020) Paper were analyzed, including the construction of the overall environment, the construction of a single building, and the technology and craft of “Shan Seaweed”. Research on Digital Protection and Inheritance of the Dissertation 2020 The idea of using database construction and digital museum Traditional Architectural Techniques of Seaweed House in to preserve the traditional architectural techniques of Jiaodong (Wang 2020) seaweed houses was proposed. Construction Technology of Seaweed House in Dongchudao Journal 2020 The specific process of building a seaweed house was Village, Weihai (Chen and Mengchao 2020) Paper analyzed in detail. Ecological Characteristics, Protection and Renewal of Journal 2020 The article reviews the research progress of the protection Seaweed Houses as Special Residences in Jiaodong Paper and renewal of seaweed houses, and the protection of Peninsula (Tong et al. 2020) seaweed house villages, and proposes the strategy of protecting and renewing the sea cottage villages and houses. Some Reflection on the Construction of Seaweed House Journal 2020 The idea of building an ecological museum of traditional Traditional Village Ecomuseum in Weihai (Lv 2020) Paper seaweed houses to preserve and develop seaweed houses was proposed. Era exploring value of sea straw house in Rongcheng, Journal 2021 The ecological value, aesthetic value, cultural value and living Shandong (Sui and Xiao 2022) Paper value of seaweed houses were discussed. Study on the protection and tourism development model of Journal 2021 The necessity of seaweed houses village conservation and seaweed house village in Jiaodong area (Pan 2021) Paper tourism development was elaborated, and the idea of developing rural eco-cultural tourism model by giving full play to the cultural characteristics of seaweed houses was proposed. Historical research on Jiaodong sea thatched houses and their Journal 2021 On the basis of reflecting on the previous “Neolithic theory” of construction techniques (Wang 2021) Paper the origin of seaweed houses, the view that the seaweed houses can be proved since the beginning of the Yuan and Ming dynasties was proposed. Research on the Influencing Factors of Villagers’ Living Journal 2021 Using programmed rooting theory, a model of influencing Demand in Seaweed Cottage Based on Grounded Theory Paper factors of seaweed house residents’ needs was constructed —— A Case of Rongcheng (Wang et al. 2021) to provide a reference for the construction and maintenance of seaweed houses in the Jiaodong. Research on regenerative design of Jiaodong dwellings-East Journal 2021 The regeneration design strategies of the seaweed house Cubroussonica Island Folk Museum as an example (Liu and Paper were proposed through the analysis of its architectural Fang 2021) form, spatial structure and materials, combined with the design of dongchudao Village Folk Museum. (Continued) JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 9 Table 1. (Continued). Year Article Title Type published Findings and Results Under the background of the rural tourism development, the Dissertation 2021 The current situation and the challenges faced by the tourism protection and development of seaweed house traditional development of Seaweed House Villages were discussed, villages in Rongcheng City (Fan 2021) while village development strategies such as establishing the right concept, setting up a protection mechanism and finding the right development position were proposed. Study on the renewal strategy of seaweed houses in Jiaodong Dissertation 2021 The renewal strategies of seaweed house were proposed in (Yang 2021) terms of material, technical, economic, living, cultural and historical aspects. Study on Regional Characteristics and Protection and Renewal Journal 2022 The preservation strategies of restoring the old, preserving Strategies of Seaweed House in Jiaodong (Liu and Chang Paper and passing on intangible cultural heritage, and 2022) moderately developing the tourism economy of seaweed houses were proposed. seaweed houses. Gradually, villages appeared and the many natural villages (Jin and Wang 2016). Yulin Li construction technology improved (Wang 2011b). and others believe that seaweed houses will silently During the Qin and Han dynasties, ancient Chinese disappear if reasonable protection and continuation architecture also significantly expanded. The construc- measures are not taken (Yulin 2006). tion technology of seaweed houses became increas- Among the 101 articles studied in this paper, ingly mature, and the pattern and appearance were about 16 articles discussed the reasons for the loss shaped (Zhang and Chen 2011). Therefore, the period of the seaweed houses. Among them, mainly based after the Qin and Han dynasties and before the Song on the discussion of Wenfu Li et al., include the and Jin dynasties can be determined to be the forma- following three points: (1) offshore aquaculture has tion period of seaweed houses. destroyed the growth environment of wild seaweed, Seaweed houses flourished in the Yuan, Ming, and and coupled with seawater pollution, wild seaweed Qing dynasties (Longjuan 