Abstract
ALL EARTH 2023, VOL. 35, NO. 1, 16-30 https://doi.org/10.1080/27669645.2022.2164412 REVIEW ARTICLE Research trend of rice and greenhouse gases based on Web of Science: a bibliometric analysis a b Bao-Zhong Yuan and Jie Sun a b College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan city, Hubei province, PR China; Library of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan city, Hubei province, PR China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 1 November 2022 Based on the Web of Science core database and using bibliometric analysis method, this study Accepted 28 December 2022 analysed 2,680 papers on rice and greenhouse gas topic research till to 22 July 2022, which included 47 highly cited papers and one hot paper, mainly written in English and from 10,116 KEYWORDS authors, 2,594 organisations and 111 countries or territories, published in 517 journals and four Bibliometric analysis; book series. The top five journals are Science of the Total Environment, Journal of Cleaner greenhouse gases; rice; Production, Agriculture and Ecosystems Environment, Environmental Science and Pollution Vosviewer; web of science Research and Sustainability. The top five countries were Peoples R China, U.S.A., India, Germany and Japan. The top five organisations were the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, CGIAR and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, each with more than 126 papers. The top four authors were Wassmann Reiner, Pan Genxing, Smith Pete and Cao Cougui. All keywords were separated into 10 clusters with co-occurrence network visualisation using VOSviewer, and the research front was shown by co-occurrence overlay visualisation. The results will help researchers clarify the current research situation, but also provide guidance for future research in rice and greenhouse gases. 1. Introduction warming effect, is second only to carbon dioxide (CO ) as the most significant GHG. The challenge is on ensuring In response to climate change, countries all over the that rice production increases are not associated with an world have enacted various policy measures to reduce increase in GHG emission intensities. Studies conducted greenhouse gas emissions to reduce the further rise in in the Latin America and Caribbean region show inter- global average temperatures and reduce the risks and mittent irrigation or alternate wetting and drying of rice losses of climate change. Climate change, caused by fields to reduce CH emissions by 25–70% without the increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases 4 increasing N O emissions. Compared to conventional til- (GHGs) in the atmosphere, is the most vital challenge 2 lage, no-tillage and anticipated tillage (i.e. fall tillage) faced by humanity. Agriculture is one of the most cause a 21% and 25% reduction in CH emissions, respec- important economic sectors and responsible for both 4 tively. A more realistic approach for realising low GHG food and nutritional security, it is faced with the chal- emitting rice production systems is to focus on increasing lenge of providing healthy food for a growing popula- rice yields, which should translate to a reduction in GHG tion at minimal environmental cost. However, it emission intensities (Chirinda et al., 2018). The conceptual impacts directly or indirectly towards the global cli- framework presented a visual representation of how var- mate change by emitting greenhouse gases ious factors such as fertiliser application, water manage- (Panchasara et al., 2021). Agricultural soil acts as ment practices, crop variety and soil type inter-relate to a source and sink of important greenhouse gases explain the factors that influence the level of greenhouse (GHGs) like methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O) and 4 2 gas emissions from rice fields (Boateng et al., 2017). carbon dioxide (CO ). Rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ) and Rice is the foremost staple food in the world, safe- 2 water deficits are threatening global rice productivity guarding the global food and nutritional security. Rice and sustainability. Rice soils exposed to drought and paddies have been a major concern to the scientific elevated CO alter the biomass, diversity and activity of community because they produce the threatening and 2 soil microorganisms affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) long-lasting GHGs, mainly CH and N O. Around 30% and 4 2 emission dynamics (Kumar et al., 2019). Water manage- 11% of global agricultural CH and N O, respectively, are 4 2 ment under water deficit situation affects the aeration emitted from rice fields (Gupta et al., 2021; Hussain et al., status of soil, which in turn regulates the rate and 2015). Methane, which accounts for 20–30% of the global CONTACT Bao-Zhong Yuan yuanbz@mail.hzau.edu.cn; yuanbzsj@163.com College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan city, Hubei province, PR China © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ALL EARTH 17 direction of nitrification and denitrification processes & Yuan, 2020a), the top papers in world rice research and can enhance N O emissions, which might out- (Sun & Yuan, 2020b). weigh the benefit of reduced CH emissions. The tim- The purpose of this paper was to use bibliometric ing and duration of midseason aeration affected the methods to analyse the publications of ‘rice’ and trade-off between CH and N O emissions. This indi- ‘greenhouse gases’ or ‘greenhouse gas’ topic research 4 2 cates that there was a potential for reducing GHGs based on the Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science (WoS) emission from rice fields by adopting suitable water core database. Co-authorship network visualisation of management practices. GHG flux from soil is signifi - authors, organisations and countries and co- cantly affected by soil conditions (e.g. organic matter occurrence network visualisation of all keywords were content, bulk density, porosity and tillage), water man- done by VOSviewer. The co-occurrence network visua- agement, fertiliser management, soil pH, pre-season lisation of all keywords shows different clusters on water status and temperature, rice planting methods research topics, and the co-occurrence overly visualisa- and rice cultivar selection (Kumar et al., 2019; Yagi tion of all keywords shows the research trend and front et al., 2020). Soils under anaerobic conditions are by all keywords co-occurrence times in different favourable for CH production. In soil, N O is produced annuals. 4 2 through the microbial mechanism of nitrification and denitrification under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, 2. Materials and methods respectively (Faiz-Ul Islam et al., 2020). Flooding con- dition in rice field emits a maximum amount of CH , 2.1. Web of science and a large amount of N O is produced in intermit- The publication counts from the WoS core collection were tently flooded rice and under transition periods derived from the following databases: The Science between crops (Pittelkow et al., 2013; Zhao et al., Citation Index – Expanded (SCIE) – 1900-present, Social 2011). Nitrogen fertilisation level and water manage- Science Citation Index (SSCI) − 1900-present, Conference ment are the main factors regulating N O emission in Proceeding Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S) − 2015- the paddy soil. present, Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Social Rice is grown under flooded soil conditions and Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH) − 2015-present, Current uses more water and has higher GHG emissions than Chemical Reactions (CCR-EXPANDED) −1985-present, most crops. The alternate wetting and drying water Index Chemicus (IC) − 1993-present. management practices will maintain grain yields and concurrently reduce water use, greenhouse gas emis- sions and arsenic (As) levels in rice (Linquist et al., 2.2. Data collection 2015). Average GHG emissions for US rice systems The data collection was completed on 22 July 2022 to that include growing (and ratoon) and fallow seasons avoid bias. The keywords of ‘rice’ and ‘greenhouse for both CH and N O were estimated (Linquist et al., 4 2 gases’ or ‘greenhouse gas’ were used in the topic (TS). 2018). Elevated CH emissions in rice systems can lead The query as following: TS = ‘rice’ and ‘greenhouse to a high global warming potential (GWP) relative to gases’ or ‘greenhouse gas’. other crops, thus strategies to reduce GHG emissions, Then, the results were refined by document types of particularly CH , are needed. Altering water, residue Articles and Review articles. As a result, there are 2,680 (carbon) and fertiliser management practices are com- papers from the WoS core collection. The records were monly suggested as options for mitigating GHG emis- downloaded and saved as plain text format by select- sions in rice systems (Linquist et al., 2012). ing the export format ‘full records and cited references’ In recent years, the bibliometric method is more and then imported into VOSviewer for further citation frequently used in greenhouse gases research. For analysis. The impact factors (IF 2021 and IF 5 year) were example, greenhouse gas research on a global scale taken from the Journal Citation Report (JCR 2021) pub- from 2000 to 2014 (Yang et al., 2018), energy consump- lished in June 2022, which had the latest data available tion and greenhouse gas emissions in the residential (Clarivate, Journal Citation Reports ™ 2021, 2022a). sector (Geng et al., 2017), co-benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation: a review and classification by type, mitigation sector, and geography (Deng et al., 2017), 2.3. VOSviewer greenhouse gas emissions from landfills (Zhang et al., 2019). Bibliometric analysis technique has been VOSviewer is a free bibliometric visualiser with an adopted related with rice crop research such as intuitive and user-friendly interface. It was chosen Japanese rice (Morooka et al., 2014), rice physiology because it can work with large sets of data and offer and management in China (Peng, 2017), global rice a range of analysis and investigation options, creating research during 1985–2014 (Liu et al., 2017), et al. Sun intuitive images that aid in evaluating data (van Eck & and Yuan have analysed rice with fertiliser based on Waltman, 2010). In this paper, default parameter values Citespace (Sun & Yuan, 2019), rice with irrigation (Sun of the VOSviewer (version 1.6.18; Van Eck & Waltman, 18 B. -Z. YUAN AND J. SUN 2022) are usually used in the analysis. The size of circles reflect the increasing attention devoted to this area reflects the weight of an item. Distance between the during the past decade. Publications were exponential items indicates the strength of relationships. growth during period from 1991 to 2022 (R = 0.9483). The quality of publications was measured by the number of citations with h-index. For a total of 2,680 3. Results and discussion