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E. Zemaityte, D. Owton, C. Maxey, Jim Gordon, Vincent Isgar, L. Hipwood, M. Hicks, K. Barnes, P. Thorne, I. Baker (2022)
Linear-mode avalanche photodiode arrays in HgCdTe at Leonardo UK, 12183
C. Marois, O. Lardière, W. Thompson, Garima Singh, Adam Johnson, T. Hardy, J. Fitzsimmons, B. Gerard, S. Sivanandam, S. Thibault, D. Savransky, C. Bradley, R. Jensen-Clem, Mathieu Demers, Qiang Fu, W. Heidrich, M. N’diaye (2022)
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System tests and on-sky commissioning of the GRAVITY-CIAO wavefront sensors, 9909
C. Schmid, R. Abuter, A. Mérand, J. Sahlmann, J. Alonso, L. Andolfato, G. Belle, F. Delplancke, F. Dérie, N. Lieto, R. Frahm, P. Gitton, N. Gomes, P. Haguenauer, B. Justen, S. Leveque, S. Ménardi, S. Morel, A. Müller, T. Duc, E. Pozna, A. Ramirez, N. Schuhler, D. Ségransan (2012)
Status of PRIMA for the VLTI: heading to astrometry, 8445
F. Bustos, A. Akulshin, R. Holzlöhner, S. Rochester, D. Budker (2018)
Studies towards a directional polychromatic sodium laser guide star, 10703
C. Claveau, M. Bottom, S. Jacobson, K. Hodapp, Aidan Walk, M. Loose, I. Baker, E. Zemaityte, M. Hicks, K. Barnes, R. Powell, Ryan Bradley, E. Moore (2022)
First tests of a 1 megapixel near-infrared avalanche photodiode array for ultra-low background space astronomy, 12191
D. Hall, I. Baker, G. Finger (2016)
Towards the next generation of L-APD MOVPE HgCdTe arrays: beyond the SAPHIRA 320 x 256, 9915
D. Ives, G. Finger, R. Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, L. Mehrgan, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier (2010)
Performance evaluation of 5 μm cut-off Hawaii-2RG detectors using the fast readout amplifiers, 7742
T. Hardy, Erning Zhao, G. Burley (2022)
High-speed array controller (HIAC) for multi-channel imaging detectors, 12191
L. Mehrgan, Siegfried Eschbaumer, G. Finger, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier (2008)
Performance and evaluation of the infrared AO sensor CALICO, 7021
G. Finger, Roger Smith, S. Ménardi, R. Dorn, M. Meyer, L. Mehrgan, J. Stegmeier, A. Moorwood (2004)
Performance limitations of small-format high-speed infrared arrays for active control loops in interferometry and adaptive optics, 5499
D. Atkinson, D. Hall, I. Baker, S. Goebel, S. Jacobson, C. Lockhart, Eric Warmbier (2016)
Next-generation performance of SAPHIRA HgCdTe APDs, 9915
G. Finger, I. Baker, D. Álvarez, C. Dupuy, D. Ives, M. Meyer, L. Mehrgan, J. Stegmeier, H. Weller (2016)
Sub-electron read noise and millisecond full-frame readout with the near infrared eAPD array SAPHIRA, 9909
I. Baker, C. Maxey, L. Hipwood, K. Barnes (2016)
Leonardo (formerly Selex ES) infrared sensors for astronomy: present and future, 9915
G. Finger, I. Baker, R. Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, D. Ives, L. Mehrgan, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier (2010)
Development of high-speed, low-noise NIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiode arrays for adaptive optics and interferometry, 7742
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Characterization of Euclid-like H2RG IR detectors for the NISP instrument, 9602
A. Drescher, M. Fabricius, T. Shimizu, J. Woillez, P. Bourget, F. Widmann, J. Shangguan, C. Straubmeier, M. Horrobin, N. Schuhler, F. Eisenhauer, F. Gonté, S. Gillessen, T. Ott, G. Perrin, T. Paumard, W. Brandner, L. Kreidberg, K. Perraut, J. Bouquin, P. Garcia, Sebastian Hoenig, D. Defrére, G. Bourdarot, H. Feuchtgruber, R. Genzel, M. Hartl, F. Haussmann, D. Lutz, N. More, C. Rau, J. Sauter, Sinem Uysal, Patrick Wessely, E. Wieprecht, Lukas Wimmer, S. Yazici (2022)