2020). The historical materials is becoming scarcer, which leads to the price of sea- from Rongcheng City, it was stated that during the yuan weed soaring; thus, a seaweed house has become and Song Dynasties, many military strongholds were a “luxury house” (Chen 2018); (2) as the thatchers built as coastal defenses in the Jiaodong Peninsula, have no successors, the roof thatching skills for sea- which brought many soldier farmers. Soldier farmers weed houses are being lost (Wenfu 2007); and (3) stationed in the Jiaodong Peninsula increased the num- due to modern buildings having more complete ber of residents in the seaweed house villages and some functions than seaweed houses, young people are of them settled there; thus, the seaweed houses devel- seldom willing to live in the old seaweed houses oped and prospered (Zhou and Song 2012). Most of the (Yang 2020). Consequently, many seaweed houses existing seaweed houses were preserved or inherited have collapsed, leaked, or disappeared because of from this period. For example, in the southern part of being uninhabited for a long time (Zhou and the present Ningjinso village, many seaweed houses Cheng 2013). were inhabited by soldier farmers in the Ming Dynasty (Yang and Zhu 2008). 4.3. Material variation of seaweed houses When building a seaweed house, the basic con- struction materials are seaweed, wood, and large 4.2. The current situation for seaweed houses granite stone. The seaweed material (Figure 5) is Since entering the modern era, the construction form generally Zostera marina L. and Zostera noltii of folk houses in the Jiaodong Peninsula has chan- Hornem., which grow in the offshore area about 5– ged with the rapid development of the social econ- omy. Many modern buildings have replaced many seaweed houses (Jingwen 2013). For example, in the Rongcheng area in Shandong Province, which has the largest number of seaweed houses, a census of seaweed houses was conducted in Rongcheng City in 2006, and there were still 95,000 seaweed houses (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo 2017b). However, according to the findings of scholars such as Jiandong Gao (Gao et al. 2017) and Xingbiao Chu (Chu, Xiong, and Peng 2012), now the total number is less than 10,000. Moreover, they are scattered in Figure 5. Dried piles of seaweed material. 10 Y. LIU ET AL. Table 2. Construction materials of seaweed houses. Period Construction materials of seaweed houses Early Qing Dynasty Seaweed, granite, pinewood, yellow mud, shellfish grass, and sorghum straw. Late Qing Dynasty Compared to the previous period, green brick, white mud, wine bar fences (local vines), and paper were added. The Republic of China Era Cyan gray brick, pine, lime, cement, and glass were added to the previous period. The present Metal components, red bricks, reed foil, and wood were added to the previous period. 10 m from the coastline. Seaweed is used for the heavy rain and typhoons in summer. It is a cold roof, wood for the beams, doors, windows, wood area with high annual air humidity, a large amount carvings, and furniture, and granite stone is used for of precipitation, and frequent sea fog (Lin 2019). the walls and decoration. Then, auxiliary materials Thus, the local people had to confront the local are also needed such as yellow mud, mountain climate to survive better and consequently, the grass, and wheat straw (Zhang 2020). The construc- high ridges of the seaweed house facilitate drainage tion materials of seaweed houses are constantly and snow removal and the thick granite walls can updated and changing. Table 2 illustrates the resist the wind and rain (Jun et al. 2018). changes in the building materials of seaweed Furthermore, the insulation effect of the seaweed houses from the Qing Dynasty to modern times roof and the good thermal stability of the thick (Tianyi 2008). With development over time, the stone walls make seaweed houses warm in winter quality of seaweed house construction is constantly and cool in summer for comfortable living (Yu Wang improving, and residents’ desire to improve their and Tong 2013). In comparison, the mud houses and living standards is also developing. the wooden houses in the plain area could not with- stand the strength of the sea breeze (Jiang 2011). 5. The affected factors in the production of 5.3. Social and cultural factors seaweed houses Liu Zhigang and other scholars have conducted in- 5.1. Natural resource factors depth research on the cultural connotation of seaweed Abundant and easily obtained seaweed and granite houses, which can be summarized into four parts: (1) stone materials are convenient factor in producing of Traditional Chinese thought, (2) Religious Culture, (3) seaweed houses. They are also an important embodi- Folk Culture, and (4) Garrison Culture. ment of seaweed houses adapting to local conditions. In (1) Traditional Chinese thought the past, mature seaweeds were swept up the beach by Chinese traditional thought is mainly reflected in the waves and were easy to obtain along the coast the site selection, layout, and structure of seaweed (Cong 2009). The geology is mainly composed of