papers, the h-index is 125, the total number of citations was 84,495 over the period and the average citation 3.1. Document type and language of publication per item is 31.53. There were three earliest papers on Based on Clarivate Analytics' WoS Index, all the 2,680 rice and greenhouse gas topic research published in publications were identified in SCIE (2,652, 98.955%), 1991, and they were ‘Origins of atmospheric methane’ SSCI (222, 8.284%), CPCI-S (65, 2.425%), Book Citation written by Badr et al. (1991) and published in Applied Index – Science (14, 0.522%), Arts and Humanities Energy; titled of ‘Effect of encapsulated calcium carbide Citation Index (1, 0.037%) and CPCI-SSH (1, 0.037%). on dinitrogen, nitrous-oxide, methane, and carbon- The document types of all papers were articles (2,438, dioxide emissions from flooded rice’ written by 90.97%) and review articles (242, 9.03%), and also were Bronson and Mosier (1991) and published in Biology proceedings papers (65, 2.425%), early access (34, and Fertility of Soils; titled of ‘Sources and sinks of 1.269%), book chapters (14, 0.522%), and data paper greenhouse gases in the soil-plant environment’ writ- (3, 0.112%). ten by Denmead (1991) and published in Vegetatio. Among the all 2,680 papers, there are 47 top papers including of 47 highly cited papers and one hot paper 3.3. Web of science categories and research areas over a 10-year and 4-month period: 1 January 2012– 30 April 2022 (Clarivate, 2022b, Essential Science There are total 84 WoS subject categories and 55 Indicators Help). All of the papers were almost pub- research areas for rice and greenhouse gas topic lished in English (2,672, 99.701%), and then others research during 1991–2022. Table 1 shows the top 20 were Portuguese (3, 0.112%), German (2, 0.075%), WoS categories and research areas. The top five cate- Japanese (2, 0.075%) and Spanish (1, 0.037%), gories include Environmental Sciences (1,286 papers, 47.985% of 2,680 papers), Soil Science (431, 16.082%), Agronomy (340, 12.687%), Green Sustainable Science 3.2. Publication output Technology (291, 10.858%), and Ecology (260, 9.701%). Figure 1 shows the publications of rice and green- The top five research areas include Environmental house gas topic research between 1991 and 2022. Sciences Ecology (1,363 papers, 50.858% of 2,680 The highest value was 394 papers in 2021. In general, papers), Agriculture (982, 36.642%), Science the number of publications presents a fast growth Technology Other Topics (405, 15.112%), Engineering tendency after 2005. There are 73, 223, 1,470, 914 (334, 12.463%) and Energy Fuels (196, 7.313%). papers during the period of 1991–1999, 2000–2009, Journals or papers may be classified into two or more 2010–2019, 2020–2022, respectively. These trends categories in the WoS, showing the multidisciplinary 0.1483x y = 2E-128e R² = 0.9483 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Year Figure 1. Trends in the quantity of published papers on rice and greenhouse gases research from 1991 to 2022. Number of publications ALL EARTH 19 Table 1. Top 20 WoS categories and research areas on rice and greenhouse gas topic research from 1991 to 2022. WoS categories Research areas Rank Categories No. papers % total papers Areas No. papers % total papers 1 Environmental Sciences 1,286 47.985 Environmental Sciences Ecology 1,363 50.858 2 Soil Science 431 16.082 Agriculture 982 36.642 3 Agronomy 340 12.687 Science Technology Other Topics 405 15.112 4 Green Sustainable Science Technology 291 10.858 Engineering 334 12.463 5 Ecology 260 9.701 Energy Fuels 196 7.313 6 Engineering Environmental 241 8.993 Plant Sciences 183 6.828 7 Agriculture Multidisciplinary 221 8.246 Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences 166 6.194 8 Energy Fuels 196 7.313 Geology 92 3.433 9 Plant Sciences 183 6.828 Water Resources 91 3.396 10 Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences 166 6.194 Biotechnology Applied Microbiology 68 2.537 11 Environmental Studies 119 4.44 Biodiversity Conservation 60 2.239 12 Multidisciplinary Sciences 114 4.254 Chemistry 60 2.239 13 Water Resources 91 3.396 Microbiology 56 2.09 14 Geosciences Multidisciplinary 90 3.358 Materials Science 45 1.679 15 Agricultural Engineering 69 2.575 Thermodynamics 33 1.231 16 Biotechnology Applied Microbiology 68 2.537 Food Science Technology 28 1.045 17 Engineering Chemical 64 2.388 Construction Building Technology 26 0.97 18 Biodiversity Conservation 60 2.239 Forestry 24 0.896 19 Microbiology 56 2.09 Business Economics 22 0.821 20 Materials Science Multidisciplinary 36 1.343 Remote Sensing 21 0.784 character of this research field (Elango & Ho, 2018). In paper. As for one journal belonging to a different WoS, publications are mapped to WoS categories, WoS category, the Quartile rank in Category was which are more detailed than research areas (Stopar selected as the highest one. et al., 2021). The top 5 journals, top 10 journals, top 15 journals, top 20 journals and top 25 journals published about 21.195%, 29.516%, 36.121%, 41.456% and 45.71% of the 3.4. Core journals total papers, respectively. The top five Journals are Science of the Total Environment (158, 5.896%), Journal All 2,680 publications were published in 517 journals of Cleaner Production (133, 4.963%), Agriculture and four book series. The four book series titles are Ecosystems and Environment (127, 4.739%), Advances in Agronomy (12), Annual Review of Plant Environmental Science and Pollution Research (92, Biology (2), Advances