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G. Finger, R. Dorn, M. Meyer, L. Mehrgan, A. Moorwood, J. Stegmeier (2006)
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Roger Smith, M. Zavodny, G. Rahmer, M. Bonati (2008)
A theory for image persistence in HgCdTe photodiodes, 7021
I. Baker, P. Thorne, J. Henderson, Jeremy Copley, D. Humphreys, A. Millar (2006)
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G. Finger, I. Baker, D. Álvarez, D. Ives, L. Mehrgan, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier, P. Thorne, H. Weller (2012)
Evaluation and optimization of NIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiode arrays for adaptive optics and interferometry, 8453
Roger Smith, M. Zavodny, G. Rahmer, M. Bonati (2008)
Calibration of image persistence in HgCdTe photodiodes, 7021
G. Finger, F. Eisenhauer, T. Hardy, G. Burley, C. Mandla, J. Stegmeier (2022)
Initial characterization of the ME1120 ROIC for the 512x512 pixel large SAPHIRA infrared e-APD array, 12191
J. Gach (2019)
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G. Finger, I. Baker, D. Álvarez, D. Ives, L. Mehrgan, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier, H. Weller (2014)
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A. Waczynski, R. Barbier, S. Cagiano, J. Chen, S. Cheung, H. Cho, A. Cillis, J. Clémens, O. Dawson, G. Delo, M. Farris, A. Feizi, R. Foltz, M. Hickey, W. Holmes, T. Hwang, U. Israelsson, M. Jhabvala, D. Kahle, E. Kan, E. Kan, M. Loose, G. Lotkin, L. Miko, L. Nguyen, E. Piquette, T. Powers, S. Pravdo, A. Runkle, M. Seiffert, P. Strada, C. Tucker, K. Turck, F. Wang, C. Weber, J. Williams (2016)
Performance overview of the Euclid infrared focal plane detector subsystems, 9915
Near‐infrared adaptive optics as well as fringe tracking for coherent beam combination in optical interferometry require the development of high‐speed sensors. Because of the high speed, a large analog bandwidth is required. The short exposure times result in small signal levels which require noiseless detection. Both requirements cannot be met by state‐of‐the‐art conventional CMOS technology of near‐infrared arrays as has been attempted previously. A total of five near‐infrared SAPHIRA 320 × 256 pixel HgCdTe e−APD arrays have been deployed in the wavefront sensors and in the fringe tracker of the VLTI instrument GRAVITY. The current limiting magnitude for coherent exposures with GRAVITY is mk = 19, which is made possible with ADP technology. New avalanche photo‐diode array (APD) developments since GRAVITY include the extension of the spectral sensitivity to the wavelength range from 0.8 to 2.5 μm. After GRAVITY a larger format array with 512 × 512 pixels has been developed for both AO applications at the ELT and for long integration times. Since dark currents of <10−3 e−/s have been demonstrated with 1Kx1K e−APD arrays and 2Kx2K e−APD arrays have already been developed, the possibilities and adaptations of e−APD technology to provide noiseless large‐format science‐grade arrays for long integration times are also discussed.
Astronomische Nachrichten – Wiley
Published: Oct 1, 2023
Keywords: avalanche photodiode; cryogenic amplifier; e − APD; fringe tracker; GRAVITY; HgCdTe; LmAPD; near‐infrared; readout noise; wavefront sensor
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