gran- houses. The regular and symmetrical courtyard layout ite, with hills and mountains accounting for more than reflects the Traditional Chinese feudal ritual hierarchy 70% of the total area. The Jiaodong Peninsula is also an system and the traditional thought of balancing Yin important stone production area in China, and it can be and Yang (Xiang 2012). The mellow and thick seaweed obtained by direct digging and from local materials (Tan roof represents that “the heaven was spherical”, and 2020). Yang Jun et al. demonstrated the selection of the rectangular or square courtyard represents that seaweed house materials and believed that the main “the earth was square”, which is the embodiment of factors affecting their selection were manifested in three the Traditional Chinese thought that “the heaven was aspects. First, the geographical isolation of the Jiaodong spherical whereas the earth was square” (Kuang and Peninsula deepened the dependence on local materials Yu 2013). Additionally, the site selection principle of (Yang 2011). Second, the soil in the Jiaodong Peninsula seaweed houses being built between the mountains is gravelly, and the viscosity makes it difficult to make and the sea follows the Traditional Chinese thought of tiles, which leads to a limited output of local tiles (Chen Feng shui (Shao 2015a). 2020). Therefore, the local houses did not use tiles as (2) Religious Culture roofing materials. Third, the local salt industry is highly Historically, the Jiaodong area was known as developed, and the limited wood is used to make salt a comprehensive place of religious belief, especially (Yao 2017), which promoted granite to become the for Buddhism and Taoism. There is often a Buddhist main load-bearing wall material. Hall in the interior layout of seaweed houses, while the locals like to pray with incense and worship Buddha (Liu 2007). Taoist thoughts and folk customs in the 5.2. Climatic factors Jiaodong Peninsula are integrated. The seaweed The Jiaodong Peninsula has a temperate monsoon house, whether it is the overall village planning or climate, with cold wind and snow in winter and the indoor and outdoor layout of a single building, JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 11 garrison culture on the formation of seaweed houses. They believe that the nature of military households and their families profoundly impacted the layout of seaweed houses (Mei and Wang 2017) and made the house more elegant and orderly (Rong 2018). There was one seaweed house with brick walls and ground bricks for stitching and exquisite craftsmanship in Dongchudao village, although locals indicated that it was a public barn built by officials in the Ming Dynasty (Jiang 2013). Figure 6. The fish-shaped and wave-shaped carvings on the screen walls of a seaweed house. 6. The structural layout and building will reflect the Taoist thoughts of pursuing and living in characteristics of seaweed houses harmony with nature (Hao 2018b). 6.1. The site and plane layout of seaweed houses (3) The folk culture of seaweed houses The folk culture of seaweed houses can be roughly Seaweed houses are located in places facing the sea divided into marine culture and construction customs. and backing the mountains and are built based on the The construction of seaweed houses goes through the angle of the slope (Chen and Ying 2012). This site process of choosing the base, laying the base, laying selection limits the seaweed houses’ construction the wall and upper beam, placing the purlin, placing area but allows each seaweed house to obtain suffi - the rake, thatch fixation of the roof, installing the doors cient lighting and ventilation (Zhang and Liu 2018). and windows, and installing the base pot platform The layout of seaweed houses is closely related to adobe Kang and brushing it white (Liu 2014). Each Jiaodong’s folk customs, living habits, and geographi- process reflects the unique construction customs of cal and climatic conditions (Shao 2015b). Usually, the seaweed houses. Moreover, Jiaodong residents have seaweed houses are arranged in a group of 3–5 in had the marine customs of “offering sacrifices to the a horizontal arrangement with a shared gable and sea” and “worshipping Mazu” since ancient times. The the layout is tight and the courtyard is narrow. This fish-shaped and wave-shaped carvings on the doors layout is used because the mountainous and hilly ter- and screen walls of seaweed houses (Figure 6) and the rain of the Jiaodong Peninsula makes the sites that are themes of marine creatures that are often used for available for village construction relatively tight, and interior decoration, not only represent “totem wor- they can withstand cold weather well (Zhang 2015). ship” (Zheng and Henan 2005) but also reflect the The layout of seaweed houses continues the form of unique marine culture in Jiaodong folk houses. traditional Chinese folk houses with middle axis sym- Furthermore, the custom of sharing the gable in sea- metry (Wang and Chang 2015), which can be divided weed houses (Figure 7) symbolizes the solidarity of into five forms: a single house, one main suite and one fishermen in