in Space Research (1) and Annals 3.433%) and Sustainability (58, 2.164%), each published of the New York Academy of Sciences Series (1). The top equal to or more than 58 papers. Among the top 25 25 core journals are displayed in Table 2 with total journals in Table 2, sixteen journals were in Quartile 1, articles for each of more than 20 papers, Journal seven journals were in Quartile 2, two journals were in impact factor as IF 2021 and IF 5 year, Quartile rank in Quartile 3. Journals in the Q1 rank are considered to Category, total citations and average citations per Table 2. Top 25 core Journals on rice and greenhouse gas topic research indexed in the WoS. Rank Journal TP Ratio IF 2021 IF 5year QC Citations Avg. citations 1 Science of the Total Environment 158 5.896 10.753 10.237 Q1 3,626 22.9 2 Journal of Cleaner Production 133 4.963 11.072 11.016 Q1 3,394 25.5 3 Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 127 4.739 6.576 7.088 Q1 5,520 43.5 4 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 92 3.433 5.19 5.053 Q2 1,294 14.1 5 Sustainability 58 2.164 3.889 4.089 Q2 475 8.2 6 Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 52 1.94 1.929 2.634 Q3 1,107 21.3 7 Global Change Biology 47 1.754 13.211 13.111 Q1 4,710 100.2 8 Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 43 1.604 3.866 4.504 Q2 1,326 30.8 9 Field Crops Research 41 1.53 6.145 7.234 Q1 2,221 54.2 10 Atmospheric Environment 40 1.493 5.755 6.027 Q1 1,416 35.4 11 Journal of Environmental Management 38 1.418 8.91 8.549 Q1 684 18.0 12 Paddy and Water Environment 38 1.418 1.554 1.924 Q3 492 12.9 13 Agronomy Basel 36 1.343 3.949 4.117 Q1 170 4.7 14 Soil Tillage Research 34 1.269 7.366 7.829 Q1 1,496 44.0 15 Geoderma 31 1.157 7.422 7.444 Q1 1,707 55.1 16 Soil Biology Biochemistry 31 1.157 8.546 9.956 Q1 1,984 64.0 17 Scientific Reports 30 1.119 4.996 5.516 Q2 770 25.7 18 Environmental Pollution 29 1.082 9.988 10.366 Q1 505 17.4 19 Energy 27 1.007 8.857 8.234 Q1 569 21.1 20 Biology and Fertility of Soils 26 0.97 6.605 7.116 Q1 894 34.4 21 PLoS One 26 0.97 3.752 4.069 Q2 563 21.7 22 Applied Soil Ecology 25 0.933 5.509 5.678 Q2 709 28.4 23 Agricultural Systems 22 0.821 6.765 7.131 Q1 568 25.8 24 Chemosphere 21 0.784 8.943 8.52 Q1 753 35.9 25 Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 20 0.746 2.242 2.76 Q2 206 10.3 TP: Total publications; Ratio: Ratio of 2,680 (%); IF 2021: journal impact factor in 2021; IF5 year: journal impact factor of 5 years; QC: Quartile in Category. 20 B. -Z. YUAN AND J. SUN have the highest impact. Based on the average citations and International Journal of Environmental Research per paper in Table 2, the top five the journal citation and Public Health, the eighth cluster (brown) had five with more than 44 times were Global Change Biology journals and centred as Environmental Science & (100.2), Soil Biology & Biochemistry (64.0), Geoderma Technology and Water Air and Soil Pollution, the ninth (55.1), Field Crops Research (54.2) and Soil & Tillage cluster (pink) had four journals and centred as Soil Research (44.0). Science and Plant Nutrition and Global Biogeochemical According to the publication data in the citation of Cycles, the tenth cluster had only one journal revista 517 journals, there were 121 journals that met the Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo. thresholds of five and were connected to each other. The network visualisation maps of citations in the field 3.5. Authors co-authorship analysis of rice and greenhouse gas topic research based on WoS were shown to be 10 clusters with different col- A total of 10,116 authors have 2,680 publications, ours in Figure 2, the size of circles reflecting a total where 381 authors met the thresholds of five publica- number of journal publications. Journals in the same tions and 342 authors were connected with each other. colour cluster usually suggested that they published The network map of authorship authors in the field of the similar content papers and had close relations with rice and greenhouse gas topic research based on WoS each other. The first cluster (red) had 25 journals and represented in Figure 3, the size of circles reflects centred as Journal of Cleaner Production and a total number of records. Authors in the same cluster Sustainability, the second cluster (green) had 23 jour- usually suggested that they studied in a similar field or nals and centred as Agriculture Ecosystems & worked at the same institute or had close cooperation Environment and Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, with each other. the third cluster (blue) had 19 journals and centred as Table 3 provides the top 23 author information Global Change Biology and Soil Biology & Biochemistry, published articles in the field of rice and greenhouse the fourth cluster (yellow) had 16 journals and centred gas topic research from 1991 to 2022 with affiliations as Science of the Total Environment and Field Crops and countries and published more than 20 papers. Research, the fifth cluster (violet) had 14 journals and Among the all authors in Table 3, the top four authors centred as Environmental Science and Pollution were Wassmann Reiner (38 papers), Pan Genxing (34), Research and Construction and Building Materials, the Smith Pete (33) and Cao Cougui (29), each published sixth cluster (light blue) had eight journals and centred more than 29 papers. as Agricultural Water Management and Agronomy The organisation of the author is the latest institute Journal, the seventh