the face of the ocean, which is the embo- wing room, a three-side enclosed courtyard, a four-side diment of marine culture (Wang and Wang 2018). enclosed courtyard, and a two-tier courtyard (Figure 8). (4) Garrison culture The more complex the layout, the higher the construc- According to the folk customs of Rongcheng, the tion cost. Among them, the single house is the simplest residents of seaweed houses can be divided into two layout of the seaweed houses, with its interior gener- categories, the coastal fishermen and the “soldier ally having three or four rooms. The three-side households” that historically migrated from enclosed courtyard is widely used by ordinary resi- Rongcheng and other areas for coastal defense. Qing dents; it consists of the main house in the middle of Mei, Tingting Rong, and others studied the influence of the buildings and two wing rooms on the east and west sides. The main house has three to four rooms and the wing rooms have two or three rooms (Zhang 2020). The main house is the master’s room and the wing rooms on the east and west sides fulfill secondary functions such as storage, a kitchen, or a guest room. Generally, in the traditional courtyard layout, the west wing room is the storage room, toilet, or kitchen and the east wing room is the guest room (Yang 2021). Families with better financial resources usually choose the four-side enclosed courtyard, as it adds a row of halls on the south side compared to the three-side Figure 7. Seaweed houses’ shared gable. 12 Y. LIU ET AL. Figure 8. The layout of a seaweed house. enclosed courtyard. The two-tier courtyards are rela- four sloping roofs are 3 m wide and 4 m high, are built tively rare and are usually the houses of large families close to the corner of the gate in the courtyard, and or were rebuilt on the original base due to the separa- their main function is to act as a mill or pile up sun- tion of brothers in the family (Zehuan 2016). The layout dries, firewood, and agricultural tools (Tuoka 2012). of seaweed houses in any form is very regular, without The structure of the roof of the seaweed house is uneven changes, with clear primary and secondary complex (Figure 10). First, the beam frame bears the functions, and with clear functions. The main house is foundation of the whole roof. Second, the purlins are usually 3.5–3.6 m deep and about 3 m wide. According laid on the beam frame and then the guard board is to the research of Yahui Zheng and other scholars, the laid on the purlins. Third, straw mud is wiped on the depth of the seaweed house is usually 3.3 m or 3.5 m, guard board, then it is covered with thick seaweed, and while the width is generally 2.1 m, 2.4 m, 2.6 m, or 3 m finally, the roof is pressed with tiles or thicker seaweed (Zhen 2020). (Wang 2020). The roof trusses of a seaweed house are made of wood, usually in the form of a triangular structure. The walls of the seaweed house are mainly 6.2. The plan and structure of seaweed houses divided into the adobe wall, stone wall, and brick wall. The soil slope and stone wall thickness are generally The overall shape of the seaweed house is peaked and towering. The arrangement of seaweeds on the roof is high at both ends of the ridge and low in the middle, forming a saddle curve with ups and downs (Jianfeng and Liu 2016). The ridge height of the seaweed house to the eaves height maintains a large ratio, usually within the range of 1:1 to 1:1.5, which makes the roof slope of the seaweed house very large (Liu 2018). The roof style of seaweed houses can be divided into two forms, four sloping roofs (Figure 9) and two sloping roofs. The two sloping roofs are the common roof style that is used by seaweed houses and the thickness of seaweed on the roof is between 0.8 and 1.5 m (Liu 2016). Usually, seaweed houses with the roof style of Figure 10. The structure of the roof of a seaweed house. Figure 9. The roof styles of a seaweed house. JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 13 >40 cm, and the partition wall in the middle is usually walls, (3) installing the roof frame, and (4) thatching the built with adobe brick and coated with straw mud (Liu roof (Figure 11) (Wang and Lei 2018). and Yang 2016). Some supporting structures of the Thatching the roof is the distinctive craft in the seaweed house are made from brick, for example, the construction of a seaweed house, with a long history upper part of the south gable wall, both sides of the and uniqueness and is called the “thatching craft” by courtyard gate and porch, the corner of the wall, and local craftsmen (Chen and Mengchao 2020). The pro- window frames and eaves (Huang 2014). cess of this “thatching craft” has been studied in depth by Xinyu Liu and others, including the four stages of sheet backing, roof cover, slope, and ridge press. Starting from the guard board, seaweed and 6.3. The building skills for seaweed houses straw are overlapped, the former in the outer layer The building skills for seaweed houses are quite com- and the latter in the inner layer, then they are cov- plicated. One seaweed house needs to go through ered layer by layer, pressing the top of the seaweed three steps of material preparation, wall building, and with mud, and finally, thatching is conducted up to roof covering, requiring the cooperation of four types a height of more than 1–3 m (Liu 2019). The thatch- of bricklayers, carpenters, stonemasons, and thatchers, ing layer must be high and steep to remove water and totaling more than 70 manual processes (Chu, and prevent rainwater from seeping into the roof Xiong, and Peng 2012). The specific construction pro- (Huang 2014). However, in recent years, the “thatch- cess sequence can be divided into four steps, (1) site ing craft”, as a highly valuable building skill, is facing selection and laying the foundation, (2) building the extinction because it must be inherited through the traditional method of master and apprentice and because of the decreasing number of seaweed houses (Gao, Wang, and Yongjian 2017). 6.4. The ecological strategies of a seaweed house Seaweed houses are original ecological buildings that not only have the advantage of being mildew-proof, moth-proof, fireproof, windproof, and damp proof, but are also warm in winter and cool in summer, comfor- table to live in, and can last for a hundred years (Hongyan and Dai 2017). In addition, experiments have shown that seaweed houses have very good durability and generally only need to be renovated once every 40–50 years (Zhang and Wang 2017). This is because the ecological strategies that are used for seaweed houses are well adapted to the local climate. The existing literature on the relevant ecological stra- tegies can be summarized as consisting of the follow- ing five aspects. 1). Material properties When it comes to the material characteristics of seaweed houses, scholars recognize that seaweed’s excellent ecological performance as a building mate- rial. Among them, Yang Jun and other scholars showed that the Zostera marina as thatching material for sea- weed houses has excellent ecological properties. First, it was found that Zosteric acid is one of the antibacter- ial substances in Zostera marina and can fight bacteria and reduce the attachment of barnacles (Newby et al. 2006), which makes the roof effective for insect pre- vention and corrosion resistance. Second, Zostera mar- ina fiber does well in tenacity and increases the wholeness of the roof so that it is adapted to the strong wind in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Third, the unique organism cellular structure of seaweed which Figure 11. The construction process sequence of building has more abundant air spaces than wheat straw, a seaweed house (Wang and Lei 2018). . 14 Y. LIU ET AL. means that seaweed rooves have more insulation space. Additionally, the method of thatching the roof optimizes the material combination; the layer of sea- weed layer with rich colloids forms a firmer outside layer, while the straw layer serves as a loose air space inside, like a big thermal barrier (Yang 2012). Fourth, the Zostera marina has obvious flame retardant char- acteristics. Furthermore, the Zostera marina is a naturally degradable material, which becomes soil Figure 13. the mountain in the north is used to block the cold nutrients without polluting or damaging the environ- wind in winter and for cooling in summer. ment. According to the residents of seaweed houses, the sound insulation effect is better than a general brick and tile house, stating that “living in the quiet seaweed house, even when it rains heavily, you cannot hear the sound. You can sleep well at night without a jingling drum sound on the roof (Quantao and Han 2012). ” The granite stone walls with a thickness of more than 40 cm have good thermal stability. In summer, the roof blocks the thermal radiation, preventing a rapid indoor temperature rise. At night, the sea and land winds in the coastal area take away the Figure 14. The soaring roof slope leads the cold wind in winter heat that is stored in the roof and stone walls. In to the upper air. winter, the thick material absorbs the sun’s rays and keeps the indoor temperature stable (Chen 2002). Also, seaweed houses use natural building materials thus making full use of the sunlight while still redu- and are free from any pollution, which greatly ben- cing summer sun exposure and improving indoor efits to the residents’ health (Xiaolin 2008). Notably, thermal comfort (Liu and Chenchen 2015). Liu Zhigang and other scholars found that residents 3). Reasonable roof slope of seaweed houses have a longer life span and It is common for the slope of seaweed house include many centenarians. roofs to be over 50° and some have thatching of 2). Reasonable site selection and orientation up to 2 m or more (Zhang and Zhou 1996). The Jiaodong Peninsula is a mountainous and hilly soaring roof slope can effectively lead the cold area. Seaweed house villages are built on sunny wind in winter to the upper air (Figure 14), reduce slopes, facing the sea and with gentle terrain the wind speed in certain areas, greatly improve the (Figures 12–13). The purpose of this site selection drainage efficiency, and reduce snow cover (Yan is to use the mountain in the north to block the and Aimin 2012). Thus, it is well adapted to the cold wind and play a role in keeping the house winter’s cold and snowy weather in the Jiaodong warm in winter and cool in summer while receiving Peninsula. sunshine from the south (Chen and Mou 2014). 