cluster (orange) had six journals based on the latest publications. Among the 23 and centred as Agronomy for Sustainable Development authors, there are eleven authors from China, the Figure 2. Network visualization maps of citation journals with minimum of 5 publications in the field of rice and greenhouse gases topic research based on WoS with 121 circles and 10 clusters. ALL EARTH 21 Figure 3. Network visualization map of top authors in rice and climate change topic research from 1991 to 2022. organisations are Nanjing Agricultural University, average citations, Scotland, Canada, Germany, U.S.A. Huazhong Agricultural University, Chinese Acad Agr and Australia showed the higher citations per paper Sci, Beijing University of Technology, Chinese more than 52.8 times. The strength of international Academy of Sciences, Fujian Normal University; three research collaboration was presented as Total Link authors are from Germany; two authors are from India; Strength (TLS), which is automatically given by two authors are from Japan; other five authors, each VOSviewer upon mapping research activity of selected one author is from Scotland, South Korea, U.S.A., the countries. Philippines and Spain. All papers were developed for the co-authorship network map using VOSviewer (Figure 4). There are 60 countries or regions that met the threshold as five 3.6. Countries/Regions co-authorship analysis and were divided into six clusters. According to the There were 111 countries or regions that contributed number of publications from high to low among each 2,680 papers. Table 4 represents the top 20 countries cluster in Figure 4, the first cluster (red colour) con- or regions that published equal to or more than 52 sisted of 19 countries or regions including England, papers and also shows the cluster, total link strength, Brazil, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Iran, Mexico, citations and average citations. Among the 20 coun- Belgium, Wales, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Poland, Greece, tries or regions, Peoples R China, U.S.A., India, Germany Ghana, Morocco, Chile, Peru, Portugal and Cote and Japan were the five major article contributors, d'Ivoire. The second cluster (green colour) consisted each published more than 212 papers. In the case of of 13 countries or regions including Germany, Japan, 22 B. -Z. YUAN AND J. SUN Table 3. The top 23 most prolific authors published papers in the field of rice and greenhouse gas topic research from 1991 to Rank Author Papers Affiliations Country 1 Wassmann, Reiner 38 Karlsruhe Inst Technol Germany 2 Pan, Genxing 34 Nanjing Agricultural University China 3 Smith, Pete 33 Univ Aberdeen Scotland 4 Cao, Cougui 29 Huazhong Agricultural University China 5 Kim, Pil Joo 26 Gyeongsang National University South Korea 6 Xiong, 26 Nanjing Agricultural University China Zhengqin 7 Yagi, Kazuyuki 26 Kyushu University Japan 8 Pathak, Himanshu 26 ICAR - National Rice Research Institute India 9 Zhang, Weijian 25 Chinese Acad Agr Sci China 10 Liu, Shuwei 24 Beijing University of Technology China 11 Conrad, Ralf 24 Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, Germany 12 Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus 24 Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Germany 13 Jain, Niveta 23 Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) India 14 Inubushi, Kazuyuki 23 Chiba University Japan 15 Linquist, Bruce A. 23 University of California Davis U.S.A 16 Wu, Jinshui 23 Chinese Academy of Sciences China 17 Sander, Bjorn Ole 22 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Philippines 18 Wang, Weiqi 21 Fujian Normal University China 19 Wang, Chun 21 Fujian Normal University China 20 Zou, JIANWEN 21 Nanjing Agricultural University China 21 Penuelas, Josep 21 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) Spain 22 Li, Chengfang 20 Huazhong Agricultural University China 23 Lai, Derrick Y.F. 20 The Chinese University of Hong Kong China Table 4. Top 20 countries published papers in the field of rice and greenhouse gas topic research from 1991 to 2022. Total link Average Rank Countries/Regions Records Cluster strength Citations citations 1 Peoples R China 1120 3 814 32,569 29.1 2 U.S.A 474 3 597 25,750 54.3 3 India 369 4 255 11,598 31.4 4 Germany 235 2 417 12,932 55.0 5 Japan 212 2 157 4,973 23.5 6 Australia 162 3 337 8,548 52.8 7 South Korea 117 3 126 2,788 23.8 8 England 115 1 239 5,256 45.7 9 Philippines 96 2 171 3,261 34.0 10 Pakistan 92 3 154 3,000 32.6 11 Thailand 85 4 93 3,596 42.3 12 Brazil 76 1 70 1,445 19.0 13 Italy 72 1 124 1,965 27.3 14 Bangladesh 69 3 118 1,154 16.7 15 Canada 68 4 112 5,336 78.5 16 Netherlands 68 1 110 3,185 46.8 17 Scotland 66 4 178 5,434 82.3 18 Spain 66 1 130 1,892 28.7 19 Vietnam 53 2 86 856 16.2 20 Iran 52 1 26 1,122 21.6 the Philippines, Vietnam, France, Indonesia, Denmark, A comparison of the growth trends of the top five Nepal, Finland, Norway, the Czech Republic, countries is displayed in Figure 5. The People's Madagascar and Myanmar. The third cluster (blue col- Republic of China, the first on the list ranked by total our) consisted of 13 countries or regions including papers, has published 1,123 (41.9%) articles, with the Peoples R China, U.S.A., Australia, South Korea, fastest growing trend since 2014. This could be due to Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, a series of positive policies that motivated the rapid Egypt, Turkey, Singapore and Northern Ireland. The development of research in