4). Reasonable housing scale They are usually oriented about 15° south by east. The main house of a seaweed house follows They are well adapted to the local sun azimuth, a rectangular plane. It has a large width, about 9–12 m, which is beneficial to increase heat gain in winter. It also has a small depth, about 3.6–4 m, which reduces the heat gain in the east-west interface in summer and indoor heat loss in winter. Moreover, the shape coefficient of the main house in this layout is about 0.6, which can effec - tively reduce the heat dissipation area and improve the indoor thermal environment (Liu 2015), reflecting the insulation culture in the Jiaodong Peninsula. 5). Reasonable layout of the yard The courtyard of the seaweed house is usually small in size, with a length of about 9–12 m from north to south and a width of only 4–8 m from east to west. The courtyard’s width is only 1/3 of the Figure 12. Seaweed house villages built on sunny slopes, width of the main house, therefore playing an effec - facing the sea, and with gentle terrain. tive role in adjusting the microclimate. In winter, the JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 15 Figure 15. The regulating microclimate principle of a “cool courtyard” (Wang and Tan 2011). . narrow courtyard helps to protect from the coastal and protection strategy, which two main representative winter wind (Tong et al. 2020). In summer, there are researchers describe. Jiandong Gao graded and scored 63 usually several deciduous trees in the courtyard (Hao seaweed house villages in Rongcheng city based on four 2018a), which form a “cool courtyard” blocking the evaluation indexes: (1) architectural evaluation, (2) site direct sunlight with leaves, which not only effectively selection and pattern, (3) intangible cultural heritage reduces the wind speed but also improves the envir- and humanistic value, and (4) current situation and devel- onment and adjusts the microclimate in the court- opment resources. It was proposed that a first-level pro- yard area (Figure 15). tected village with a high total score in value evaluation should protect all the buildings, roads, public spaces, and landscapes within the village scope and a second-level 6.5. The thermal environment of a seaweed house village with a medium total score in value evaluation should plan to protect the buildings, roads, and important Yan Wu, Xiang Liu, and other scholars have tested and public nodes in key areas. Then, a third-level village with verified the thermal environment of a seaweed house. a low total score in value evaluation should protect the In January and August, Xiang Liu measured the tem- concentrated seaweed houses, traditional streets, and perature and humidity for a month and evaluated the lanes with characteristics and important public nodes thermal environment using the PMV (predicted mean (Gao et al. 2017). Jinjian Ma integrated the protection vote) -PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) value. and utilization value of the 63 seaweed house villages He concluded that the indoor thermal comfort was using four aspects: (1) site selection and layout, (2) con- average in winter and good in summer. After compar- ing the temperature of seaweed houses with that of struction, (3) cultural characteristics, and (4) development brick-tile houses on cold days and hot days, Yan Wu potential. It was also recognized that the protection mode concluded that the heat insulation performance was of traditional seaweed houses villages can be divided into better than that of brick-tile houses (Yan 2012). three types, overall protection, area protection, and street protection. Then, the suggestion of joint planning to form groups and the differentiated development of seaweed 7. Conservation and development of the house villages was suggested (Jinjian, Gao, and Xiaotian seaweed house 2019). Over hundreds of years, the seaweed house formed its In addition, regional development strategies unique cultural value and thus should be preserved and should be adopted for sustainable development developed. Research on seaweed house protection and and targeted development strategies should be cho- development can be roughly divided into three aspects: sen according to the actual situation of each village. village protection and development, house renewal and Shengge Wang et al. graded and rated seaweed protection, and development and utilization. houses in six traditional villages in Lidao Town, Rongcheng City. They found that the population size and economic income were the two main factors 7.1. Protection and development of seaweed influencing village vitality, while resident retention house villages and tertiary industry development were critical to development (Wang et al. 2017). Jian Zhang believed Regarding the preservation states of different seaweed that sustainable development should proceed from houses villages, scholars agree on the overall classification 16 Y. LIU ET AL. four dimensions, the economy, society, ecology, and seaweed houses and realizing the benign cycle of culture and he summarized the “TEAM model” for protection, development, and utilization (Sui and village development as “Tourism Destination + Xiao 2022). At present, there are typical development Ecology + APP + Maker” (Zhang 2017). Xuebiao Geng and utilization methods. First, the houses are used for proposed the “ECAD model” for village development locals to live in. Therefore, seaweed houses need to be as “ecology + culture + art + design” and summarized improved according to the needs of the local people. four effective measures for the restoration and pro- Wang Peng and other scholars obtained demand data tection of landscape ecology, inheritance, landscape from residents to improve seaweed houses through culture, the interpretation and reconstruction of interviews with seaweed house residents. They sum- landscape art, and the authenticity and innovation marized the main needs of seaweed house locals using of landscape design (Geng 2019). Dong Ma and grounded theory, which is reflected in three aspects: Dongxue Guo used the Yandunjiao seaweed house improving seaweed quality to prolong the roof repair village in Rongcheng city as an example to propose cycle, improving living space quality, and developing that the cultural characteristics of traditional seaweed seaweed house tourism (Wang et al. 2021). Second, villages should be fully utilized to develop the tour- combined with local tourism industry planning ism industry, which would result in a win-win situa- (Runhua, Cao, and Huo 2009), seaweed houses could tion for village protection and tourism development be transformed into family-owned bed-and-breakfasts, (Dong, Xuechang, and Guo 2017a). restaurants, tourism and cultural centers, or other pub- lic housing. Third, a typical well-preserved seaweed house could be transformed into an ecological 7.2. The protection and inheritance of seaweed museum or a village history museum (Pan 2021). houses Scholars have generally agreed upon this method. There are generally three consensuses in conservation More than half of the scholars from the literature on research on seaweed houses. The first is to follow the the utilization of seaweed houses have proposed the construction of a seaweed house folk museum. Among principle of “restoring the old” (Liu and Chang 2022), carrying out antique restoration while maintaining the them, Caiyun Liu analyzed the Dongchudao Seaweed overall architectural style with the traditional techni- House Ecological Museum and found that the Ecological Museum could be used as an important ques and materials of seaweed houses. The second is strategy for the regeneration design of seaweed that per the principle of integrity, the protection of seaweed houses should coexist with the folk customs houses by using actual cases (Liu and Fang 2021). of villages. The folk customs should be inherited while protecting the seaweed houses (Liu and Chen 2015; Zhao 2017), and the protection of the village landscape 8. Conclusion and research prospects should also be emphasized (Xu et al. 2014). The third is 8.1. Conclusion establishing an ecological museum, which has active protection and inheritance functions, to effectively The following conclusions can be drawn by summariz- protect seaweed houses (Lv 2020). ing the relevant literature on the 101 seaweed houses In terms of inheritance, first, in recent years, there that were studied in this paper. have been studies and practices conducted on the artificial cultivation of seaweed in the Rongcheng (1) All scholars recognized the sustainable ecologi- area, which will provide seaweed resources for the cal value of seaweed houses and summarized inheritance of seaweed houses. Second, a protection the main values of seaweed houses into aes- mechanism for thatchers of the seaweed houses thetic value, ecological value, regional cultural should be established under the guidance of the gov- value, and sustainable development value. ernment, to protect the inheritance of “thatching craft” Among all the discussions in the literature on (Zhang and Gao 2017). Third, a “new type of seaweed the problems faced by the development of sea- house” model should be explored. Changlin Shao pro- weed houses, the reduction in seaweed materi- posed that new technology should be used to build als, the change in residents’ demand, and the seaweed houses based on inheritance and materials, inheritance of seaweed house building skills are and the functional layout should be changed to meet recognized as three problems. Therefore, these modern people’s lifestyle and habits (Shao 2017). three aspects are urgent problems that need to be solved for the sustainable development of seaweed houses. 