China. China is one of the fourth cluster (yellow colour) consisted of nine coun- most attractive countries in terms of scientific perfor- tries and regions including India, Thailand, Canada, mance today. It has experienced a sustained and Scotland, Russia, Ireland, Nigeria, Uruguay and South remarkable increase in scientific production and Africa. The fifth cluster (violet) consisted of five coun- became the global second-largest producer of scienti- tries and regions including New Zealand, Austria, fic publications since 2006, particularly taking a world- Switzerland, Kenya and Uganda. The sixth cluster (shal- leading position in special fields (Fu et al., 2011). The low blue) is the only country of Sweden. Taiwan, as past decades have witnessed a rapid rise of China in a region of China, shows the stronger research ability economic development, with a GDP averaging about a in the field of rice and greenhouse gas topic research. 10% annual growth rate since 2000, and China ALL EARTH 23 Figure 4. The country co-authorship network map of rice and greenhouse gases research related publications from 1991 to 2022. The country co-authorship network map with 60 circles and 6 clusters, the bigger circles represented the more influential countries. The distance and thickness of links represented the degree of cooperation among countries. China USA India Germany Japan Year Figure 5. Comparison the growth trends of the top five productive countries during 1991–2022. overtook Japan as the second-largest economy in 2010 2,680 and country. These 25 organisations were mainly (Liu et al., 2015). based in China (eleven organisations), U.S.A. (three organisations), Germany (three organisations), India (three organisations), Japan (one organisation), the 3.7. Organizations co-authorship analysis Philippines (one organisation), South Korea (one orga- According to the publication data, a total of 2,594 nisation), Spain (one organisation) and Scotland (one organisations have 2,680 publications. Table 5 repre- organisation). Furthermore, the top five organisations sents the top 25 organisations ranked by the number were Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing of total publications of more than 41 papers, ratio of Agricultural University, Indian Council of Agricultural Number of publications 2022 24 B. -Z. YUAN AND J. SUN Table 5. Top 25 organisations publishing papers in the field of rice and greenhouse gas topic research from 1991 to 2022. Rank Organizations Records % of 2,680 Country 1 Chinese Academy of Sciences 339 12.649 China 2 Nanjing Agricultural University 161 6.007 China 3 Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICAR 160 5.97 India 4 CGIAR 142 5.299 Spain 5 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 126 4.701 China 6 Institute of Soil Science CAS 122 4.552 China 7 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS 108 4.03 China 8 International Rice Research Institute IRRI 86 3.209 Philippines 9 China Agricultural University 80 2.985 China 10 University of California System 80 2.985 U.S.A 11 Huazhong Agricultural University 74 2.761 China 12 Helmholtz Association 71 2.649 Germany 13 ICAR Indian Agricultural Research Institute 64 2.388 India 14 Zhejiang University 64 2.388 China 15 National Agriculture Food Research Organization Japan 63 2.351 Japan 16 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 52 1.94 Germany 17 University of California Davis 52 1.94 U.S.A 18 Max Planck Society 49 1.828 Germany 19 Institute of Agricultural Resources Regional Planning CAAS 45 1.679 China 20 Gyeongsang National University 43 1.604 South Korea 21 Institute of Atmospheric Physics CAS 43 1.604 China 22 University of Aberdeen 43 1.604 Scotland 23 ICAR National Rice Research Institute 42 1.567 India 24 United States Department of Agriculture USDA 42 1.567 U.S.A 25 Nanjing University of Information Science Technology 41 1.53 China Research ICAR, CGIAR, Chinese Academy of sequestration, mitigation, paddy field, each author key- Agricultural Sciences with more than 126 papers each. words occurred more than 61 times. Among the total 2,594 organisations, 296 organisa- For the keywords plus by full counting method for tions met the minimum thresholds of five and were co-occurrence analysis, a total of 4,333 keywords plus, connected to each other (Figure 6). The VOSviewer and 687 keywords plus met the threshold level of five software divided these 296 institutes into 15 clusters and were separated into nine clusters in network map with different colours, the bigger nodes represented visualisation. The top 20 co-occurrence keywords plus the more influential institution in this field. The dis- were greenhouse-gas emissions, nitrous-oxide emis- tance and thickness of links represented the degree of sions, soil, N O emissions, management, methane cooperation among organisations. Geographical loca- emissions, methane emission, yield, methane, rice, car- lisation is an important factor for partnerships and joint bon, paddy fields, fields, systems, fertiliser, cropping ventures. systems, China, emissions, nitrous-oxide and CH , each keyword plus occurred more than 137 times. For all keywords using the full counting method for co-occurrence analysis, a total of 8,720 all keywords, and 3.8. All keywords co-occurrence analysis 993 all keywords met the threshold level of five. There are 10 main clusters that represent different viewpoints For a specific scientific field study, keyword plays on rice and greenhouse gas topic research (Figure 7). a large role as it can reflect the root contents of articles Each node in the Figure represents a keyword. The and compilation of keywords can reveal the patterns larger the node, the higher the frequency of keyword and trends of specific academic research (Badaluddin occurrence; the more lines, the higher the frequency of et al., 2021). To analyse the co-occurrence of keywords, keyword co-occurrence; additionally, the thickness of author keywords, keywords plus and all keywords as the connecting line is proportional to the closeness of units were chosen and analysed. the connection. The size of the node is proportional to For the author keywords by full counting method for the frequency of occurrence of the keyword, and the co-occurrence analysis, a total of 5,383 author keywords, thickness of the line represents the intensity of co- and 365 author keywords met the threshold level of five occurrence between individual keywords. The top 20 and were separated into 12 clusters in network map co-occurrences of all keywords were greenhouse-gas visualisation. The top 23 co-occurrence author keywords emissions, methane, nitrous-oxide emissions, soil, N were methane, nitrous oxide, greenhouse gas, biochar, 2 O emissions, rice, management, methane emissions, rice, greenhouse gases, global warming potential, cli- nitrous oxide, methane emissions, yield, greenhouse mate change, greenhouse gas emissions, life cycle gas, biochar, China, greenhouse gases, CH , paddy assessment, carbon dioxide, N O, agriculture, rice 4 fields, carbon, N O, fertiliser, each all keywords occurred paddy, paddy soil, methane emission, CH , greenhouse 2 more than 174 times. gas emission, rice straw, global warming, carbon ALL EARTH 25 Figure 6. The organizations co-authorship network map of rice and greenhouse gases topic research related publications from 1991 to 2022, with 296 nodes and 15 clusters, the bigger nodes represented the more influential institution in this field. The same data in Figure 7 were then arranged by yellow or shallow green circles showing the recent a period of rice and greenhouse gas topic research and front research. Blue colours indicated earlier as overlay map (Figure 8). Blue colour indicates ear- research topics, whereas yellow and green colours lier research topics, whereas yellow and green col- indicated more recent topics of interest. Yellow and ours indicate the more recent topics of interest. The green circles present those research fronts. blue coloured topics do not indicate any further Visualisations conducted on large datasets (big research work on that topic; they usually indicate data) offer exploratory information on the current that, on average, this topic was intensely investi- state in a scientific field or discipline as well as indicate gated earlier and now more attention has shifted possible developments in the future. Here, the 10 clus- towards other topics. Perhaps, these terms are now ters for different topics on the greenhouse gas and rice so general, and therefore, no longer extensively are given in Figure 7, such as rice straw and green- used as keywords. Yellow and green circles present house gas emissions, crop systems management under those research fronts. For example, the keywords of global warming potential, study of rice field green- left part in Figure 8 can be observed with more blue house gas in China, greenhouse-gas emissions related circles showing the older topic research, the cluster to biochar and nitrogen in rice paddy field, denitrifica - of first (red) and fourth (yellow) in Figure 7 as key- tion of paddy soil, methane and nitrous-oxide emis- words of right part in Figure 8 can be observed with sions in paddy fields, soil N O emissions and methane 2 26 B. -Z. YUAN AND J. SUN Figure 7. Vosviewer co-occurrence network visualization mapping of most frequent all keywords on rice and greenhouse gas topic research with ten main clusters. Co-occurrence network of all keywords including author keywords and keywords plus. emission from cropping systems, GHG mitigation yield, crop residue and nitrogen use efficiency, each all options under intermittent irrigation, straw return keywords occurred more than 58 times. and nitrogen footprint, straw study in South China. The third cluster (blue) has 160 all keywords and is The first cluster (red) has 245 all keywords met the focused on study of rice field greenhouse gas in China threshold level of five and is focused on rice straw and and 21 most frequently all keywords as rice, green- greenhouse gas emissions, and 20 most frequently house gas, China, greenhouse gases, CH , agriculture, used all keywords include rice straw, emissions, green- fields, climate change, water management, water, tem- house gas emissions, biomass, wheat, life-cycle assess- perature, CO , growth, rice fields, CH emission, soils, 2 4 ment, climate-change, impacts, life cycle assessment, global warming, maize, model, decomposition, land- methane production, energy, carbon footprint, rice use, each all keywords occurred more than 46 times. production, sustainability, GHG emissions, consump- The fourth cluster (yellow) has 154 all keywords and tion, performance, crop production, efficiency, produc- represents greenhouse-gas emissions related to biochar tion systems, each all keywords occurred more than 47 and nitrogen in rice paddy field, and 20 most frequently times. all keywords include as greenhouse-gas emissions, bio- The second cluster (green) has 167 all keywords and