7.3. The development and utilization of seaweed (2) The site, plane layout, and structure of seaweed houses houses conform to the characteristics of typical Development is for better protection. We can promote folk houses in the cold areas of northern China. far-reaching development by utilizing the full value of Additionally, the “thatching skill” as the unique JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 17 building skill of seaweed houses, has both eco- PPD predicted percentage of dissatisfied Zm Zostera marina logical and cultural value. Za Zosteric acid (3) Ecological strategies such as the material char- JP Jiaodong Peninsula acteristics of seaweed and granite, roof slope, Tc Thatching craft volume factor, and layout of the seaweed house courtyard are key influencing factors for the warmth of the seaweed house in winter and its Disclosure statement coolness in summer. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. (4) The development of regional culture is the focus of the protection of seaweed houses, the protec- tion of the seaweed house environment is the Funding basis for the development of seaweed houses, The study has been supported partly by the China National and the protection of seaweed houses by classi- Key R&D Program Research on the energy efficiency and fication is an important strategy for the devel- health performance improvement of building operations opment of seaweed house villages. Additionally, based on lifecycle carbon emissions reduction (Grant No. cultural excavation, economic development, 2018YFE0106100) , Shandong Province Key R&D Program on Development of the Healthy and Low carbon Residential and ecological optimization are key to the sus- House with Smart Home Environment Management System tainable development of seaweed houses. (Grant No. 2019GSF110003) 8.2. Research prospects Notes on contributors The following research areas are suggested for the Ms. Yi Liu is a doctoral student in the School of study of the ecologically sustainable development of Environmental and Municipal Engineering at Qingdao seaweed dwellings and communities, taking into University of Technology, China. Her major field of study is account current developments: green building and municipal engineering. Dr. Weijun Gao is a tenured professor at the University of (1) It is necessary to increase the number of studies Kitakyushu, Japan and Academia Professor, Qingdao on the measurement of the thermal environ- University of Technology, China. He has been a visiting pro- ment and building energy consumption and fessor at many universities including China and USA, such as Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, and Lawrence then conduct quantitative research with com- Berkeley National Laboratory, USA. Professor Gao's research puter simulation technology to explore the eco- interests include: the science, engineering, management, logical, green, and appropriate technical and dissemination of city environment planning, distributed principles for the ecological strategy, which energy system, building material recycle, health and environ- can be used as a reference for modern building mental impacts of energy generation and use, geographic energy conservation technology. information system, climate change, especially in urban area, and energy forecasting. (2) The construction of seaweed houses should be optimized from the perspective of sustainable Dr. Xingtian Wang is the honorary dean of the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Qingdao University of development architecture, expanding their cul- Technology and has served as a researcher at Waseda tural and ecological value to give this rare eco- University in Japan, as well as the chief architect and director logical folk house have new vitality in its at a renowned design firm in Japan. He is also the principal development. architect at Shanghai Xingtian Architecture and Engineering (3) We should broaden the scope of research that is Design Firm. conducted on the sustainable development of seaweed house villages and learn from the Data availability statement development strategies of similar villages with global protection development. For example, Data will be provided upon request to the authors the combination of the tourism landscape and agricultural development that was adopted by Authors contribution the “He Zhang Zao” residential village in Baicawa Township, Japan (Wang 2016). This All the authors wrote the manuscript and carefully evaluated will establish the foundation for natural environ- the final manuscript ment protection and obtain inspiration from foreign experiences. References Chen, L. 2018. “Research on the Seaweed Houses of Ancient List of abbreviations Buildings in Weihai.” Real Estate Information of China 66. PMV predicted mean vote doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8536.2018.27.031. 18 Y. LIU ET AL. Chen, W. 2017. “Fisherman’s Fairy Tale in Seaweed House.” Geng, X. 2019. “Study on the Protection and Development of Urban and Rural Development 67–69. doi:10.3969/j.issn. Landscape Scenery of Traditional Coastal Villages in 1002-8455.2017.22.027. 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Journal

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building EngineeringTaylor & Francis

Published: Nov 2, 2023

Keywords: Seaweed house; sustainable; energy-saving; folk house; ecology

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