char, nitrogen, organic-carbon, rice paddy, organic- represents the crop systems management under global matter, impact, amendment, agricultural soils, manure, warming potential, and 21 most frequently used all key- microbial biomass, ammonia volatilisation, crop yield, words including as management, yield, systems, mitiga- microbial community, black carbon, quality, mineralisa- tion, global warming potential, carbon sequestration, use tion, matter, paddy soils, charcoal, each all keywords efficiency, productivity, tillage, paddy field, system, oxide occurred more than 35 times. emissions, irrigated rice, cropping system, food security, The fifth cluster (violet) has 141 all keywords and is no-tillage, sequestration, greenhouse gas emission, grain- focused on denitrification of paddy soil, and 20 most ALL EARTH 27 Figure 8. Vosviewer co-occurrence overlay visualization mapping of most frequent all keywords on rice and greenhouse gas topic research from 1991 to 2022. The years in which specific keywords frequently occur are shown by different colors. frequently all keywords include as carbon, nitrous- sequestration, greenhouse gas intensity, 3-year field oxide, denitrification, paddy soil, oxidation, paddy, measurement, water-saving irrigation, fertiliser appli- dynamics, flooded rice, emission, nitrification, diversity, cation, agronomic assessment, rice-wheat rotation, soil rice field, methane oxidation, land-use change, atmo- redox, GWP, each all keywords occurred more than 22 spheric methane, methanotrophs, community struc- times. ture, reduction, bacteria, nitrate, each all keywords The eighth cluster (brown) is focused on GHG miti- occurred more than 36 times. gation options under intermittent irrigation, and six all The sixth cluster (shallow blue) has 72 all keywords keywords include as mitigation options, intermittent and is focused on methane and nitrous-oxide emis- irrigation, GHG mitigation, irrigated rice fields, stocks sions in paddy fields, and 22 most frequently all key- and upland. words include as methane, nitrous-oxide emissions, The ninth cluster (pink) is two all keywords both nitrous oxide, methane emissions, paddy fields, N O, straw return and nitrogen footprint. carbon-dioxide, fluxes, carbon dioxide, rice paddies, The tenth cluster is two all keywords both straw and direct N O emissions, emission factor, nitric-oxide, resi- South China. due, growing-season, drainage, waste-water, fertiliser nitrogen, straw application, mitigation potential, each all keywords occurred more than 13 times. 3.9. The most frequently cited articles The seventh cluster (orange) has 44 all keywords and is focused on soil N O emissions and methane The annual citations of the eight papers showed an emission from cropping systems, and 20 most fre- increasing trend after the year of publication (Figure 9). quently all keywords include as soil, N O emissions, The eight papers were written by Smith et al. (2008), methane emission, fertiliser, cropping systems, CH Chen et al. (2014), Hobbs et al. (2008), Smith et al. emissions, field, fertilisation, water regime, straw incor- (2003), Koegel-Knabner et al. (2010), Cassman et al. poration, greenhouse-gas intensity, soil carbon (2003), Zou et al. (2005) and Jackson and Armstrong 28 B. -Z. YUAN AND J. SUN Smith et al., 2008 Chen et al., 2014 Hobbs et al., 2008 Smith et al., 2003 Koegel-Knabner et al., 2010 Cassman et al., 2003 Zou et al., 2005 Jackson & Armstrong et al., 1999 Year Figure 9. Comparison of the citations per year of the most eight papers related to rice and greenhouse gases topic research from their initial publications to 22 July 2022. (1999). Here, the total citations for the most frequently occurrence overlay visualisation mapping of most fre- cited articles were more than 500 times. From the quent all keywords on rice and greenhouse gas topic publication year to 22 July 2022, the total citations research from 1991 to 2022, the different colours of all for each paper of the most citation eight papers were keywords will help researchers clarify the current situa- 1351, 855, 756, 723, 655, 615, 533 and 500 times, and tion in rice and greenhouse gas adaptation science but the average citation per year each paper were 90.07, also provide guidance for future research. 95, 50.4, 36.15, 50.38, 30.75, 29.61 and 20.83 times. From Figure 9, it can be found that the citation 5. Availability of data and material per year of the papers increased till to 2021, but the increase rate was different each year. Among the eight Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new articles, the highest average citation paper per year data were created or analysed in this study. (95, brown colour) was observed for the article of Chen et al. (2014) published in Nature (Figure 9). Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the 4. Conclusions author(s). This study analysed 2,680 papers about rice and green- house gas topic research from 1991 to July 2022, which Funding include 47 highly cited papers and one hot paper. Papers were mainly written in English, from 10,116 This research was funded by the Hubei Agricultural Science authors, 2,594 organisations and 111 countries or ter- and Technology Innovation Center Program (2021-620-000- 001-032). ritories, published in 517 journals and four book series. 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Journal
All Earth
– Taylor & Francis
Published: Dec 31, 2023
Keywords: Bibliometric analysis; greenhouse gases; rice; Vosviewer; web of science
